Strict repressive discipline applied10 to organized enslavement of labor is in direct violation11 of all these principles. The penal12 colony seems a rational method of dealing13 with those whose [Pg 283]permanent removal from our midst is deemed necessary. Time and again have penal colonies given satisfactory solution to the criminal problem. Virginia and Maryland absorbed the human exports from English courts, and their descendants joined in the building of a great nation; while the penal colony in Australia resulted in a civilization of the first rank. While the deportation14 of our criminals to-day may be neither practicable nor desirable, the establishment of industrial penal communities in every State, on a profit-sharing basis, is both practicable and desirable, and would unquestionably result in the permanent reform of many who are now a menace to public safety.
Notwithstanding that progressive wardens16 are accomplishing all-important changes in their domains18, permanent reform work for convicts demands a number of concessions20 in legislation. Until the contract system is wholly and finally abolished in favor of the state-use system the power of even the best warden17 will be limited. With the state-use system and the prison farm the prisoners have a variety in opportunity of industrial training almost as great as that offered on the outside.
[Pg 284]
That the earnings21 of prisoners, beyond the cost of their maintenance, should either be credited to the man himself or sent to the family dependent upon him is but fair to the prisoner, and would relieve the county from which he is sent from taxation22 toward the support of the man's family. This is so obvious that it is now widely advocated for both economic and humanitarian23 reasons, and in several States has already been adopted.
Another concession19 is of still greater importance, since its neglect has been in direct violation not only of every principle of justice but of common every-day honesty. This concession is the recognition of the duty of the state to make what reparation is possible to the man who has suffered imprisonment24 for a crime of which he was innocent.
Years ago, during one of my visits to our penitentiary25, a lawyer of wide experience made the remark: "From what I know of court proceedings26 I suppose twenty per cent of these convicts are innocent of the charge for which they are here." I did not credit that statement, and afterward27 repeated it to another lawyer, who said: "I should estimate the percentage even higher."[Pg 285] I did not believe that estimate either; nor do I now believe it. But having worked up the cases and secured the pardons of two innocent men, and having personally known two other men imprisoned28 for crimes in which they took no part, I know that innocent men are sent to prison. Lawyers are prone29 to dispose of such instances with the offhand30 remark, "Well, they might not have been guilty of that particular act, but no doubt they had committed crimes for which they escaped punishment." I have positive knowledge of only those four cases, but in none of them was the convicted man from the criminal class. Another remark which I have met is this: "Doubtless there are innocent men in prison, but there are more guilty ones who escape," which reminds one of Charles Lamb's admission: "Yes, I am often late to business in the morning, but then I always go home early in the afternoon." Plausible32 as the excuse sounds, it but aggravates33 the admission.
It happened some years ago in my own State that a working man was convicted of killing34 another. Henry Briggs asserted his innocence35, but a network of plausible evidence was drawn36 about him and he was sent to prison for life.[Pg 286] His widowed mother had faith in his innocence and paid two thousand dollars to lawyers, who promised to secure her son's pardon but accomplished37 nothing in that direction. Briggs had been in prison some ten years when he told his story to me and I believed that he told the truth. His home town was across the State from me, but I wrote the ex-sheriff, who was supposed to know all about the case, that the prisoner's mother would give another thousand dollars to him if he could secure evidence of Henry's innocence and obtain his pardon. A long and interesting correspondence followed, and at the end of two years evidence of the man's innocence was secured and Henry Briggs was a free man. In his last letter the sheriff wrote me: "To think that all these twelve years that convicted man had been telling the absolute truth and it never occurred to any one to believe him until you heard his story." But that ex-sheriff, who had collected his sheriff's fees and mileage38 for taking an innocent man to prison—he was really indebted to the prisoner for a neat little sum paid by the county—yet that sheriff had no scruples39 in taking the thousand dollars from Mrs. Briggs for righting a wrong which, he frankly40 admitted to me, he[Pg 287] had taken part in perpetrating. Now, in common honesty, in dollars and cents, the county from which Henry was sent owed the Briggs mother and son at least ten thousand dollars; instead of which the mother was left an impoverished41 widow, while the son, with youth and health gone, had to begin life over again.
When men are maimed for life in a railroad accident the owners of the road are obliged to pay a good round sum in compensation. The employer is liable for damages when an employee is injured by defective42 machinery43; but to the victims of our penal machinery no compensation is made by the state, at whose hands the outrage44 was committed. It is true that the injured party is at liberty to bring suit against the individual who charged him with the crime, but as the burned child dreads46 the fire so the innocent man convicted of a crime dreads the courts.
But we are waking up to a sense of this most cruel robbery; the robbery of a man's liberty, his earnings, his reputation, and too often his health; and we are coming to see that compensation from the state, on receiving convincing evidence of the man's innocence, is only the man's just due—is even far less than fair play.
[Pg 288]
To Wisconsin belongs the honor of taking the lead in this most important reform, since in 1913 Wisconsin passed a law insuring compensation in money from the State in every case where proof could be furnished that one was not guilty of the crime for which he had suffered imprisonment. A more just and righteous law was never passed. Money alone can never compensate47 for unjust imprisonment, but the only atonement possible is financial compensation and public vindication48.
The measures so far considered are all remedial; but while we have recently made rapid progress in measures applied after men have been sent to prison we have thought little of preventive measures. And just here we face again the spirit of the times.
All along the latter half of the nineteenth century men of science—chemists, biologists, physicians—were studying preventive measures to stem the tide of evil in the form of disease. Previously49 medical science had been directed chiefly to battling with diseased conditions already developed; but under the leadership of Pasteur and Lord Lister the medical world was aroused to the fact that it was possible to avert50 the terrible ravages[Pg 289] of many of the diseases which fifty years earlier had been accepted as visitations from Providence51. Henceforth "preventive measures" became watchwords among men devoting themselves to the physical welfare of the race; and "preventive measures" have also a most important relation to the moral welfare of the community, and the way is opening for their application.
For instance, the imprisonment of innocent men would be largely prevented by the abolition52 of all fees in connection with arrests and convictions. The system of rewards for arrests and convictions is absolutely demoralizing to justice; for as long as the whole battalion53 of men employed to protect the public have a direct financial interest in the increase of crime it is unreasonable54 to expect decrease in the number of men confined in our jails and prisons. An official inspector55 of jails and police stations in my own State reports that she has frequently had police officers admit to her that it was a great temptation to arrest some poor devil, since the city paid fees for such arrests; and she further states that in Chicago the entire basis of the city penal administration is fees, and she adds: "What better inducement could be offered to officials to penalize56 some unoffending[Pg 290] stranger looking for work?" All the evils arising from this abominable57 and indefensible arrangement would be in a measure decreased by the simple process of abolishing fees and increasing salaries. This has already been done in some localities; and doubtless the coming generation will wonder how the feeing system could ever have been adopted or tolerated.
The most impregnable stronghold of inhumanity in dealing with persons suspected of connection with crime is our police stations; especially is this so in our larger cities. The police station and the feeing system are the parent of one most barbarous custom; an evil most elusive58, its roots, like the roots of the vicious bindweed, so far underground, with such complicated entanglement59 of relationships, as to be almost ineradicable, involving in some instances State attorneys of good standing15, detectives, policemen, sheriffs—in fact, more or less involving the whole force of agents supposed to be protectors of the public. This abuse is called the third degree, or the sweat-box.
A man is arrested, accused of a crime or of knowledge of a crime. Before he is given any trial in any court unscrupulous means are resorted[Pg 291] to in order to extort60 an admission of crime or complicity in crime—or even of knowledge connected with a crime.
A physician who knew all the circumstances recently called my attention to the case of a woman supposed to have some knowledge that might implicate61 her husband in a burglary. The woman was an invalid62. After being kept for forty-eight hours without food or water, forced to walk when she seemed likely to fall asleep from exhaustion63, she was told that her husband had deserted64 her, taken her child, and gone off with another woman. She was by this time in a frantic65 condition, and when told that her torture would cease with her admission of her husband's guilt31, too distracted to question his desertion of her, she gave false evidence against her husband and was set free.
The husband was in no way implicated66 in the crime, but the consequences of the affair were disastrous67 to his business. He had never thought of deserting his wife, but it was part of the scheme of the third degree to keep the husband and the lawyer whom he had engaged from seeing the woman until the end sought was accomplished.
A young lawyer told me of a most revolting[Pg 292] third degree scene witnessed by him, and he told me the story as an instance of the cleverness which devised a terrible nervous shock in order to throw a supposedly guilty woman off her guard; the shock was enough to have driven the woman raving68 insane.
Whenever I have spoken of this subject to those familiar with sweat-box methods, the evil has been frankly admitted and unhesitatingly condemned69, but I hear always the same thing: "Yes, we know that it is a terrible abuse, but we have not been able to prevent it." It is simply a public crime that such a system should be tolerated for one day. Mr. W. D. Howells has well said: "The law and order which defy justice and humanity are merely organized anarchy70."
I have not hesitated to brand my own State with this third-degree evil, but I understand it is practised also in other States on the pretext71 that the end justifies72 the means—but what if the end is the life imprisonment of an innocent man? I have in mind a young man who was subjected to four days of sweat-box torture. At the end of that time, when even death by hanging offered at least a respite73 from his tormentors, he signed[Pg 293] a statement, drawn up by those tormentors, to the effect that he was guilty of murder. The boy was only eighteen, but was sent to prison for life, though it now seems likely that he had nothing to do with the crime. However, it is difficult to secure pardon for a man sent to prison on his own confession74; and there is just where the injustice75 is blackest: it cuts from under a man's feet all substance in a subsequent declaration of innocence, for it stands on the records of the case that he confessed his guilt.
There are of course many cases where the third degree is not resorted to; indeed, its use seems to be mainly confined to the cities where police stations are a ring within a ring. In smaller towns after the arrest is made the case usually comes to trial with no previous unauthorized attempt to induce the prisoner to convict himself, and, if the accused is a man of means who can employ an able lawyer, the trial becomes a game between the opposing lawyers, and both sides have at least a fair chance. Not so when the court appoints a lawyer for the poor man. The prosecution76 then plays the game with loaded dice77; for it is the custom for the court to appoint the least experienced fledgling in the profession.[Pg 294] Los Angeles, Cal., has recently introduced an admirable measure to secure a nearer approach to justice in the courts for the poor man, by the appointment of a regular district attorney for the defence of accused persons who are unable to pay for a competent lawyer. This appointment of a public defender78 has been made solely79 with the aim of securing justice for the poor and for the ignorant foreigner; it is a most encouraging step in the right direction, and seems a hopeful means of exterminating80 the sweat-box system.
We cannot hope to accomplish much with preventive measures until we frankly face the causes of the evils we would reduce. That the saloon is a prolific81 source of crime the records of all the courts unquestionably prove; it is also one of the causes of the poverty which in its turn becomes a cause of crime. The saloon is wholly in the hands of the public, to be modified, controlled, or abolished according to the dictates82 of the majority. This is not so easy as it sounds, but when we realize that while the saloon-keeper reaps all the profits of his business it is the taxpayer83 who is obliged to pay the expense of the crimes resulting from that business, the question becomes one of public economy as well as of public[Pg 295] morals. The force which makes for social evolution is bound to win in the long run, and the gradual elimination84 of the saloon as it stands to-day is inevitable85; and certain it is that with the control of the saloon evil there will be a marked reduction in the number of crimes committed.
The criminal ranks receive annual reinforcement from a number of sources now tolerated by a long-suffering public. We still have our army of tramps, caused in part by defective management of county jails where men are supported in enforced idleness at the expense of the working community; the result also of unstable86 industrial conditions and far greater competition, since women, by cutting wages, have so largely taken possession of industrial fields. Constitutional restlessness and aversion to steady work also cause men and boys to try the easy if precarious87 tramp life; and in hard-luck times the slip into crime comes almost as a matter of course.
The trail of the banishment89 of the tramp evil has already been blazed through Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland by the development of the farm colony to which every tramp is rigidly90 sent. There he is subjected to an industrial training[Pg 296] involving recognition of individual ability, and development along the lines to which he is best adapted. These farm colonies are schools of industry where every man is obliged to work for his living while there, and is fitted to earn a living when he leaves. The results of these measures have been altogether satisfactory, and we have but to adapt their methods to conditions in this country to accomplish similar results. The elimination of the tramp is a necessary safeguard to the community; and to the tramp himself it is rescue from cumulative91 degradation92.
Mr. Fielding-Hall, an Englishman, at one time magistrate93, later warden of the largest prison in the world, and the most radical94 of humanitarians95, after years of exhaustive study of the causes of crime, declares that society alone is responsible. He adds: "It is no use saying that criminals are born, not made; they are made and they are made by society." And it is true that in every community where human beings are herded96 in foul97 tenements, herded in crowded, unsanitary factories, or live their days underground in mines, we shall continue to breed a class mentally, morally, and physically98 defective, some of whom will inevitably99 be subject to criminal outbreaks.[Pg 297] Poverty causes ill health, and malnutrition100 saps the power of self-control.
Medical science is even now telling us that there is probably no form of criminal tendency unrelated to physiological101 defects: brain-cells poisoned by disease; brain-cells defective either through heredity—as in the offspring of the feeble-minded—or enfeebled through malnutrition in childhood, the offspring of want; brains slightly out of balance; and, more rarely, the criminal impulse developed as the result of direct injury to the brain caused by a blow. Crimes are also committed under temporary abnormal conditions such as "dual45 personality" or double consciousness. In this diagnosis102 of crime we find ourselves next door to a hospital; and this class of criminals does closely parallel what alienists call "borderland cases," while the unscientific penologist has carelessly classified them as "degenerates103." Physicians tell us that when Lombroso was studying "types," if he had invaded the charity hospitals of large cities he would have found the same stunted104, undernourished, physically defective specimens105 of humanity that he stigmatized106 as the "criminal type."
Of two prisoners whom I knew well one was[Pg 298] subject to slight attacks of catalepsy, the other to epilepsy; each of these men had committed a murder, and each said to me the same thing: "I had no reason to kill that person and I don't know why I did it." Both these men were religious and extremely conscientious107; but when the "spells" came on them they were irresponsible as a leaf blown by the wind; and while passionately108 regretting their deeds of horror they seemed always to regard the act as something outside themselves.
None of us yet understand the interaction between the mental and physical in the nature of man, but the fact of this interdependence is clear; and while progressive prison wardens are sifting109 the human material thrown into their hands, giving comparative freedom to "honor men," and industrial training and elementary education to those within the walls, they do not ignore the fact that there is a residue110—they are in all our prisons—a residue of men who cannot stand alone morally; handicapped by causes for which they may not be responsible they cannot hope to be "honor men" for they are moral invalids111—often mental invalids as well. That they should be kept under restraint goes without [Pg 299]saying. They need the control of a firm yet flexible hand, and they should be under direct medical supervision112; for back of their crimes may be causes other than bad blood.[16]
Improved factory laws, better housing of the poor, the enforcement of regulations for public hygiene113, the application of some of the saner114 theories of eugenics, the work of district nurses, all these are on the way to reduce the number of diseased or abnormal individuals who fall so readily into crime. Already we have several recorded instances when a blow on the head had caused uncontrollable criminal impulses, where skilful115 brain surgery removed the pressure, and with the restoration of the normal brain the nature of the individual recovered its moral balance. Every large city should have its psychopathic detention116 hospital in connection with its courts, to be resorted to in all cases where there[Pg 300] is doubt of the responsibility of any person accused of crime, and every large penitentiary should have its psychopathic department for men sent to prison from smaller towns.
But when all is said and done, when the main sources of crime are recognized and controlled, when sound sociology unites with Christianity as the basis of management in every prison, when the "criminal type" of Lombroso has been finally consigned118 to the limbo119 of exploded theories, crime will still be with us, simply because human nature is human nature; and whatever else human nature may be it is a violent explosive, whether we agree with Saint Paul as to "the old Adam" or believe with the evolutionist that we are slowly emerging from the brute120 and that the beast of prey still sleeps within us—not sleeping but rampant121 in men and women allied122 in white-slave traffic and in those responsible for the wholesale123 slaughter124 of mankind and the destruction of property caused by war. Nothing short of the complete regeneration of human nature can banish88 crime; and after we who call ourselves "society" have done our best human nature will continue to break out in lawless acts. As long as we have poverty in our midst desperate want will revolt in desperate deeds, and poverty we shall have until the race[Pg 301] has reached a higher average of thrift125 and efficiency, and industrial conditions are developed on a basis of fairness to all; and where there is a weak link in the moral nature of a man undue126 pressure of temptation, brought to bear on that link, will cause it to break, even while in his heart the man may be hungering and thirsting for righteousness. When the science of eugenics has given its helping127 hand it will still be baffled by the appearance of the proverbial black sheep in folds where heredity and environment logically should have produced snowy fleece; and who among us dare assert that no infusion128 of bad blood discolors his own tangled129 ancestry130?
All the evils of poverty, vice131, and crime are but expressions of imperfection of the human nature common to us all. The warp132 of the fabric133 is the same, various as are the colors and tones, and the strength of the threads of which the individual lives are woven. Whether or not we realize it, all our efforts toward social reform indicate a growing consciousness of the oneness of humanity.
With all our imperfections, is not human nature sound at heart? Do we not love that which seems to us good and hate the apparent evil? We do not realize the insidious134 working of evil in [Pg 302]ourselves; but when it is revealed to us objectively, when it is thrown into relief by an outbreak of evil deeds in others, our healthy instinctive135 impulse is to crush it. Surely back of the religious and the legal persecutions has been the desire to exterminate136 apparent evil; that desire is still with us but we are learning better methods of handling it than to unleash137 the bloodhounds of cruelty. We are beginning to understand that evil can be conquered only by good.
As the words of the Founder138 of Christianity first led me into my prison experience, after all these years of study of the subject I find myself coming out at the same door wherein I went, and believing that every theory of social reform, including all the 'ologies, resolves itself in the last analysis to a wise conformity139 to the Golden Rule. On the fly-leaf of a little note-book which I carried when visiting the penitentiary were pencilled these words: "The Christian117 religion is the ministry140 of love and common sense," and I have lived to see the teaching of Christianity forming the basis of prison reform, and science clasping the hand of religion in this relation of man to man. Henceforth I shall believe that nothing is too good to be true, not even the coming of universal peace.
The End
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1
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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3
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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tenements
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| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
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liberating
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| 解放，释放( liberate的现在分词 ) | |
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obsessions
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| n.使人痴迷的人（或物）( obsession的名词复数 )；着魔；困扰 | |
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laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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penal
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| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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deportation
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| n.驱逐，放逐 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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wardens
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| n.看守人( warden的名词复数 )；管理员；监察员；监察官 | |
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warden
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| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
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domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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humanitarian
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| n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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penitentiary
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| n.感化院；监狱 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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offhand
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| adj.临时，无准备的；随便，马虎的 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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aggravates
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| 使恶化( aggravate的第三人称单数 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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mileage
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| n.里程，英里数；好处，利润 | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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44
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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45
dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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46
dreads
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| n.恐惧，畏惧( dread的名词复数 )；令人恐惧的事物v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的第三人称单数 ) | |
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47
compensate
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| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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48
vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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49
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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50
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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51
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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52
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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53
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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54
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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55
inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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56
penalize
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| vt.对…处以刑罚，宣告…有罪；处罚 | |
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57
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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58
elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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59
entanglement
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| n.纠缠，牵累 | |
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60
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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61
implicate
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| vt.使牵连其中，涉嫌 | |
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62
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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63
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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64
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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65
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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66
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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67
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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68
raving
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| adj.说胡话的；疯狂的，怒吼的；非常漂亮的；令人醉心[痴心]的v.胡言乱语(rave的现在分词)n.胡话；疯话adv.胡言乱语地；疯狂地 | |
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69
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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70
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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71
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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72
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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73
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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74
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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75
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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76
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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77
dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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78
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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79
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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80
exterminating
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的现在分词 ) | |
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81
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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82
dictates
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| n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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83
taxpayer
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| n.纳税人 | |
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84
elimination
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| n.排除，消除，消灭 | |
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85
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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86
unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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87
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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88
banish
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| vt.放逐，驱逐；消除，排除 | |
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89
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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90
rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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91
cumulative
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| adj.累积的，渐增的 | |
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92
degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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93
magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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94
radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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95
humanitarians
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| n.慈善家( humanitarian的名词复数 ) | |
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96
herded
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| 群集，纠结( herd的过去式和过去分词 )； 放牧； （使）向…移动 | |
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97
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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98
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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99
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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100
malnutrition
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| n.营养不良 | |
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101
physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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102
diagnosis
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| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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103
degenerates
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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104
stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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105
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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106
stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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108
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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109
sifting
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| n.筛，过滤v.筛( sift的现在分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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110
residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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111
invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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112
supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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113
hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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114
saner
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| adj.心智健全的( sane的比较级 )；神志正常的；明智的；稳健的 | |
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115
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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116
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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117
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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118
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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119
limbo
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| n.地狱的边缘；监狱 | |
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120
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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121
rampant
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| adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的 | |
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122
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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123
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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124
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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125
thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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126
undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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127
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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128
infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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129
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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130
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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131
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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132
warp
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| vt.弄歪，使翘曲，使不正常，歪曲，使有偏见 | |
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133
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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134
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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135
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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136
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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137
unleash
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| vt.发泄，发出；解带子放开 | |
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138
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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139
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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140
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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