For the original plan of a statue, an obelisk11 of granite12 and marble was substituted, which by its simplicity13 of lines, its towering height, and its purity of color, should symbolize14 the exceptional character and services of the foremost American. The building fund held out pretty well till a politico-religious quarrel arose over the acceptance, for incorporation15 in the monument, of a fine block of African marble sent by the Pope; and on Washington’s birthday, 1855, a Know-Nothing mob descended16 upon the headquarters of the Society, seized its books and papers, and took forcible possession of the monument. The Know-Nothing party ended its political existence three years later, and the monument went back to its former custodians17; but the riotous18 demonstration19 had checked the orderly progress of the{263} work, and, as the Civil War was imminent20, the shaft21, then one hundred seventy-eight feet high, was roofed over to await the return of normal conditions. It was not till 1876 that, under the patriotic22 impetus23 of the centenary, Congress was induced to co?perate. The work was vigorously pushed from 1880 to 1884; and in the spring of 1885, when it had attained24 a height of five hundred fifty-five feet and five and five-tenths inches, occurred the formal dedication25 of the Washington National Monument as we see it to-day.
For the benefit of any one whose pleasure in a masterpiece is measured with a plummet26, it may be noted27 that the Monument falls less than fifty feet short of the Tower of Babel; to him who revels28 in terms of distance, the glistening29 pile will appeal on the ground that it is visible from a crest30 of the Blue Ridge31 Mountains, more than forty miles away as the bee flies. But most of its neighbors in Washington find it for other reasons an unceasing joy. To us it is more truly at the heart of things than even the Capitol. It is the hoary32 sentinel at our water-gate; or, spread the city out like a fan, and the Monument is the pivot33 which holds the frame together.
The visitor who has seen it once has just begun to see it. A smooth-faced obelisk, devoid34 of ornament,{264} it would appear the stolidest object in the landscape; in truth, it is as versatile35 as the clouds. Every change in your position reveals it in a new phase. Go close to it and look up, and its walls seem to rise infinitely36 and dissolve into the atmosphere; stand on the neighboring hills, and you are tempted37 to throw a stone over its top; sail down the Potomac, and the slender white shaft is still sending its farewells after you when the city has passed out of sight. It plays chameleon38 to the weather. It may be gay one moment and grave the next, like the world. Sometimes, in the varying lights, it loses its perspective and becomes merely a flat blade struck against space; an hour later, every line and seam is marked with the crispness of chiseled39 sculpture. On a fair morning, it is radiant under the first beams of the rising sun; in the full of the moon, it is like a thing from another world—cold, shimmering40, unreal. Often in the spring and fall its peak is lost in vapor41, and the shaft looks as if it were a tall, thin Ossa penetrating42 the home of the gods. Again, with its base wrapped in fog and its summit in cloud, it is a symbol of human destiny, emerging from one mystery only to pass into another. Always the same, yet never twice alike, it is to the old Washingtonian a being instinct with life, a personality to be known and loved. It{265} has relatively43 little to tell the passing stranger, but many confidences for the friend of years.
To realize all that it is to us, you must see it on a changeable day. Come with me then to the Capitol, whence, from an outlook on the western terrace, we face a thick and troubled sky. The air is murky44. Clouds fringed with gray fleece, which have been hanging so low as to hide the apex45 of the Monument, are folding back upon themselves in the southern heavens, forming a rampart dark and forbidding. Against this the obelisk is projected, having caught and held one ray of pure sunshine which has found an opening and shot through like a searchlight. It is plain that an atmospheric46 battle is at hand. The garrulous47 city seems struck dumb; the timid trees are shivering with apprehension48; the voice of the wind is half sob49 and half warning. The search-ray vanishes as the door of the cloud fort is closed and the rumbling50 of the bolts is heard behind it. The landscape in the background is blotted52 from view by eddies53 of yellow dust, as if a myriad54 of horsemen were making a tentative charge. Silent and unmoved, the obelisk stands there, a white warrior55 bidding defiance56 to the forces of sky and earth. As the subsiding57 dust marks the retreat of the cavalry58, the artillery59 opens fire. First one masked porthole{266} and then another belches60 flame, but the sharp crash or dull roar which follows passes quite unnoticed by the champion. Then comes the rattle61 of musketry, as a sheet of hail sweeps across the field.
We are not watching a combat, only an assault, for these demonstrations62 call forth63 no response. On the champion—taking everything, giving nothing—the only effect they produce is a change of color from snowy white to ashen64 gray. Even that is but for a moment. As the storm of hail melts into a shower of limpid65 raindrops to which the relieved trees open their palms, the wind ceases its wailing66, and the wall of cloud falls apart to let the sun’s rays through once more.
The Monument is, of course, only one of many memorials to great men in Washington. We have heroes and philanthropists, poets and physicians, soldiers and men of science, mounted and afoot, standing67 and sitting. We have horses in every posture68 that will hold a rider: Jackson’s balanced on its hind51 legs like the toy charger on the nursery mantelpiece; Washington’s getting ready to try the same trick; Sheridan’s dashing along the line to the lilt of Buchanan Read’s poem; Pulaski’s, Greene’s and McPherson’s, Hancock’s and McClellan’s and Logan’s, walking calmly over the field; Scott’s and{267} Sherman’s watching the parade. The best equestrian statue is that of General George H. Thomas, by Quincy Ward9, at the junction69 of Massachusetts Avenue with Fourteenth Street. Here we have the acme70 of art in treating such a subject: spirit coupled with repose71. The horse has been moving, but has been checked by the rider to give him a chance to look about; they could go on the next moment if need be, or they could stand indefinitely just as they are.
The Scott statue, at Massachusetts Avenue and Sixteenth Street, is good if we take it apart and examine it piecemeal72; but the massive rider threatens to break down his slender-limbed steed, which is, by some mischance, of the mare’s build and not the stallion’s. General Sheridan, who used to live within a stone’s throw of this statue, lay while ill in a bedroom commanding a view of it. “I hope,” he remarked one day, “that if a grateful country ever commemorates73 me in bronze, it will give me a better mount than old Scott’s!” It is hard to find anything new to do with a general officer and a horse without putting them into some impossible attitude. A sculptor74 who attempts a reasonable innovation is liable to be snubbed for it, as one was not long ago when he offered in competition a statue of General{268} Grant, dismounted, with his bridle75 swung over one of his arms while he used the other hand to hold his field-glass.
Some of the best-known statues in the city have attracted as much attention by their travels as by their artistic76 qualities. One of these is Greenough’s colossal77 marble presentment of George Washington, which visitors to the Capitol ten years ago will recall as standing in the open space facing the main east portico78. Greenough was in Italy in 1835, when it was ordered, and spent eight years on its production. It shows Washington seated, nude79 to the waist, and below that draped in a flowing robe. It weighed, when finished, twelve tons without a pedestal, and required twenty-two yoke80 of oxen to haul from Florence to Genoa. Peasants who saw it on the way took it for the image of some mighty81 saint, and dropped upon their knees and crossed themselves as it passed. The man-of-war which was waiting for it at Genoa had no hatchway large enough to take it in, so a merchant vessel82 had to be chartered for its voyage to America. Arrived at the Capitol, where it was intended to stand in the center of the rotunda83, it could not be squeezed through the doors, and the masonry84 had to be cut away. Then it was discovered that it was causing the floor to settle, and a lot of{269} shoring had to be done in the crypt underneath85. Finally, as it was not suited to its place, the masonry around the doorway86 was ripped out again, and the statue was set up in the plaza87, where it remained till 1908, the sport of rains and frosts and souvenir-maniacs, when it took what every one hopes will be its last journey—to the National Museum. The original purpose of Congress was to have a “pedestrian statue” costing, all told, five thousand dollars. What has eventuated is Washington’s head set on a torso of Jupiter Tonans, costing, with all its traveling expenses, more than fifty thousand dollars.
Another peregrinating statue is that of Thomas Jefferson, which stands to-day against the east wall of the rotunda. In 1833 it occupied the center of this room. When Greenough’s Washington was brought in, Jefferson was removed to the Library of Congress, which was then housed in the rooms of the west front of the Capitol. In 1850 it was carried up to the White House and planted in the middle of the north garden. It held that site for twenty-four years and then came back to the rotunda, from which there is no reason to think it will be moved again.
The only parallel to these instances of frequent shifts in the local art world is the case of a painting entitled “Love and Life,” presented by the English{270} artist, George F. Watts88, to our Government. Mr. Cleveland, who was President at the time, hung it in the White House, but the prudish89 comments passed upon it by visitors led to its transfer to the Corcoran Gallery of Art. In the Roosevelt administration it made three trips, first to the White House, then back to the Corcoran Gallery, and then to the White House again, where it rested till President Taft came in, only to be rebanished to the Corcoran Gallery. President Wilson had it returned to the White House, and there it is at the present writing.
Although there has never been in Washington a definite scheme for the location of statues, which have been planted, hit or miss, wherever space offered, accident has arranged a few of them so as to form a rather remarkable90 historical series. Starting with the Washington National Monument, in honor of the foremost figure in the Revolution and the President who set in motion the machinery91 of the embryo92 republic, we pass directly northward93 to the White House, home of all his successors in the Presidency94 and emblematic95 of the civil government which emerged from the War for Independence. A few hundred feet further northward stands the statue of Andrew Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, the first fought by the United States as a nation. About{271} a half-mile more to the north we reach the statue of Winfield Scott, the general whose capture of Mexico City ended the second foreign war in which the nation engaged. All that is needed to complete this remarkable procession is a memorial arch on Sixteenth Street heights, to the soldiers and sailors on both sides of the Civil War which cemented the union begun under Washington.
Strange to say, the city which best knew Lincoln and Grant has had, up to this time, no out-of-doors statue whatever of Grant and no adequate one of Lincoln. In Lincoln Park, about a mile east of the Capitol, is the Emancipation96 statue, and in front of the City Hall there is an insignificant97 standing figure of Lincoln, perched on a pillar so high that the features can be seen only dimly. A statue of Grant will later occupy the central pedestal of a group in the little park at the foot of the western slope of the Capitol grounds, which it is proposed to call union Square. On either side of Grant, the plan originally was to place Sherman and Sheridan; but as the Sherman and Sheridan statues already set up elsewhere are so diverse in character, it has been questioned whether they would fit into the union Square group. After many suggestions, controversies99, and reports, Congress decided100, a year or{272} two ago, upon a form of memorial for Lincoln, which is already under way. It will be a marble temple, designed by Henry Bacon, in Potomac Park, with a statue of the War President, by Daniel Chester French, visible in the recesses101 of its dignified102 colonnade103.
Besides the scores of statues and miles of painted portraits which keep vivid the memory of great and good men who are gone, Washington has many institutions and buildings with personal associations that fulfil a similar purpose. The Corcoran Gallery of Art, for instance, was the gift of the late William W. Corcoran, the financier. The national deaf-mute college at Kendall Green, on the northeastern edge of the city, recalls its original benefactor104, Amos Kendall, who was Postmaster-general under Jackson, as well as the work of Doctor Edward M. Gallaudet in raising it from its modest beginnings to its present eminence105. The Pension Office, in which eight inaugural106 balls have been held, takes first rank among our public edifices108 for architectural ugliness. It is nevertheless an honor to the memory of Quartermaster-general Meigs, who asked the privilege of proving, in an era of extravagance, that a suitable building could be reared for the money allotted109 to it, and who turned back into the treasury110 a large slice of his appropriation after having paid every{273} bill. The present Library of Congress is, in a like manner, a monument to the late Bernard R. Green, whose engineering skill and administrative111 faculty112 performed a feat98 corresponding to General Meigs’s; it reminds us, also, of Thomas Jefferson, whose private library, purchased after the burning of the Capitol, formed the nucleus113 of the present magnificent collection. The Soldiers’ Home, near the north boundary of the city, commemorates General Scott’s success in Mexico, the tribute he exacted there for a breach114 of truce115 being used in founding this beautiful retreat, where veterans of the regular army may pass their declining years in comfort.
Few people, probably, are aware that the Smithsonian Institution, whose fame is as wide as civilization, owes its origin to the rejection116 of a manuscript prepared for publication. James Smithson, an Englishman of means, who had been a frequent contributor to the Philosophical117 Transactions of the Royal Society of London, sent in, a little less than a century ago, a paper which the censors118 refused to print; and its author avenged119 the affront120 by altering his will, in which he had bequeathed his entire fortune to the Society, so as to throw the reversion to the United States, a country he had never seen, to be used for “an establishment for the increase and diffusion121 of{274} knowledge among men.” Congress had a long quibble about the disposal of the money, but at last hit upon a plan, and since then has turned over much of the public scientific research work to be performed “under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.” The accumulation of trophies122 of exploration, historical relics123, and gifts of objects of art and industry from foreign potentates124, presently overflowed125 the accommodations of the Institution proper, and a National Museum was built to house these treasures. The Smithsonian commemorates not only the beneficence of Smithson, but the great achievements of its several executive heads, like Joseph Henry’s in electromagnetism, Spencer F. Baird’s in the culture of fish as a source of food-supply, and Samuel P. Langley’s in a?rial navigation and the standardization126 of time.
The old City Hall, better known now as the District Court House, will be remembered as the place where the first President Harrison probably caught the cold which resulted in his death. It has a tragic127 association with another President, also, for in one of its court-rooms was conducted the trial of Guiteau for assassinating128 James A. Garfield. This trial excited vigorous comment throughout the country by what seemed to many critics an unwarrantable latitude129 allowed the defendant130 for self-exploitation.{275}
[Image unavailable.]
Rendezvous131 of the Lincoln Conspirators132
Judge Walter T. Cox, who presided, was one of the ablest and most conscientious133 jurists who ever sat on the Supreme134 bench of the District. From personal attendance on the trial, I feel sure that the course pursued by him was the only one which could have given the jury a sure ground for dooming135 the assassin to death; and it was doubtless a realization136 of that fact which held in check the mob spirit that began to show itself at one stage and threatened to save the Government the trouble of putting up a gallows137. The popular rancor138 against Guiteau was so strong that in order to get him safely into the Court House from the “black Maria” which brought him from the jail every morning, and to reverse the operation at the close of every day’s session, the vehicle was backed up within about twenty feet of one of the basement doors, and a double file of police, standing shoulder to shoulder with clubs drawn139, made a narrow little lane through which he was rushed at a quickstep, his face blanched140 with terror, and his furtive141 eyes fixed142 on the earth.
Another historical incident is associated with the old building, to which many attribute the final resolve of President Lincoln to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. I refer to the abolition143 of slavery in the District of Columbia. A bill to this end, introduced{276} by Henry Wilson in December, 1861, was hotly debated in Congress but finally passed, and was signed on April 16, 1862. Only loyal owners were to be paid for their slaves, and every applicant144 for compensation had to take an iron-clad oath of allegiance to the Government. The whole business was handled by a board of three commissioners145, who employed for their assistance an experienced slave-dealer146 imported from Baltimore. They met in one of the court-rooms, and the dealer put the negroes through their paces just as he had been accustomed to in the heyday147 of his trade, making them dance to show their suppleness148 and bite various tough substances as a test of the soundness of their teeth. Many of the black men and women came into the room singing hosannas to glorify149 the dawn of freedom. The highest appraisement150 of any slave was seven hundred and eighty-eight dollars for a good blacksmith; the lowest was ten dollars and ninety-five cents for a baby. These were about half the prices which would have been brought but for the fact that only one million dollars was appropriated, whereas the total estimated value of the slaves paid for was nearer two million, and all payments had to be scaled accordingly.
A remarkable feature of this episode was the discovery {277}of how many slaveholders there were who were not white people. Now and then in the past, when for some special reason a negro had been freed, he would save his earnings151 till he had accumulated enough to buy his wife and children, who still remained in bondage152 to him till he saw fit to manumit them. One case which attracted wide attention was that of a woman who had bought her husband, a graceless scamp who proceeded to celebrate his good fortune by becoming an incorrigible153 drunkard. This had so outraged154 the feelings of his wife that she had finally sold him to a dealer who was picking up a boatload of cheap slaves to carry south. From that hour she had lost sight of him; but she haunted the commissioners’ sessions from day to day in the hope that the Government, now that it was going into the slave-buying business, might give her a little addition to the bargain price at which she had sold the old man.
Judiciary Square, in which the Court House and the Pension Office stand, was, when Chief Justice Taney lived in Indiana Avenue, a neighborhood of consequence. Several of the older buildings thereabout exhale155 a flavor of fifty or sixty years ago, and tradition connects them with such personages as Rufus Choate, Caleb Cushing, Thomas H. Benton, Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Fremont, and John A. Dix.{278}
Opposite the east park of the Capitol, as we have already seen, stands the Old Capitol, a building with a variegated156 history. It was erected157 for the accommodation of Congress after the burning of the Capitol by the British. In it Henry Clay passed some years of his Speakership, and till very lately there was a scar on the wall of one of the rooms which was said to have been made by his desk. Under its roof the first Senators from Indiana, Illinois, and Mississippi took their seats. In front of it, President Monroe was inaugurated. After Congress left it to return to the restored Capitol, it was rented for a boarding-house, patronized chiefly by Senators and Representatives. Here John C. Calhoun lived for some time, and here he died. In one of the rooms, Persico, the Italian sculptor, worked out the model of his “Discoverer.” In another, Ann Royall edited her Huntress.
After the Civil War broke out, the Old Capitol was turned into a jail for the confinement158 of military offenders159 who were awaiting trial by court-martial, and for Confederate spies and other persons accused of unlawfully giving aid and comfort to the enemy. Belle160 Boyd, who was locked up there for a while, has left us her impressions of the place as “a vast brick building, like all prisons, somber161, chilling, and repulsive162.{279}” She describes William P. Wood, who was superintendent163 of the prison, as “having a humane164 heart beneath a rough exterior165.” Every Sunday he used to provide facilities for religious worship to his compulsory166 guests, announcing the hours and forms in characteristic fashion: “All you who want to hear the word of God preached according to Jeff Davis, go down into the yard; and all of you who want to hear it preached according to Abe Lincoln, go into No. 16.” In the jail yard Henry Wirz, who had been the keeper of the Confederate military prison at Andersonville, Georgia, where so many union soldiers died of starvation and disease, was hanged for murder. At the close of the war the building was divided into a block of dwellings167, of which the southernmost was long the home of the late Justice Field of the Supreme Court. The Justice used to enjoy telling his visitors about the distinguished168 men from the South who, after dining at his table, had roamed over the premises169 and located their one-time places of confinement.
The oldest house of worship in Washington is St. Paul’s, a spireless Protestant Episcopal church not far from the Soldiers’ Home. It stands well toward the rear of the Rock Creek170 Cemetery171, which also contains the world-famous bronze by St. Gaudens,{280} in the Adams lot. This is a seated female figure, in flowing classic drapery, to which no one has ventured to attach a permanent title, though it has been variously known as “Grief” and “The Peace of God.” St. Paul’s goes back to the colonial era and was built of brick imported from England. A younger church, nevertheless numbered among the oldest relics of its class within the city proper, is St. John’s, at the corner of Sixteenth and H streets. It was designed by Latrobe about the time he undertook the restoration of the Capitol and was consecrated172 in 1816. It has long been called “the President’s church” because so many tenants173 of the White House, just across Lafayette Square, have worshiped in it.
Madison and Monroe were the first, and the vestry soon set apart one pew to be preserved always for the free use of the reigning174 Presidential family. John Quincy Adams was a Unitarian, but came to the afternoon services; and Jackson, though a Methodist, was frequently to be seen there. Van Buren was a constant attendant both as Vice-president and as President. William Henry Harrison, for the month he lived in Washington, came regularly, regardless of the weather or his state of health; and he was to have been confirmed the very week he died. Tyler was a member of the congregation. Polk had other{281} affiliations175, but Taylor, Fillmore, and Buchanan used the President’s pew. Then came a break in the line till Arthur entered the White House; and his retirement176 appears to have been followed by another lapse177 in the succession till Mrs. Roosevelt revived it. Her husband used to accompany her from time to time, though he retained his active connection with the Reformed (Dutch) communion. Since the Roosevelts, the line has been broken again. John Quincy Adams became so fond of St. John’s that, when he returned to Washington as a Representative, he renewed his Sunday visits. He paid close attention to the preliminary service but seemed to sleep through the sermon, though he was usually able to repeat the next day, with considerable accuracy, the main things the minister had said.
This whole neighborhood bristles178 with memories of great people. The old Tayloe mansion179 was styled, in its later years, “the Cream-white House,” partly because of its color, and partly in jocose180 reference to its occupancy by two or three Vice-presidents. The house on the corner north of it, now owned by the Cosmos181 Club, was the home of Dolly Madison in her widowhood. After her death it passed into the hands of Charles Wilkes, the gallant182 naval183 officer who was for many years the unrecognized discoverer{282} of the Antarctic continent, and who, in the early days of the Civil War, forcibly took two of his late Washington neighbors, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, off the British steamer Trent, which was conveying them to Europe on a diplomatic mission for the Confederate Government. South of the Tayloe house is the Belasco Theater, on the site of the old-fashioned red brick building in which occurred the attempted assassination184 of Secretary Seward and where James G. Blaine passed the last years of his life. On H Street, about a block to the eastward, General McClellan made his headquarters in the intervals185 between his commands of the Army of the Potomac; while in a near cluster are former homes of Commodore Decatur, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Montgomery Blair, Gideon Welles, George Bancroft, and John Hay, as well as the house where the Ashburton treaty was negotiated and where Owen Meredith wrote his “Lucile.” Edward Everett, Jefferson Davis, and Tobias Lear lived, at various times, a short distance away.
One of my favorite excursions about the city with friends who revere186 the memory of the War President is what I call my “Lincoln pilgrimage.” We start at the White House, turn eastward and take F Street to Tenth, and then southward a half-square. This{283} brings us in front of the building which once was Ford’s Theater, by the route taken by Lincoln on the evening of Good Friday, 1865. Here are the arches which once opened into the theater lobby but are now used for ground-floor windows; through one of them he passed on his way to his box. Directly across the street is the house to which he was carried to die. In it is preserved the Oldroyd collection of Lincoln relics, a really remarkable array. After inspecting it, we return to F Street and go eastward again to about the middle of the block, where an alley187 emerges from a lower level south of us. Down into this we dive, and, making a sharp right-angle turn, find ourselves at the old stage-door of the theater, beside which Booth left his horse, and through which he made his dash for liberty after his mad deed.
Back again up the alley we climb, through F Street to Ninth, through Ninth to H, and eastward on H Street to Number 604, the house of Mrs. Surratt, the rendezvous of the conspirators and the place where some of them were captured. It looks to-day very much as it did on the night of the assassination. Retracing188 our steps to Seventh Street, we board a southbound car, which carries us to the gate of the reservation now occupied by the Washington Barracks and the Army War College. Here, within a{284} few hundred feet of the entrance, used to stand the military prison where the conspirators were confined, and in the yard of which they paid the last penalty for their crime.
And here, dear reader, we come to the end of our present walks and talks about Washington. As I warned you at the outset, I have treated our wanderings as a pleasure-jaunt rather than as a medium of solid instruction. When you find yourself thirsting for the severely189 practical, you can come back and make the round again, if you choose, in a sight-seeing car, and the megaphone-man will point out to you twice as many objects of interest and give you three times as much information about them—accurate or otherwise. He will take pains to show you all the Government buildings and the hotels, the foreign legations and the theaters, the millionaires’ houses, and parks and circles and statuary which I have dismissed with a line or left unmentioned. He will tell you how many tons every bronze weighs, how long every edifice107 took in building, and how large a fortune every Senator amassed190 before crowning his career with a tour of public service. I could have told you these things, too, but, rather than force too fast a gait upon you, I have left them{285} for the megaphone-man and taken for my task some odds191 and ends he could not take for his. I should have liked to tell you how the Government swept all the electric wires out of the sky and hid them underground; how it drained the marshes192 on the city’s western edge, cleared the channels of the Potomac, and built out of the dredgings a big pleasure-ground; and how it got rid of the annual inundations, in one of which, just about a generation ago, I crossed the busiest part of Pennsylvania Avenue in a rowboat.
These improvements, and others in the same category, have been paralleled by the changes in the architecture of the city, at the expense of tearing down something old to make room for whatever new was to go up. Touched by the spirit of progress, the face of Washington is rapidly becoming as destitute193 of landmarks194 as its origin is destitute of myths, and the artist who visits it in quest of the antique has a hunt before him. Nevertheless, it has not lost its picturesque195 appeal for the pencil guided by imagination, or its colorful legends for the memory seeking relief from more serious things.
Hence this book.
The End
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20
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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21
shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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22
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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23
impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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24
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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25
dedication
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| n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞 | |
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26
plummet
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| vi.(价格、水平等)骤然下跌；n.铅坠；重压物 | |
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27
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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28
revels
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| n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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29
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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30
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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31
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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32
hoary
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| adj.古老的；鬓发斑白的 | |
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33
pivot
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| v.在枢轴上转动；装枢轴，枢轴；adj.枢轴的 | |
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34
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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35
versatile
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| adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的 | |
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36
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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37
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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38
chameleon
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| n.变色龙，蜥蜴；善变之人 | |
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39
chiseled
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| adj.凿刻的，轮廓分明的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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40
shimmering
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| v.闪闪发光，发微光( shimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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41
vapor
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| n.蒸汽，雾气 | |
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42
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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43
relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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44
murky
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| adj.黑暗的，朦胧的；adv.阴暗地，混浊地；n.阴暗；昏暗 | |
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45
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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46
atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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47
garrulous
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| adj.唠叨的，多话的 | |
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48
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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49
sob
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| n.空间轨道的轰炸机；呜咽，哭泣 | |
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50
rumbling
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| n. 隆隆声, 辘辘声 adj. 隆隆响的 动词rumble的现在分词 | |
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51
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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52
blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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53
eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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54
myriad
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| adj.无数的；n.无数，极大数量 | |
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55
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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56
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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57
subsiding
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的现在分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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58
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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59
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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60
belches
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| n.嗳气( belch的名词复数 )；喷吐；喷出物v.打嗝( belch的第三人称单数 )；喷出，吐出；打（嗝）；嗳（气） | |
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61
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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62
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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63
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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64
ashen
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| adj.灰的 | |
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65
limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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66
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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67
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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68
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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69
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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70
acme
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| n.顶点，极点 | |
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71
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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72
piecemeal
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| adj.零碎的；n.片，块；adv.逐渐地；v.弄成碎块 | |
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73
commemorates
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| n.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的名词复数 )v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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74
sculptor
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| n.雕刻家，雕刻家 | |
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75
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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76
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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77
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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78
portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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79
nude
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| adj.裸体的；n.裸体者，裸体艺术品 | |
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80
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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81
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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82
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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83
rotunda
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| n.圆形建筑物；圆厅 | |
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84
masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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85
underneath
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|
| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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86
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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87
plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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88
watts
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| （电力计量单位）瓦，瓦特( watt的名词复数 ) | |
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89
prudish
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|
| adj.装淑女样子的，装规矩的，过分规矩的；adv.过分拘谨地 | |
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90
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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91
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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92
embryo
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| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
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93
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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94
presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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95
emblematic
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| adj.象征的，可当标志的；象征性 | |
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96
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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97
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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98
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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99
controversies
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| 争论 | |
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100
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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101
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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102
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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103
colonnade
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| n.柱廊 | |
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104
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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105
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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106
inaugural
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| adj.就职的；n.就职典礼 | |
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107
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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108
edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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109
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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111
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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112
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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113
nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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114
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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115
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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116
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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117
philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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118
censors
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| 删剪（书籍、电影等中被认为犯忌、违反道德或政治上危险的内容）( censor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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119
avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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120
affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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121
diffusion
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| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
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122
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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123
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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124
potentates
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| n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人 | |
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125
overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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126
standardization
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| n.标准化 | |
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127
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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128
assassinating
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的现在分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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129
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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130
defendant
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| n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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131
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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132
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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133
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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134
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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135
dooming
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| v.注定( doom的现在分词 )；判定；使…的失败（或灭亡、毁灭、坏结局）成为必然；宣判 | |
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136
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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137
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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138
rancor
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| n.深仇，积怨 | |
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139
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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140
blanched
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| v.使变白( blanch的过去式 )；使（植物）不见阳光而变白；酸洗（金属）使有光泽；用沸水烫（杏仁等）以便去皮 | |
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141
furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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142
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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143
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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144
applicant
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| n.申请人，求职者，请求者 | |
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145
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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146
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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147
heyday
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| n.全盛时期，青春期 | |
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148
suppleness
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| 柔软； 灵活； 易弯曲； 顺从 | |
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149
glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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150
appraisement
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| n.评价，估价；估值 | |
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151
earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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152
bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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153
incorrigible
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| adj.难以纠正的，屡教不改的 | |
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154
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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155
exhale
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| v.呼气，散出，吐出，蒸发 | |
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156
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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157
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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158
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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159
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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161
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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163
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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165
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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166
compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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167
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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168
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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169
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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170
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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171
cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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172
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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173
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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174
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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175
affiliations
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| n.联系( affiliation的名词复数 )；附属机构；亲和性；接纳 | |
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176
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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177
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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178
bristles
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| 短而硬的毛发，刷子毛( bristle的名词复数 ) | |
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179
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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180
jocose
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| adj.开玩笑的，滑稽的 | |
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181
cosmos
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| n.宇宙；秩序，和谐 | |
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182
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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183
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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184
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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185
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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186
revere
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| vt.尊崇，崇敬，敬畏 | |
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187
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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188
retracing
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| v.折回( retrace的现在分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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189
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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190
amassed
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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191
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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192
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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193
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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194
landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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195
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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