We left our position at the head of the plain early on the 13th of January, and, ere the sun dipped, had entered a very different country from that in which we had been labouring for the last three weeks. We had, as yet, passed over little other than an alluvial7 soil, but found that it changed to a red loam8 in the brushes immediately backing the camp. An open forest track succeeded this, over which the vegetation had an unusual freshness, indicating that the waters had not long subsided10 from its surface. We shortly afterwards crossed a hollow, similar to that Mr. Hume had described, in which bulrushes had taken the place of reeds. Flooded-gum trees, of large size, were also growing in it, but on either side box alone prevailed, under which the forest grass grew to a considerable height. We crossed the hollow two or three times, and as often remarked the line of separation between those trees. The last time we crossed it the country rose a few feet, and we journeyed for the remainder of the day, at one time over good plains, at another through brushes, until we found water and feed, at which we stopped for the night, after having travelling about thirteen miles on a W. by N. course. The mosquitoes were so extremely troublesome at this place that we called it Mosquito Brush. At this time my men were improving rapidly, and Mr. Hume complained less, and looked better. I hoped, therefore, that our progress would be rapid into the interior.
Creek Leading Northerly; Productions of the Country.
On the 14th we took up a westerly course, and in the first instance traversed a plain of great extent; the soil of which was for the most part a red sandy loam, but having patches of light earth upon it. The former was covered with plants of the chenopedia kind; the latter had evidently been quagmires11, and bore even then the appearance of moisture. At about seven miles from Mosquito Brush we struck upon a creek of excellent water, upon which the wild fowl12 were numerous. Some natives was seen, but they were only women, and seemed so alarmed that I purposely avoided them. As the creek was leading northerly, we traced it down on that course for about seven miles, and then halted upon its banks, which were composed of a light tenacious13 earth. Brushes of casuarina existed near it, but a tortuous14 box was the prevailing15 tree, which, excepting for the knees of small vessels16, could not have been applied17 to any use, while the flooded-gum had entirely18 disappeared. Some ducks were shot in the afternoon, which proved a great treat, as we had been living for some time on salt provisions. Our animals fared worse than ourselves, as the bed of the creek was occupied by coarse rushes, and but little vegetation was elsewhere to be seen. I here killed a beautiful snake, of about four feet in length, and of a bright yellow colour: I had not, however, the means of preserving it. Fraser collected numerous botanical specimens19, and among them two kinds of caparis. Indeed a great alteration20 had taken place in the minor21 shrubs22, and few of those now prevalent had been observed to the eastward24 of the marshes25.
From the creek, which both I and Mr. Hume must have crossed on our respective journeys, we held a westerly course for about fifteen miles, through a country of alternate plain and brush, the latter predominating, and in its general character differing but little from that we had traversed the day previous.
The acacia pendula still continued to exist on the plains backed by dark rows of cypresses28 (Cupressus callitris). In the brushes, box and casuarina (Casuarina tortuosa), with several other kinds of eucalypti29, prevailed; but none of them were sufficiently30 large to be of use. The plains were so extremely level that a meridian31 altitude could have been taken without any material error; and I doubt much whether it would have been possible to have traversed them had the season been wet.
Hunting Party of Natives.
As we were travelling through a forest we surprised a hunting party of natives. Mr. Hume and I were considerably32 in front of our party at the time, and he only had his gun with him. We had been moving along so quietly that we were not for some time observed by them. Three were seated on the ground, under a tree, and two others were busily employed on one of the lower branches cutting out honey. As soon as they saw us, four of them ran away; but the fifth, who wore a cap of emu feathers, stood for a moment looking at us, and then very deliberately33 dropped out of the tree to the ground. I then advanced towards him, but before I got round a bush that intervened, he had darted34 away. I was fearful that he was gone to collect his tribe, and, under this impression, rode quickly back for my gun to support Mr. Hume. On my arrival I found the native was before me. He stood about twenty paces from Mr. Hume, who was endeavouring to explain what he was; but seeing me approach he immediately poised35 his spear at him, as being the nearest. Mr. Hume then unslung his carbine, and presented it; but, as it was evident my re-appearance had startled the savage36, I pulled up; and he immediately lowered his weapon. His coolness and courage surprised me, and increased my desire to communicate with him. He had evidently taken both man and horse for one animal, and as long as Mr. Hume kept his seat, the native remained upon his guard; but when he saw him dismount, after the first astonishment38 had subsided, he stuck his spear into the ground, and walked fearlessly up to him. We easily made him comprehend that we were in search of water; when he pointed39 to the west, as indicating that we should supply our wants there. He gave his information in a frank and manly40 way, without the least embarrassment41, and when the party passed, he stepped back to avoid the animals, without the smallest confusion. I am sure he was a very brave man; and I left him with the most favourable42 impressions, and not without hope that he would follow us.
From a more open forest, we entered a dense43 scrub, the soil in which was of a bright-red colour and extremely sandy, and the timber of various kinds. A leafless species of stenochylus aphylta, which, from the resemblance, I at first thought one of the polygonum tribe, was very abundant in the open spaces, and the young cypresses were occasionally so close as to turn us from the direction in which we had been moving. In the scrub we crossed Mr. Hume’s tract44, and, from the appearance of the ground, I was led to believe mine could not be very distant.
Fate of the Macquarie.
We struck upon a creek late in the afternoon, at which we stopped; New Year’s Range bearing nearly due west at about four miles’ distance. Had we struck upon my track, the question about which we were so anxious would still have been undecided; but the circumstance of our having crossed Mr. Hume’s, which, from its direction, could not be mistaken, convinced me of the fate of the Macquarie, and I felt assured that, whatever channels it might have for the distribution of its waters, to the north of our line of route, the equality of surface of the interior would never permit it again to form a river; and that it only required an examination of the lower parts of the marshes to confirm the theory of the ultimate evaporation45 and absorption of its waters, instead of their contributing to the permanence of an inland sea, as Mr. Oxley had supposed.
New Year’s Range.
On the 17th of January we encamped under New Year’s Range, which is the first elevation46 in the interior of Eastern Australia to the westward47 of Mount Harris. Yet when at its base, I do not think that we had ascended48 above forty feet higher than the plains in the neighbourhood of that last mentioned eminence49. There certainly is a partial rise of country, where the change of soil takes place from the alluvial deposits of the marshes, to the sandy loam so prevalent on the plains we had lately traversed; but I had to regret that I was unable to decide so interesting a question by other than bare conjecture50.
Notwithstanding that Mr. Hume had already been on them, I encouraged hopes that a second survey of the country from the highest point of New Year’s Range would enable us to form some opinion of it, by which to direct our future movements; but I was disappointed.
The two wooded hills I had seen from Oxley’s Table Land were visible from the range, bearing south; and other eminences52 bore by compass S.W. and W. by S.; but in every other direction the horizon was unbroken. To the westward, there appeared to be a valley of considerable extent, stretching N. and S., in which latter direction there was a long strip of cleared ground, that looked very like the sandy bed of a broad and rapid river. The bare possibility of the reality determined53 me to ascertain55 by inspection56, whether my conjecture was right, and Mr. Hume accompanied me on this excursion. After we left the camp we crossed a part of the range, and travelled for some time through open forest land that would afford excellent grazing in most seasons. We passed some hollows, and noticed many huts that had been occupied near them; but the hollows were now quite dry, and the huts had been long deserted57. After about ten miles’ ride we reached a plain of white sand, from which New Year’s Range was distinctly visible; and this no doubt was the spot that had attracted my attention. Pools of water continued on it, from which circumstance it would appear that the sand had a substratum of clay or marl. From this plain we proceeded southerly through acacia scrub, bounding gently undulating forest land, and at length ascended some small elevations58 that scarcely deserved the name of hills. They had fragments of quartz59 profusely60 scattered61 over them; and the soil, which was sandy, contained particles of mica62.
Mosquitoes.
The view from them was confused, nor did any fresh object meet our observation. We had, however, considerably neared the two wooded hills, and the elevations that from the range were to the S.W., now bore N.W. of us. We had wandered too far from the camp to admit of our returning to it to sleep; we therefore commenced a search for water, and having found some, we tethered our horses near it for the night, and should have been tolerably comfortable, had not the mosquitoes been so extremely troublesome. They defied the power of smoke, and annoyed me so much, that, hot as it was, I rolled myself in my boat cloak, and perspired63 in consequence to such a degree, that my clothes were wet through, and I had to stand at the fire in the morning to dry them. Mr. Hume, who could not bear such confinement64, suffered the penalty, and was most unmercifully bitten.
A Man Missing.
We reached the camp about noon the following day, and learnt, to our vexation, that one of the men, Norman, had lost himself shortly after we started, and had not since been heard of. Dawber, my overseer, was out in search of him. I awaited his return, therefore, before I took any measures for the man’s recovery; nor was I without hopes that Dawber would have found him, as it appeared he had taken one of the horses with him, and Dawber, by keeping his tracks, might eventually have overtaken him. He returned, however, about 3 p.m. unsuccessful, when Mr. Hume and I mounted our horses, and proceeded in different directions in quest of him, but were equally disappointed.
We met at the creek in the dark, and returned to the camp together, when I ordered the cypresses on the range to be set on fire, and thus illuminated66 the country round for many miles. In the morning, however, as Norman had not made his appearance, we again started in search of the poor fellow, on whose account I was now most uneasy; for his horse, it appeared, had escaped him, and was found with the others at watering time.
I did not return to the camp until after sunset, more fatigued67 than I recollect69 ever having been before. I was, however, rejoiced on being informed that the object of my anxiety was safe in his tent; that he had caught sight of the hill the evening before, and that he had reached the camp shortly after I left it. He had been absent three nights and two days, and had not tasted water or food of any kind during that time.
To my enquiries he replied, that, being on horseback, he thought he could have overtaken a kangaroo, which passed him whilst waiting at the creek for the cattle, and that in the attempt, he lost himself. It would appear that he crossed the creek in the dark, and his horse escaped from him on the first night. He complained more of thirst than of hunger, although he had drunk at the watering-place to such an excess, on his return, as to make him vomit70; but, though not a little exhausted71, he had escaped better than I should have expected.
Country Around New Year’s Range.
New Year’s Range consists of a principal group of five hills, the loftiest of which does not measure 300 feet in height. It has lateral72 ridges73, extending to the N.N.W. on the one hand, and bending in to the creek on the other. The former have a few cypresses, sterculia, and iron bark upon them; the latter are generally covered with brush, under box; the brush for the most part consisting of two distinct species of stenochylus, and a new acacia. The whole range is of quartz formation, small fragments of which are profusely scattered over the ridges, and are abundantly incrusted with oxide75 of iron. The soil in the neighbourhood of New Year’s Range is a red loam, with a slight mixture of sand. An open forest country lies between it and the creek, and it is not at all deficient76 in pasture.
New Year’s Creek.
That a change of soil takes place to the westward of the creek, is obvious, from the change of vegetation, the most remarkable77 feature of which is the sudden check given to the further extension of the acacia pendula, which is not to be found beyond it, it being succeeded by another acacia of the same species and habits; neither do the plants of the chenopedia class exist in the immediate9 vicinity of the range.
I place these hills, as far as my observations will allow, in east lon. 146 degrees 32 minutes 15 seconds, and in lat. 30 degrees 21 minutes south; the variation of the compass being 6 degrees 40 minutes easterly.
As New Year’s Creek was leading northerly, it had been determined to trace it down as long as it should keep that course, or one to the westward of it. We broke up the camp, therefore, under the range, on the evening of the 18th, and moved to the creek, about two miles north of the place at which we had before crossed it, with the intention of prosecuting78 our journey on the morrow. But both Mr. Hume and I were so fatigued that we were glad of an opportunity to rest, even for a single day. We remained stationary79, therefore, on the 19th; nor was I without hope that the natives whom we had surprised in the woods, would have paid us a visit, since Mr. Hume had met them in his search for Norman, and they had promised not only to come to us, but to do all in their power to find the man, whose footsteps some of them had crossed. They did not, however, venture near us; and I rather attribute their having kept aloof80, to the circumstance of Mr. Hume’s having fired a shot, shortly after he left them, as a signal to Norman, in the event of his being within hearing of the report. They must have been alarmed at so unusual a sound; but I am sure nothing was further from Mr. Hume’s intention than to intimidate81 them; his knowledge of their manners and customs, as well as his partiality to the natives, being equally remarkable. The circumstance is, however, a proof of the great caution that is necessary in communicating with them.
Annoyed by Kangaroo Flies.
I have said that we remained stationary the day after we left the range, with a view to enjoy a little rest; it would, however, have been infinitely82 better if we had moved forward. Our camp was infested83 by the kangaroo fly, which settled upon us in thousands. They appeared to rise from the ground, and as fast as they were swept off were succeeded by fresh numbers. It was utterly84 impossible to avoid their persecution85, penetrating86 as they did into the very tents.
The men were obliged to put handkerchiefs over their faces, and stockings upon their hands; but they bit through every thing. It was to no purpose that I myself shifted from place to place; they still followed, or were equally numerous everywhere. To add to our discomfort87, the animals were driven almost to madness, and galloped88 to and fro in so furious a manner that I was apprehensive89 some of them would have been lost. I never experienced such a day of torment4; and only when the sun set, did these little creatures cease from their attacks.
Suddenly Relieved.
It will be supposed that we did not stay to subject ourselves to another trial; indeed it was with some degree of horror that the men saw the first light of morning streak90 the horizon. They got up immediately, and we moved down the creek, on a northerly course, without breakfasting as usual. We found that dense brushes of casuarina lined the creek on both sides, beyond which, to our left, there was open rising ground, on which eucalypti, cypresses, and the acacia longifolia, prevailed; whilst to the east, plains seemed to predominate.
Although we had left the immediate spot at which the kangaroo flies (cabarus) seemed to be collected, I did not expect that we should have got rid of them so completely as we did. None of them were seen during the day; a proof that they were entirely local. They were about half the size of a common house fly, had flat brown bodies, and their bite, although sharp and piercing, left no irritation91 after it.
About noon we stopped at the creek side to take some refreshment92. The country bore an improved appearance around us, and the cattle found abundance of pasture. It was evident that the creek had been numerously frequented by the natives, although no recent traces of them could be found. It had a bed of coarse red granite93, of the fragments of which the natives had constructed a weir94 for the purpose of taking fish. The appearance of this rock in so isolated95 a situation, is worthy96 of the consideration of geologists97.
Desolation of the Country.
The promise of improvement I have noticed, gradually disappeared as we proceeded on our day’s journey, and we at length found ourselves once more among brushes, and on the edge of plains, over which the rhagodia prevailed. Nothing could exceed in dreariness the appearance of the tracks through which we journeyed, on this and the two following days. The creek on which we depended for a supply of water, gave such alarming indications of a total failure, that I at one time, had serious thoughts of abandoning my pursuit of it. We passed hollow after hollow that had successively dried up, although originally of considerable depth; and, when we at length found water, it was doubtful how far we could make use of it. Sometimes in boiling it left a sediment98 nearly equal to half its body; at other times it was so bitter as to be quite unpalatable. That on which we subsisted99 was scraped up from small puddles100, heated by the sun’s rays; and so uncertain were we of finding water at the end of the day’s journey, that we were obliged to carry a supply on one of the bullocks. There was scarcely a living creature, even of the feathered race, to be seen to break the stillness of the forest. The native dogs alone wandered about, though they had scarcely strength to avoid us; and their melancholy101 howl, breaking in upon the ear at the dead of the night, only served to impress more fully65 on the mind the absolute loneliness of the desert.
It appeared, from their traces that the natives had lingered on this ground, on which they had perhaps been born, as long as it continued to afford them a scanty102 though precarious103 subsistence; but that they had at length been forced from it. Neither fish nor muscles remained in the creek, nor emus nor kangaroos on the plains. How then could an European expect to find food in deserts through which the savage wandered in vain? There is no doubt of the fate that would have overtaken any one of the party who might have strayed away, and I was happy to find that Norman’s narrow escape had made a due impression on the minds of his comrades.
Sandy Plains; Leave the Creek.
We passed some considerable plains, lying to the eastward of the creek, on parts of which the grass, though growing in tufts, was of luxuriant growth. They were, however, more generally covered with salsola and rhagodia, and totally destitute104 of other vegetation, the soil upon them being a red sandy loam. The paths across the plains, which varied105 in breadth from three to eight miles, were numerous; but they had not been recently trodden. The creek continued to have a thick brush of casuarina and acacia near it, to the westward of which there was a rising open forest track; the timber upon it being chiefly box, cypress27, and the acacia longifolia. It was most probably connected with New Year’s Range, those elevations being about thirty miles distant. It terminated in some gentle hills which, though covered in places with acacia shrub23, were sufficiently open to afford an extensive view. From their summit Oxley’s Table Land, towards which we had been gradually working our way, was distinctly visible, distant about twenty miles, and bearing by compass W. by S. On descending106 from these hills (called the Pink Hills, from the colour of a flower upon them) which were scattered over with fragments of slaty107 quartz, we traversed a box flat, apparently108 subject to overflow109, having a barren sandy scrub to its left. I had desired the men to preserve a W.N.W. direction, on leaving them, supposing that that course would have kept them near the creek; but, on overtaking the party, I found that they had wandered completely away from it. The fact was, that the creek had taken a sudden bend to the eastward of N. and had thus thrown them out. It was with some difficulty that we regained110 it before sunset; and we were at length obliged to stop for the night at a small plain, about a quarter of a mile short of it, but we had the satisfaction of having excellent feed for the animals.
Oxley’s Table Land.
Fearful that New Year’s Creek would take us too far to the eastward, and being anxious to keep westward as much as possible, it struck me that we could not, under existing circumstances, do better than make for Oxley’s Table Land. Water, I knew, we should find in a swamp at it’s base, and we might discover some more encouraging feature than I had observed on my hasty visit to it. We left the creek, therefore on the 23rd, and once more took up a westerly course. Passing through a generally open country, we stopped at noon to rest the animals; and afterwards got on an excellent grazing forest track, which continued to the brush, through another part of which I had penetrated111 to the marsh26 more to the south. While making our way through it, we came upon a small pond of water, and must have alarmed some natives, as there was a fresh made fire close to it. Our journey had been unusually long, and the cattle had felt the heat so much, that the moment they saw water they rushed into it; and, as this created some confusion, I thought it best to stop where we were for the night.
In the morning, Mr. Hume walked with me to the hill, a distance of about a mile. It is not high enough to deserve the name of a mountain, although a beautiful feature in the country, and showing well from any point of view. We ascended it with an anxiety that may well be imagined, but were wholly disappointed in our most sanguine112 expectations. Our chief object, in this second visit to Oxley’s Table Land, had been to examine, more at leisure, the face of the country around it, and to discover, if possible, some fixed113 point on which to move.
If the rivers of the interior had already exhausted themselves, what had we to expect from a creek whose diminished appearance where we left it made us apprehend114 its speedy termination, and whose banks we traversed under constant apprehension115? In any other country I should have followed such a water course, in hopes of its ultimately leading to some reservoir; but here I could encourage no such favourable anticipation116.
The only new object that struck our sight was a remarkable and distant hill of conical shape, bearing by compass S. 10 E. To the southward and westward, in the direction of D’Urban’s Group, a dense and apparently low brush extended; but to the N. and N.W., there was a regular alternation of wood and plain. I left Mr. Hume upon the hill, that he might the more readily notice any smoke made by the natives; and returned myself to the camp about one o’clock, to move the party to the swamp. Mr. Hume’s perseverance117 was of little avail. The region he had been overlooking was, to all appearance, uninhabited, nor did a single fire indicate that there was even a solitary118 wanderer upon its surface.
Excursion to D’urban’s Group.
Our situation, at this time, was extremely embarrassing, and the only circumstance on which we had to congratulate ourselves was, the improved condition of our men; for several of the cattle and horses were in a sad plight119. The weather had been so extremely oppressive, that we had found it impossible to keep them free from eruptions120. I proposed to Mr. Hume, therefore, to give them a few days’ rest, and to make an excursion, with such of them as were serviceable, to D’Urban’s Group. We were both of us unwilling121 to return to the creek, but we foresaw that a blind reliance upon fortune, in our next movements, might involve us in inextricable difficulty.
On the other hand, there was a very great risk in delay. It was more than probable, from the continued drought, that our retreat would be cut off from the want of water, or that we should only be enabled to effect our retreat with loss of most of the animals. The hope, however, of our intersecting some stream, or of falling upon a better country, prevailed over other considerations; and the excursion was, consequently, determined upon.
Distress122 from Want of Water.
We left the camp on the 25th, accompanied by Hopkinson and the tinker; and, almost immediately after, entered an acacia scrub of the most sterile123 description, and one, through which it would have been impossible to have found a passage for the boat carriage. The soil was almost a pure sand, and the lower branches of the trees were decayed so generally as to give the whole an indescribable appearance of desolation. About mid-day, we crossed a light sandy plain, on which there were some dirty puddles of water. They were so shallow as to leave the backs of the frogs in them exposed, and they had, in consequence, been destroyed by solar heat, and were in a state of putrefaction124. Our horses refused to drink, but it was evident that some natives must have partaken of this sickening beverage125 only a few hours before our arrival. Indeed, it was clear that a wandering family must have slept near this spot, as we observed a fresh made gunneah (or native hut), and their foot-prints were so fresh along the line we were pursuing, that we momentarily expected to have overtaken them. It was late in the evening when we got out of this brush into better and more open ground, where, in ordinary seasons we should, no doubt, have found abundance of water. But we now searched in vain for it, and were contented126 to be enabled to give our wearied animals better food than they had tasted for many days, the forest grass, though in tufts, being abundant.
We brought up for the night at the edge of a scrub, having travelled from thirty-two to thirty-five miles, judging the distance from the mountains still to be about twelve.
Bearings from Oxley’s Table Land.
In the morning we started at an early hour, and immediately entered the brush, beneath which we had slept; pursuing a westerly course through it. After a short ride, we found ourselves upon a plain, that was crowded with flocks of cockatoos. Here we got a supply of water, such as it was — so mixed with slime as to hang in strings127 between the fingers; and, after a hasty breakfast, we proceeded on our journey, mostly through a barren sandy scrub that was a perfect burrow128 from the number of wombats129 in it, to within a mile of the hill group, where the country appeared like one continuous meadow to the very base of them. I never saw anything like the luxuriance of the grass on this tract of country, waving as it did higher than our horses’ middles as we rode through it. We ascended the S.W. face of the mountain to an elevation of at least 800 feet above the level of the plain, and had some difficulty in scaling the masses of rock that opposed themselves to our progress. But on gaining the summit, we were amply repaid for our trouble. The view extended far and wide, but we were again disappointed in the main object that had induced us to undertake the journey. I took the following bearings by compass. Oxley’s Table Land bore N. 40 E. distant forty-five miles; small and distant hill due E.; conical peak seen from Oxley’s Table Land S. 60 E., very distant; long ridge74 of high land, S.E., distant thirty-five miles; high land, S. 30 E., distant thirty miles; long range, S. 25 W.
To the westward, as a medium point. the horizon was unbroken, and the eye wandered over an apparently endless succession of wood and plain. A brighter green than usual marked the course of the mountain torrents131 in several places, but there was no glittering light among the trees, no smoke to betray a water hole, or to tell that a single inhabitant was traversing the extensive region we were overlooking. We were obliged to return to the plain on which we had breakfasted, and to sleep upon it.
D’urban’s Group.
D’Urban’s Group is of compact sandstone formation. Its extreme length is from E.S.E. to W.N.W., and cannot be more than from seven to nine miles, whilst its breadth is from two to four. The central space forms a large basin, in which there are stunted132 pines and eucalyptus133 scrub, amid huge fragments of rocks. It rises like an island from the midst of the ocean, and as I looked upon it from the plains below, I could without any great stretch of the imagination, picture to myself that it really was such. Bold and precipitous, it only wanted the sea to lave its base; and I cannot but think that such must at no very remote period have been the case, and that the immense flat we had been traversing, is of comparatively recent formation.
We reached the camp on the 28th of the month, by nearly the same route; and were happy to find that, after the few days’ rest they had enjoyed, there was a considerable improvement in the animals.
Our experience of the nature of the country to the southward, and the westward, was such as to deter54 us from risking anything, by taking such a direction as was most agreeable to our views. Nothing remained to us but to follow the creek, or to retreat; and as we could only be induced to adopt the last measure when every other expedient134 should have failed, we determined on pursuing our original plan, of tracing New Year’s Creek as far as practicable.
Description of Oxley’s Table Land.
Oxley’s Table Land is situated135 in lat. 29 degrees 57 minutes 30 seconds, and in E. long. 145 degrees 43 minutes 30 seconds, the mean variation being 6.32 easterly. It consists of two hills that appear to have been rent asunder136 by some convulsion of nature, since the passage between them is narrow and their inner faces are equally perpendicular137. The hill which I have named after the late Surveyor-general, is steep on all sides; but the other gradually declines from the south, and at length loses itself in a large plain that extends to the north. It is from four to five miles in length, and is picturesque138 in appearance, and lightly wooded. A few cypresses were growing on Oxley’s Table Land; but it had, otherwise, very little timber upon its summit. Both hills are of sandstone formation, and there are some hollows upon the last that deserve particular notice. They have the appearance of having been formed by eddies139 of water, being deeper in the centre than at any other part, and contain fragments and slabs140 of sandstone of various size and breadth, without a particle of soil or of sand between them. It is to be observed that the edges of these slabs, which were perfect parallelograms, were unbroken, and that they were as clean as if they had only just been turned out of the hand of the mason. We counted thirteen of these hollows in one spot about twenty-five feet in diameter, but they are without doubt of periodical formation, since a single hollow was observed lower than the summit of the hill upon its south extremity141, that had evidently long been exposed to the action of the atmosphere, and had a general coating of moss142 over it.
Continue the Journey; Down New Year’s Creek.
We left Oxley’s Table Land on the morning of the 31st of January, pursuing a northern course through the brush and across a large plain, moving parallel to the smaller hill, and keeping it upon our left. The soil upon this plain differed in character from that on the plains to the eastward, and was much freer from sand. We stopped to dine at a spot, whence Oxley’s Table Land bore by compass, S. by W., distant about twelve miles. Continuing our journey, at 2 p.m. we cleared the plain, and entered a tract covered with the polygonum junceum, on a soil evidently the deposit of floods. Box-trees were thinly scattered over it, and among the polygonum, the crested143 pigeons were numerous. These general appearances, together with a dip of country to the N.N.W., made us conclude that we were approaching the creek, and we accordingly intersected it on a N.N.E. course, at about three miles’ distance from where we had dined. It had, however, undergone so complete a change, and had increased so much in size and in the height of its banks, that we were at a loss to recognize it. Still, with all these favourable symptoms, there was not a drop of water in it. But small shells lay in heaps in its bed, or were abundantly scattered over it; and we remarked that they differed from those on the plains of the Macquarie. A circumstance that surprised us much, was the re-appearance of the flooded-gum upon its banks, and that too of a large size. We had not seen any to the westward of the marshes, and we were, consequently, led to indulge in more sanguine expectation as to our ultimate success than we had ever ventured to do before.
The Crested Pigeon of the Marshes
The party crossed to the right bank of the creek, and then moved in a westerly direction along it in search of water. A brush extended to our right, and some broken stony144 ground, rather elevated, was visible, to which Mr. Hume rode; nor did he join me again until after I had halted the party for the night.
Distressed145 for Water.
My search for water had been unsuccessful, and the sun had set, when I came upon a broad part of the creek that appeared very favourable for an encampment, as it was encompassed146 by high banks, and would afford the men a greater facility of watching the cattle, that I knew would stray away if they could.
My anxiety for them led me to wander down the bed of the creek, when, to my joy, I found a pond of water within a hundred yards of the tents. It is impossible for me to describe the relief I felt at this success, or the gladness it spread among the men. Mr. Hume joined me at dusk, and informed me that he had made a circuit, and had struck upon the creek about three miles below us but that, in tracing it up, he had not found a drop of water until he came to the pond near which we had so providentially encamped. On the following morning, we held a westerly course over an open country for about eight miles and a half. The prevailing timber appeared to he a species of eucalypti, with rough bark, of small size, and evidently languishing147 from the want of moisture. The soil over which we travelled was far from bad, but there was a total absence of water upon it. At 6 p.m. Oxley’s Table Land was distant from us about fifteen miles, bearing S. 20 E. by compass.
We had not touched upon the creek from the time we left it in the morning, having wandered from it in a northerly direction, along a native path that we intersected, and that seemed to have been recently trodden, since footsteps were fresh upon it. At sunset, we crossed a broad dry creek that puzzled us extremely, and were shortly afterwards obliged to stop for the night upon a plain beyond it. We had, during the afternoon, bent148 down to the S.W. in hopes that we should again have struck upon New Year’s Creek; and, under an impression that we could not be far from it, Mr. Hume and I walked across the plain, to ascertain if it was sufficiently near to be of any service to us. We came upon a creek, but could not decide whether it was the one for which we had been searching, or another.
Its bed was so perfectly149 even that it was impossible to say to what point it flowed, more especially as all remains150 of debris151 had mouldered152 away. It was, however, extremely broad, and evidently, at times, held a furious torrent130. In the centre of it, at one of the angles, we discovered a pole erected153, and at first thought, from the manner in which it was propped154 up, that some unfortunate European must have placed it there as a mark to tell of his wanderings, but we afterwards concluded that it might be some superstitious155 rite156 of the natives, in consequence of the untowardness157 of the season, as it seemed almost inconceivable that an European could have wandered to such a distance from the located districts in safety.
Reach a Large River.
The creek had flooded-gum growing upon its banks, and, on places apparently subject to flood, a number of tall straight saplings were observed by us. We returned to the camp, after a vain search for water, and were really at a loss what direction next to pursue. The men kept the cattle pretty well together, and, as we were not delayed by any preparations for breakfast, they were saddled and loaded at an early hour. The circumstance of there having been natives in the neighbourhood, of whom we had seen so few traces of late, assured me that water was at hand, but in what direction it was impossible to guess. As the path we had observed was leading northerly, we took up that course, and had not proceeded more than a mile upon it, when we suddenly found ourselves on the banks of a noble river. Such it might in truth be called, where water was scarcely to be found. The party drew up upon a bank that was from forty to forty-five feet above the level of the stream. The channel of the river was front seventy to eighty yards broad, and enclosed an unbroken sheet of water, evidently very deep, and literally158 covered with pelicans159 and other wild fowl. Our surprise and delight may better be imagined than described. Our difficulties seemed to be at an end, for here was a river that promised to reward all our exertions160, and which appeared every moment to increase in importance to our imagination. Coming from the N.E.,and flowing to the S.W., it had a capacity of channel that proved that we were as far from its source as from its termination. The paths of the natives on either side of it were like well trodden roads; and the trees that overhung it were of beautiful and gigantic growth.
Disappointment on Finding the River Salt.
Its banks were too precipitous to allow of our watering the cattle, but the men eagerly descended161 to quench162 their thirst, which a powerful sun had contributed to increase; nor shall I ever forget the cry of amazement163 that followed their doing so, or the looks of terror and disappointment with which they called out to inform me that the water was so salt as to be unfit to drink! This was, indeed, too true: on tasting it, I found it extremely nauseous, and strongly impregnated with salt, being apparently a mixture of sea and fresh water. Whence this arose, whether from local causes, or from a communication with some inland sea, I knew not, but the discovery was certainly a blow for which I was not prepared. Our hopes were annihilated164 at the moment of their apparent realization165. The cup of joy was dashed out of our hands before we had time to raise it to our lips. Notwithstanding this disappointment, we proceeded down the river, and halted at about five miles, being influenced by the goodness of the feed to provide for the cattle as well as circumstances would permit. They would not drink of the river water, but stood covered in it for many hours, having their noses alone exposed above the stream. Their condition gave me great uneasiness. It was evident they could not long hold out under their excessive thirst, and unless we should procure166 some fresh water, it would impossible for us to continue our journey. On a closer examination, the river appeared to me much below its ordinary level, and its current was scarcely perceptible. We placed sticks to ascertain if there was a rise or fall of tide, but could arrive at no satisfactory conclusion, although there was undoubtedly167 a current in it. Yet, as I stood upon its banks at sunset, when not a breath of air existed to break the stillness of the waters below me, and saw their surface kept in constant agitation168 by the leaping of fish, I doubted whether the river could supply itself so abundantly, and the rather imagined, that it owed such abundance, which the pelicans seemed to indicate was constant, to some mediterranean169 sea or other. Where, however, were the human inhabitants of this distant and singular region? The signs of a numerous population were around us, but we had not seen even a solitary wanderer. The water of the river was not, by any means, so salt as that of the ocean, but its taste was precisely170 similar. Could it be that its unnatural171 state had driven its inhabitants from its banks?
One would have imagined that our perplexities would have been sufficient for one day, but ere night closed, they increased upon us, although our anxiety, with regard to the cattle, was happily removed. Mr. Hume with his usual perseverance, walked out when the camp was formed; and, at a little distance from it, ascended a ridge of pure sand, crowned with cypresses. From this, he descended to the westward, and, at length, struck upon the river, where a reef of rocks creased37 its channel, and formed a dry passage from one side to the other; but the bend, which the river must have taken, appeared to him so singular, that he doubted whether it was the same beside which we had been travelling during the day. Curiosity led him to cross it, when he found a small pond of fresh water on a tongue of land, and, immediately afterwards, returned to acquaint me with the welcome tidings. It was too late to move, but we had, at least, the prospect172 of a comfortable breakfast in the morning.
Junction173 of New Year’s Creek.
In consequence of the doubts that hung upon Mr. Hume’s mind, as to the course of the river, we arranged that the animals should precede us to the fresh water; and that we should keep close in upon the stream, to ascertain that point. After traversing a deep bight, we arrived nearly as soon as the party, at the appointed rendezvous174. The rocks composing the channel of the river at the crossing place, were of indurated clay. In the course of an hour, the animals appearing quite refreshed, we proceeded on our journey, and at about four miles crossed New Year’s Creek, at its junction with the salt river. We passed several parts of the main channel that were perfectly dry, and were altogether at a loss to account for the current we undoubtedly had observed in the river when we first came upon it. At midday D’Urban’s Group bore S. 65 E. distant about 32 miles. We made a little westing in the afternoon. The river continued to maintain its character and appearance, its lofty banks, and its long still reaches: while, however, the blue-gum trees upon its banks were of magnificent size, the soil had but little vegetation upon it, although an alluvial deposit.
We passed over vast spaces covered with the polygonum junceum, that bore all the appearance of the flooded tracks in the neighbourhood of the marshes, and on which the travelling was equally distressing175 to the animals. Indeed, it had been sufficiently evident to us that the waters of this river were not always confined to its channel, capacious as it was, but that they inundated176 a belt of barren land, that varied in width from a quarter of a mile to a mile, when they were checked by an outer embankment that prevented them from spreading generally over the country, and upon the neighbouring plains. At our halting place, the cattle drank sparingly of the water, but it acted as a violent purgative177 both on them and the men who partook of it.
Native Village.
On the 5th, the river led us to the southward and westward. Early in the day, we passed a group of seventy huts, capable of holding from twelve to fifteen men each. They appeared to be permanent habitations, and all of them fronted the same point of the compass. In searching amongst them we observed two beautifully made nets, of about ninety yards in length. The one had much larger meshes178 than the other, and was, most probably, intended to take kangaroos; but the other was evidently a fishing net.
In one hut, the floor of which was swept with particular care, a number of white balls, as of pulverised shells or lime, had been deposited — the use of which we could not divine. A trench179 was formed round the hut to prevent the rain from running under it, and the whole was arranged with more than ordinary attention.
Terror of the Natives.
We had not proceeded very far when we came suddenly upon the tribe to which this village, as it might be called, belonged.
In breaking through some brush to an open space that was bounded on one side by the river, we observed three or four natives, seated on a bank at a considerable distance from us; and directly in the line on which we were moving. The nature of the ground so completely favoured our approach, that they did not become aware of it until we were within a few yards of them, and had ascended a little ridge, which, as we afterwards discovered, ended in an abrupt180 precipice181 upon the river, not more than thirty yards to our right. The crack of the drayman’s whip was the first thing that aroused their attention. They gazed upon us for a moment, and then started up and assumed an attitude of horror and amazement; their terror apparently increasing upon them. We stood perfectly immovable, until at length they gave a fearful yell, and darted out of sight.
They Fire the Bush.
Their cry brought about a dozen more natives from the river, whom we had not before observed, but who now ran after their comrades with surprising activity, and without once venturing to look behind them. As our position was a good one, we determined to remain upon it, until we should ascertain the number and disposition182 of the natives. We had not been long stationary, when we heard a crackling noise in the distance, and it soon became evident that the bush had been fired. It was, however, impossible that we could receive any injury on the narrow ridge upon which we stood, so that we waited very patiently to see the end of this affair.
Remarks on the Natives; Disease Among Them.
In a short time the fire approached pretty near to us, and dense columns of smoke rose into the air over our heads. One of the natives, who had been on the bank, now came out of the bush, exactly from the spot into which he had retreated. He advanced a few paces towards us, and bending his body so that his hands rested on his knees, he fixed his gaze upon us for some time; but, seeing that we remained immovable, he began to throw himself into the most extravagant183 attitudes, shaking his foot from time to time. When he found that all his violence had no effect, he turned his rear to us in a most laughable manner, and absolutely groaned184 in spirit when he found that this last insult failed of success.
He stood perplexed185 and not knowing what next to do, which gave Mr. Hume an opportunity to call out to him, and with considerable address he at length got the savage to approach close up to him; Mr. Hume himself having advanced a short distance from the animals in the first instance. As soon as I thought the savage had sufficiently recovered from his alarm, I went up to him with a tomahawk, the use of which he immediately guessed. We now observed that the natives who had fled from the river, had been employed in setting a net. They had placed it in a semicircle, with either end to the shore, and rude pieces of wood were attached to it to keep the upper part perpendicular. It was in fact a sein, only that the materials, with the exception of the net-work, were simpler and rougher than cork186 or lead — for which last, we afterwards discovered stones had been substituted.
We had on this occasion a remarkable instance of the docility187 of the natives of the interior, or of the power they have of subduing188 their apprehensions189; manifesting the opposite extremes of fear and confidence. These men whom we had thus surprised, and who, no doubt, imagined that we were about to destroy them, having apparently never seen nor heard of white men before, must have taken us for something preternatural; yet from the extremity of fear that had prompted them to set their woods in flames, they in a brief space so completely subdued190 those fears as to approach the very beings who had so strongly excited their alarm. The savage who had been the principal actor in the scene, was an elderly man, rather descending to the vale of years than what might be strictly191 called aged51. I know not how it was, but I regarded him with peculiar192 interest. Mr. Hume’s manners had in a great measure contributed to allay193 his evident agitation; but, from the moment I approached him, I thought there was a shade of anxiety upon his brow, and an expression of sorrow over his features, the cause of which did not originate with us. I could see in a moment, that his bosom194 was full even to bursting, and he seemed to claim at once our sympathy and our protection, although we were ignorant of that which oppressed him. We had not long been seated together, when some of his tribe mustered195 sufficient courage to join him. Both Mr. Hume and I were desirous of seeing the net drawn196, but the old man raised some objection, by pointing to the heavens and towards the sun. After a little more solicitation197, however, he gave a whistle, and, four or five natives having obeyed the summons, he directed them to draw the net, but they were unfortunate, and our wish to ascertain the kind of fish contained in the river was disappointed. As his tribe gathered round him, the old chief threw a melancholy glance upon them, and endeavoured, as much as he could, to explain the cause of that affliction which, as I had rightly judged, weighed heavily upon him. It appeared, then, that a violent cutaneous disease raged throughout the tribe, that was sweeping198 them off in great numbers. He called several young men to Mr. Hume and myself, who had been attacked by this singular malady199. Nothing could exceed the anxiety of his explanations, or the mild and soothing200 tone in which he addressed his people, and it really pained me that I could not assist him in his distress. We now discovered the use to which the conical substance that had been deposited with such unusual care in one of the huts, was applied. There were few of the natives present who were not more or less marked with it, and it was no doubt, indicative of mourning.
Departure of the Natives.
Some of the men, however, were painted with red and yellow ochre, with which it was evident to me they had besmeared themselves since our appearance, most likely in preparing for the combat in which they fancied they would be engaged. We distributed such presents as we had to those around us, and when we pursued our journey, the majority accompanied us, nor did they wholly leave us until we had passed the place to which their women had retired201. They might have left us when they pleased, for we intended them no harm; as it was, however, they struck into the brushes to join their families, and we pushed on to make up for lost time.
The travelling near the river had been so bad, not only in consequence of the nature of the soil and brush, but from the numerous gullies that had been formed by torrents, as they poured into its channel after heavy rains and floods, that it was thought advisable to keep at a greater distance from it. We turned away, therefore, to the plains, and found them of much firmer surface. They partook, however, of the same general character as the plains we had traversed more to the eastward. Their soil was a light sandy loam, and the same succulent plants still continued to prevail upon them, which we have already noticed as existing upon the other plains. Both emus and kangaroos were seen, though not in any considerable numbers, but our dogs were not in a condition to run, and were all but killed by the extreme heat of the weather. We had fallen on a small pool of water shortly after we started in the morning, but we could do no more than refresh ourselves and the animals at it. In the afternoon, we again turned towards the river, and found it unaltered. Its water was still salt, and from the increased number of wild fowl and pelicans upon it, as well as from the general flatness of the country, I certainly thought we were rapidly approaching some inland sea. It was, however, uncertain how long we should be enabled to continue on the river. The animals were all of them extremely weak, and every day increased the probable difficulty of our return. There was not the least appearance of a break-up of the drought, the heavens were without a cloud, and the atmosphere was so clear that the outline of the moon could be distinctly seen, although she was far in her wane202.
Brine Springs in the River.
On the 6th, we journeyed again through a barren scrub, although on firmer ground, and passed numerous groups of huts. At about eight miles from our last encampment, we came upon the river, where its banks were of considerable height. In riding along them, Mr. Hume thought he observed a current running, and be called to inform me of the circumstance. On a closer examination, we discovered some springs in the very bed of the river, from which a considerable stream was gushing203, and from the incrustation around them, we had no difficulty in guessing at their nature: in fact, they were brine springs, and I collected a quantity of salt from the brink204 of them.
Distress for Want of Fresh Water.
After such a discovery, we could not hope to keep our position. No doubt the current we had observed on first reaching the river, was caused by springs that had either escaped our notice or were under water. Here was at length a local cause for its saltness that destroyed at once the anticipation and hope of our being near its termination, and, consequently, the ardour with which we should have pressed on to decide so interesting a point.
Our retreat would have been a measure of absolute necessity ere this, had we not found occasional supplies of fresh water, the last pond of which was now about eighteen miles behind us.
Our Course Arrested.
Whether we should again find any, was a doubtful question, and I hesitated to run the risk. The animals were already, from bad food, and from the effects of the river water, so weak, that they could scarcely carry their loads, and I was aware, if any of the bullocks once fell, he would never rise again. Under such circumstances, I thought it better to halt the party at the edge of the scrub, though the feed was poor, and the water not drinkable. Our situation required most serious consideration. It was necessary that we should move either backward or forward in the morning. Yet we could not adopt either measure with satisfaction to ourselves, under such unfavorable circumstances. I determined to relieve my own mind by getting the animals into a place of safety, as soon as possible; and, as the only effectual way of doing this was to retire upon the nearest fresh water, I resolved at once to do so. The party turned back on the morning of the 6th; nor do I think the cattle would ever have reached their destination had we not found a few buckets of rain water in the cleft205 of a rock, to refresh them. Thus it will appear that under our most trying circumstances, we received aid from Providence206, and that the bounty207 of Heaven was extended towards us, when we had least reason to expect it.
Notwithstanding we had been thus forced to a partial retreat, both Mr. Hume and myself were unwilling to quit the pursuit of the river, in so unsatisfactory a manner. There was no difference in the appearance of the country to the westward of it; but a seeming interminable flat stretched away in that direction. A journey across it was not likely, therefore, to be attended with any favorable results, since it was improbable that any other leading feature was within our reach. I proposed, therefore, to take the most serviceable of the horses with me down the river, that, in the event of our finding fresh water, we might again push forward. Mr. Hume requesting to be permitted to accompany me, it was arranged that we should start on the 8th, thereby208 giving the animals a day’s rest. We had not seen any natives since our parting with the chief horde209; and as we were stationed at some little distance from the river, I hoped that they would not visit the camp during my absence. This was the only circumstance that gave me uneasiness, but the men had generally been behaving so well that I relied a great deal upon them.
Extraordinary Sound.
About 3 p.m. on the 7th, Mr. Hume and I were occupied tracing the chart upon the ground. The day had been remarkably210 fine, not a cloud was there in the heavens, nor a breath of air to be felt. On a sudden we heard what seemed to be the report of a gun fired at the distance of between five and six miles. It was not the hollow sound of an earthly explosion, or the sharp cracking noise of falling timber, but in every way resembled a discharge of a heavy piece of ordnance211. On this all were agreed, but no one was certain whence the sound proceeded. Both Mr. Hume and myself had been too attentive212 to our occupation to form a satisfactory opinion; but we both thought it came from the N.W. I sent one of the men immediately up a tree, but he could observe nothing unusual. The country around him appeared to be equally flat on all sides, and to be thickly wooded: whatever occasioned the report, it made a strong impression on all of us; and to this day, the singularity of such a sound, in such a situation, is a matter of mystery to me.
Further Attempt to Explore the River.
On the 8th, we commenced our journey down the river, accompanied by two men, and a pack-horse, carrying our provisions on one side and a bucket of water on the other. Keeping in general near the stream, but making occasional turns into the plains, we got to the brush from which the party had turned back, about 3 p.m. Passing through, we crossed a small plain, of better soil and vegetation than usual; but it soon gave place to the sandy loam of the interior; nor did we observe any material alteration, either in the country or the river, as we rode along. The flooded-gum trees on the banks of the latter, were of beautiful growth, but in the brushes dividing the plains, box and other eucalypti, with cypresses and many minor shrubs, prevailed. We slept on the river side, and calculated our distance from the camp at about twenty-six or twenty-eight miles.
The horses would not drink the river water, so that we were obliged to give them a pint213 each from our own supply. On the following morning we continued our journey. The country was generally open to the eastward, and we had fine views of D’Urban’s Group, distant from twenty to twenty-five miles. About noon, turning towards the river to rest, both ourselves and the horses, we passed through brush land for about a mile and a half. When we came upon its banks, we found them composed of a red loam with sandy superficies. We had, in the course of the day, crossed several creeks214, but in none of them could we find water, although their channels were of great depth.
The day had been extremely warm, and from shaking in the barrel our supply of water had diminished to a little more than a pint; it consequently became a matter of serious consideration, how far it would he prudent215 to proceed farther; for, however capable we were of bearing additional fatigue68, it was evident our animals would soon fail, since they trembled exceedingly, and had the look of total exhaustion216. We calculated that we were forty miles from the camp, in a S.W. direction, a fearful distance under our circumstances, since we could not hope to obtain relief for two days. Independently however, of the state of the animals, our spirits were damped by the nature of the country, and the change which had taken place on the soil, upon which it was impossible that water could rest; while the general appearance of the interior showed how much it had suffered from drought. On the other hand, although the waters of the river had become worse to the taste, the river itself had increased in size, and stretched away to the westward, with all the uniformity of a magnificent canal, and gave every promise of increasing importance; while the pelicans were in such numbers upon it as to be quite dazzling to the eye. Considering, however, that perseverance would only involve us in inextricable difficulties, and that it would also be useless to risk the horses, since we had gained a distance to which the bullocks could not have been brought, I intimated my intention of giving up the further pursuit of the river, though it was with extreme reluctance217 that I did so.
Called it the “Darling”.
As soon as we had bathed and finished our scanty meal, I took the bearings of D’Urban’s Group, and found them to be S. 58 E. about thirty-three miles distant; and as we mounted our horses, I named the river the “Darling,” as a lasting218 memorial of the respect I bear the governor.
Abandon the Attempt.
I should be doing injustice219 to Mr. Hume and my men, if I did not express my conviction that they were extremely unwilling to yield to circumstances, and that, had I determined on continuing the journey, they would have followed me with cheerfulness, whatever the consequences might have been.
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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torment
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| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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tormenting
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| 使痛苦的，使苦恼的 | |
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dreariness
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| 沉寂，可怕，凄凉 | |
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alluvial
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| adj.冲积的；淤积的 | |
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loam
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| n.沃土 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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quagmires
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| n.沼泽地，泥潭( quagmire的名词复数 ) | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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eucalypti
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| n.桉树 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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34
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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35
poised
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| a.摆好姿势不动的 | |
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36
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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37
creased
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| （使…）起折痕，弄皱( crease的过去式和过去分词 )； （皮肤）皱起，使起皱纹； 皱皱巴巴 | |
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38
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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39
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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40
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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41
embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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42
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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43
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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44
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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45
evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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46
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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47
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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48
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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50
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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51
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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52
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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53
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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54
deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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55
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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56
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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57
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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58
elevations
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| （水平或数量）提高( elevation的名词复数 )； 高地； 海拔； 提升 | |
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59
quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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60
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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61
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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62
mica
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| n.云母 | |
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63
perspired
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| v.出汗，流汗( perspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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64
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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65
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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66
illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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67
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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68
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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69
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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70
vomit
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| v.呕吐，作呕；n.呕吐物，吐出物 | |
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71
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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72
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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73
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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74
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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75
oxide
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| n.氧化物 | |
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76
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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77
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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78
prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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79
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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80
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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81
intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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82
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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83
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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84
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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85
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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86
penetrating
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|
| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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87
discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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88
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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89
apprehensive
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| adj.担心的，恐惧的，善于领会的 | |
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90
streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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91
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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92
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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93
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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94
weir
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| n.堰堤，拦河坝 | |
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95
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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96
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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97
geologists
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| 地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 ) | |
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98
sediment
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| n.沉淀，沉渣，沉积(物) | |
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99
subsisted
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
puddles
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| n.水坑， （尤指道路上的）雨水坑( puddle的名词复数 ) | |
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101
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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102
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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103
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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104
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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105
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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106
descending
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|
| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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107
slaty
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| 石板一样的，石板色的 | |
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108
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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109
overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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110
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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111
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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112
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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113
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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114
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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115
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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116
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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117
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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118
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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119
plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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120
eruptions
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| n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 ) | |
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121
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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122
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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123
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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124
putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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125
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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126
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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127
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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128
burrow
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| vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞 | |
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129
wombats
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| n.袋熊( wombat的名词复数 ) | |
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130
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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131
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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132
stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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133
eucalyptus
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| n.桉树，桉属植物 | |
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134
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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135
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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136
asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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137
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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138
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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139
eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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140
slabs
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| n.厚板，平板，厚片( slab的名词复数 )；厚胶片 | |
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141
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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142
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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143
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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144
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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145
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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146
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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147
languishing
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| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
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148
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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149
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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150
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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151
debris
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| n.瓦砾堆，废墟，碎片 | |
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152
mouldered
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| v.腐朽( moulder的过去式和过去分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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153
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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154
propped
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| 支撑，支持，维持( prop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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156
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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157
untowardness
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| Untowardness | |
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158
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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159
pelicans
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| n.鹈鹕( pelican的名词复数 ) | |
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160
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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161
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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162
quench
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| vt.熄灭，扑灭；压制 | |
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163
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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164
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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165
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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166
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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167
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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168
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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169
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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170
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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171
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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172
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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173
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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174
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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175
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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176
inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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177
purgative
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| n.泻药；adj.通便的 | |
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178
meshes
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| 网孔( mesh的名词复数 )； 网状物； 陷阱； 困境 | |
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179
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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180
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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181
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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182
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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183
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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184
groaned
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| v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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185
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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186
cork
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| n.软木，软木塞 | |
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187
docility
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| n.容易教，易驾驶，驯服 | |
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188
subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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189
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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190
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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191
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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192
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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193
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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194
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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195
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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196
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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197
solicitation
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| n.诱惑；揽货；恳切地要求；游说 | |
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198
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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199
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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200
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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201
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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202
wane
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| n.衰微，亏缺，变弱；v.变小，亏缺，呈下弦 | |
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203
gushing
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| adj.迸出的；涌出的；喷出的；过分热情的v.喷，涌( gush的现在分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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204
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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205
cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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206
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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208
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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209
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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210
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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211
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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212
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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213
pint
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| n.品脱 | |
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214
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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215
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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216
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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217
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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218
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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219
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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