April 14 25 .
When in April he crossed once more to the Hague he found a most discouraging state of affairs. The Dutch were backward in their preparations; Prussia and Hanover were recalcitrant11 over the furnishing of their contingents12; Prince Lewis of Baden was sulking within his lines, refusing to communicate a word of his intentions to any one; and everybody was ready with a separate plan of campaign. The Emperor of course desired further operations in the Moselle for his own relief; but after the experience of the last campaign the Duke had wisely resolved never again to move eastward13 to co-operate with the forces of the Empire. The Dutch for their part wished to keep Marlborough in Flanders, where he should be under the control of their deputies; but the imbecile caprice of these worthies14 was little more to his taste than the sullen15 jealousy16 of Baden. Marlborough himself was anxious to lead a force to the help of Eugene in Italy, a scheme which, if executed, would have carried the British to a great fighting ground with which they are unfamiliar17, the plains of Lombardy. He had almost persuaded the States-General to approve of this plan, when all was changed by Marshal Villars, who surprised Prince Lewis of Baden in his lines on the Motter, and captured two important magazines. The Dutch at once took fright and, in their anxiety to keep Marlborough for their own defence, agreed to appoint deputies who should receive rather than issue orders. So to the Duke's great disappointment it was settled that the main theatre of war should once again be Flanders.
May 8 19 .
May 9 20 .
May 11 22 .
Villeroy meanwhile lay safely entrenched19 in his position of the preceding year behind the Dyle, from which Marlborough saw little hope of enticing20 him. It is said that an agent was employed to rouse Villeroy by telling him that the Duke, knowing that the French[466] were afraid to leave their entrenchments, would take advantage of their inaction to capture Namur.[331] Be that as it may, Villeroy resolved to quit the Dyle. He knew that the Prussian and Hanoverian contingents had not yet joined Marlborough, and that the Danish cavalry21 had refused to march to him until their wages were paid; so that interest as well as injured pride prompted the hazard of a general action. On the 19th of May, therefore, he left his lines for Tirlemont on the Great Geete. Marlborough, who was at Maestricht, saw with delight that the end, for which he had not dared to hope, was accomplished22. Hastily making arrangements for the payment of the Danish troops, he concentrated the Dutch and British at Bilsen on the Upper Demer, and moved southward to Borchloen. Here the arrival of the Danes raised his total force to sixty thousand men, a number but little inferior to that of the enemy. On the very same day came the intelligence that Villeroy had crossed the Great Geete and was moving on Judoigne. The Duke resolved to advance forthwith and attack him there.
May 12 23 .
At one o'clock in the morning, of Whitsunday the 23rd of May, Quartermaster-General Cadogan rode forward from the headquarters at Corswarem with six hundred horse and the camp-colours towards the head of the Great Geete, to mark out a camp by the village of Ramillies. The morning was wet and foggy, and it was not until eight o'clock that, on ascending23 the heights of Merdorp, they dimly descried24 troops in motion on the rolling ground before them. The allied25 army had not marched until two hours later than Cadogan, but Marlborough, who had ridden on in advance of it, presently came up and pushed the cavalry forward through the mist. Then at ten o'clock the clouds rolled away, revealing the whole of the French army in full march towards them.
Villeroy's eyes were rudely opened, for he had not expected Marlborough before the following day; but[467] he knew the ground well, for he had been over it before with Luxemburg, and he proceeded to take up a position which he had seen Luxemburg deliberately26 reject. The table-land whereon he stood is the highest point in the plains of Brabant. To his right flowed the Mehaigne; in his rear ran the Great Geete; across his centre and left the Little Geete rose and crept away sluggishly27 in marsh18 and swamp.[332] In his front lay four villages: Taviers on the Mehaigne to his right, Ramillies, less advanced than Taviers, on the source of the Little Geete to his right centre, Offus parallel to Ramillies but lower down the stream to his left centre, Autréglise or Anderkirch between two branches of the Little Geete and parallel to Taviers to his left. Along the concave line formed by these villages Villeroy drew up his army in two lines facing due east.
The Mehaigne, on which his right rested, is at ordinary times a rapid stream little more than twelve feet wide, with a muddy bottom, but is bordered by swampy28 meadows on both sides, which are flooded after heavy rain. From this stream the ground rises northward29 in a steady wave for about half a mile, sinks gradually and rises into a higher wave at Ramillies, sinks once more to northward of that village and rolls downward in a gentler undulation to Autréglise. Between the Mehaigne and Ramillies, a distance of about a mile and a half, the ground east and west is broken by sundry hollows of sufficient inclination30 to offer decided31 advantage or disadvantage in a combat of cavalry. A single high knoll32 rises in the midst of these hollows, offering a place of vantage from which Marlborough must almost certainly have reconnoitred the disposition33 of the French right. The access to Ramillies itself is steep and broken both to north and south, but on the eastern front the ground rises to it for half a mile in a gentle, unbroken slope, which modern rifles would make impassable by the bravest troops. In rear, or to westward34 of the French position, the table-land is[468] clear and unbroken, and to the right rear or south-west stands a mound35 or barrow called the tomb of Ottomond, still conspicuous36 and still valuable as a key to the actions of the day.[333] The full extent of the French front from Taviers to Autréglise covered something over four miles.
Having chosen his position, Villeroy lost no time in setting his troops in order. His left, consisting of infantry37 backed by cavalry,[334] extended from Autréglise to Offus, both of which villages were strongly occupied. His centre from Offus to Ramillies was likewise composed of infantry. On his right, in the expanse of sound ground which stretches for a mile and a half from the marshes38 of the Geete at Ramillies to those of the Mehaigne, were massed more than one hundred and twenty squadrons of cavalry with some battalions of infantry interlined with them, the famous French Household Cavalry (Maison du Roi), being in the first line. The left flank of this expanse was covered by the village of Ramillies, which was surrounded by a ditch and defended by twenty battalions and twenty-four guns. On the right flank not only Taviers but Franquinay, a village still further in advance, were occupied by detachments of infantry, while Taviers was further defended by cannon40.
Marlborough quickly perceived the defects of Villeroy's dispositions41, which were not unlike those of Tallard at Blenheim. Taviers was too remote from Ramillies for the maintenance of a cross-fire of artillery42. Again, the cavalry of the French left was doubtless secure against attack behind the marshes of the Geete, but for this very reason it was incapable43 of aggressive action. The French right could therefore be turned, provided that it were not further reinforced; and [469]accordingly the Duke opened his man?uvres by a demonstration44 against the French left.
Presently the infantry of the allied right moved forward in two lines towards Offus and Autréglise, marching in all the pomp and circumstance of war, Dutch, Germans, and British, with the red coats conspicuous on the extreme right flank. Striding forward to the river they halted and seemed to be very busy in laying their pontoons. Villeroy marked the mass of scarlet45, and remembering its usual place in the battlefield, instantly began to withdraw several battalions from his right and centre to his left. Marlborough watched the white coats streaming away to their new positions, and after a time ordered the infantry of his right to fall back to some heights in their rear. The two lines faced about and retired46 accordingly over the height until the first line was out of sight. Then the second line halted and faced about once more, crowning the ascent47 with the well-known scarlet, while the first marched away with all speed, under cover of the hill and unseen by the French, to the opposite flank. Many British battalions[335] stood on that height all day without moving a step or firing a shot, but none the less paralysing the French left wing.
About half-past one the guns of both armies opened fire, and shortly afterwards four Dutch battalions were ordered forward to carry Franquinay and Taviers, and twelve more to attack Ramillies, while Overkirk advanced slowly on the left with the cavalry. Franquinay was soon cleared; Taviers resisted stoutly48 for a time but was carried, and a strong reinforcement on its way to the village was intercepted49 and cut to pieces. Then Overkirk, his left flank being now cleared, pushed forward his horse and charged. The Dutch routed the first French line, but were driven back in confusion by the second; and the victorious50 French were only[470] checked by the advance of fresh squadrons under Marlborough himself. Even so the Allies were at a decided disadvantage; and Marlborough, after despatching messengers to bring up every squadron, except the British, to the left, plunged51 into the thick of the melée to rally the broken horse. He was recognised by some French dragoons, who left their ranks to surround him, and in the general confusion he was borne to the ground and in imminent52 danger of capture. His aide-de-camp, Captain Molesworth, dismounted at once, and giving him his own horse enabled him to escape. The cavalry, however, encouraged by the Duke's example, recovered themselves, and Marlborough took the opportunity to shift from Molesworth's horse to his own. Colonel Bringfield, his equerry, held the stirrup while he mounted, but Marlborough was hardly in the saddle before the hand that held the stirrup relaxed its hold, and the equerry fell to the ground, his head carried away by a round shot.[336]
Meanwhile the attack of the infantry on Ramillies was fully53 developed, and relieved the horse from the fire of the village. Twenty fresh squadrons came galloping54 up at the top of their speed and ranged themselves in rear of the reforming lines. But before they could come into action the Duke of Würtemberg pushed his Danish horse along the Mehaigne upon the right flank of the French, and the Dutch guards advancing still further fell upon their rear. These now emerged upon the table-land by the tomb of Ottomond, and the rest of the Allied horse dashed themselves once against the French front. The famous Maison du Roi after a hard fight was cut to pieces, and the whole of the French horse, despite Villeroy's efforts to stay them, were driven in headlong flight across the rear of their line of battle, leaving the battalions of infantry helpless and alone to be ridden over and trampled55 out of existence.
Villeroy made frantic56 efforts to bring forward the[471] cavalry of his left to cover their retreat, but the ground was encumbered57 by his baggage, which he had carelessly posted too close in his rear. The French troops in Ramillies now gave way, and Marlborough ordered the whole of the infantry that was massed before the village to advance across the morass58 upon Offus, with the Third and Sixth Dragoon Guards in support. The French broke and fled at their approach; and meanwhile the Buffs and Twenty-first, which had so far remained inactive on the right, forced their way through the swamps before them, and taking Autréglise in rear swept away the last vestige59 of the French line on the left. Five British squadrons followed them up and captured the entire King's Regiment (Regiment du Roi). The Third and Sixth Dragoon Guards also pressed on, and coming upon the Spanish and Bavarian horse-guards, who were striving to cover the retreat of the French artillery, charged them and swept them away, only narrowly missing the capture of the Elector himself, who was at their head.[337] On this the whole French[472] army, which so far had struggled to effect an orderly retreat, broke up in panic and fled in all directions.
The mass of the fugitives60 made for Judoigne, but the ways were blocked by broken-down baggage-waggons and abandoned guns, and the crush and confusion was appalling61. The British cavalry, being quite fresh, quickly took up the pursuit over the table-land. The guns and baggage fell an easy prey62, but these were left to others, while the red-coated troopers, not without memories of Landen, pressed on, like hounds running for blood, after the beaten enemy. The chase lay northwards to Judoigne and beyond it towards the refuge of Louvain. Not until two o'clock in the morning did the cavalry pause, having by that time reached Meldert, fifteen miles from the battlefield; nay39, even then Lord Orkney with some few squadrons spurred on to Louvain itself, rekindled63 the panic and set the unhappy French once more in flight across the Dyle.
May 13 24 .
May 14 25 .
May 15 26 .
May 16 27 .
Nor was the main army far behind the horse. Marching far into the night, the men slept under arms for two or three hours, started again at three o'clock, and before the next noon had also reached Meldert and were preparing to force the passage of the Dyle. Marlborough, who had been in the saddle with little intermission for nearly twenty-eight hours, here wrote to the Queen that he intended to march again that same night, but, through the desertion of the lines of the Dyle by the French, the army gained some respite64. The next day he crossed the Dyle at Louvain and encamped at Betlehem, the next he advanced to Dieghem, a few miles north of Brussels, the next he passed the Senne at Vilvorde and encamped at Grimberghen, and here at last, after six days of incessant65 marching, the Duke granted his weary troops a halt, while the French, hopelessly beaten and demoralised, retired with all haste to Ghent.
To face page 472
RAMILLIES
May 12th " 23rd 1706.
So ended the fight and pursuit of Ramillies, which effectually disposed of the taunt66 levelled at Marlborough[473] after Blenheim, that he did not know how to improve a victory. The loss of the French in killed, wounded, and prisoners was thirteen thousand men, swelled67 by desertion during the pursuit to full two thousand more. The trophies68 of the victors were eighty standards and colours, fifty guns, and a vast quantity of baggage. The loss of the Allies was from four to five thousand killed and wounded, which fell almost entirely69 on the Dutch and Danes, the British, owing to their position on the extreme right, being but little engaged until the close of the day. The chief service of the British, therefore, was rendered in the pursuit, which they carried forward with relentless70 thoroughness and vigour71. The Dutch were delighted that their troops should have done the heaviest of the work in such an action, and the British could console themselves with the performance of their cavalry, and above all, with the reflection that the whole of the success was due to their incomparable chief.
May-June.
The effect of the victory and of the rapid advance that followed it was instantaneous. Louvain and the whole line of Dyle fell into Marlborough's hands on the day after the battle; Brussels, Malines, and Lierre surrendered before the first halt, and gave him the line of the Senne and the key of the French entrenchments about Antwerp; and one day later, the surrender of Alost delivered to him one of the strongholds on the Dender. Never pausing for a moment, he sent forward a party to lay bridges on the Scheldt below Oudenarde in order to cut off the French retreat into France, a movement which obliged Villeroy forthwith to abandon the lines about Ghent and to retire up the Lys to Courtrai. Ghent, Bruges, and Damme thereupon surrendered on the spot; Oudenarde followed them, and after a few days Antwerp itself. Thus within a fortnight after the victory the whole of Flanders and Brabant, with the exception of Dendermond and one or two places of minor72 importance, had succumbed73 to the Allies, and the French had fallen back to their own frontier.
June.
Nor was even this all. A contribution of two[474] million livres levied74 in French Flanders brought home to the Grand Monarch75 that the war was now knocking at his own gates. Villars, with the greater part of his army, was recalled from the Rhine to the Lys, and a number of French troops were withdrawn76 to the same quarter from Italy. Baden had thus the game in his own hand on the Rhine, and though he was too sulky and incapable to turn the advantage to account, yet his inaction was no fault of Marlborough's. We are hardly surprised to find that in the middle of this fortnight the Duke made urgent request for fresh stores of champagne77; he may well have needed the stimulant78 amid such pressure of work and fatigue79.[338]
June 6 17 .
He now detached Overkirk to besiege80 Ostend and another party to blockade Dendermond, at the same time sending off five British battalions, which we shall presently meet again, for a descent on the Charente which was then contemplated81 in England. This done he took post with the rest of the Army at Rouslers, to westward of the Lys, whence he could at once cover the siege of Ostend and menace Menin and Ypres. The operations at Ostend were delayed for some time through want of artillery and the necessity of waiting for the co-operation of the Fleet; but the trenches82 were finally opened on the 17th of June, and a few weeks later the town surrendered.
June 27
July 8.
Aug. 11 22 .
Three days after this the army was reassembled for the siege of Menin. This fortress83 was of peculiar84 strength, being esteemed85 one of Vauban's masterpieces, and was garrisoned86 by five thousand men. Moreover, the French, being in command of the upper sluices87 of the Lys, were able greatly to impede88 the operations by cutting off the water from the lower stream, and thus rendering89 it less useful for purposes of transport. But all this availed it little; for three weeks after the opening of the trenches Menin surrendered. The British battalions[339] which had been kept inactive at [475] Ramillies took a leading share in the work, and some of them suffered very heavily, but had the satisfaction of recapturing four of the British guns that had been taken at Landen.
Aug. 25
Sept. 5.
Sept. 12 23 .
Sept. 21
Oct. 2.
A few days later Dendermond was attacked in earnest and was likewise taken, after which Marlborough fell back across the Scheldt to secure the whole line of the Dender by the capture of Ath. Ten days sufficed for the work, after which Ath also fell into the hands of the Allies. The apathy90 of the French throughout these operations sufficiently91 show their discouragement. Owing to the supineness of Prince Lewis of Baden Villars had been able to bring up thirty-five thousand men to the assistance of Marshal Vend92?me, who had now superseded93 Villeroy, but even with this reinforcement the two commanders only looked on helplessly while Marlborough reduced fortress after fortress before their eyes. They were, indeed, more anxious to strengthen the defences of Mons and Charleroi, lest the Duke should break into France by that line, than to approach him in the field. Nor were they not wholly unreasonable94 in their anxiety, for Marlborough's next move was upon the Sambre; but incessant rain and tempestuous95 weather forbade any further operations, so that Ath proved to be the last conquest of the year. Thus ended the campaign of Ramillies, one of the most brilliant in the annals of war, wherein Marlborough in a single month carried his arms triumphant96 from the Meuse to the sea.
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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obstruction
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| n.阻塞，堵塞；障碍物 | |
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enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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epidemic
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ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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recalcitrant
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contingents
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| （志趣相投、尤指来自同一地方的）一组与会者( contingent的名词复数 )； 代表团； （军队的）分遣队； 小分队 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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sullen
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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enticing
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| adj.迷人的；诱人的 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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sluggishly
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| adv.懒惰地；缓慢地 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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mound
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conspicuous
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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artillery
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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rekindled
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| v.使再燃( rekindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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taunt
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| n.辱骂，嘲弄；v.嘲弄 | |
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swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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besiege
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| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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sluices
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| n.水闸( sluice的名词复数 )；（用水闸控制的）水；有闸人工水道；漂洗处v.冲洗( sluice的第三人称单数 )；（指水）喷涌而出；漂净；给…安装水闸 | |
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impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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vend
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| v.公开表明观点，出售，贩卖 | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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tempestuous
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| adj.狂暴的 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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