Few changes have been made in the drill or man?uvres of the army since 1880, except in the direction of reducing the number of the latter, and simplifying and giving freedom of action in the former. Greater attention is now paid to practical instruction, and to the value of continued training in marching, coupled with care for the soldiers’ feet, after the day’s march, and clothing. Thus the truth of Wellington’s remark is recognised, that “battles are as much won by feet as by arms.”
Examinations for promotion1 are more searching, selection for appointments to command the rule rather than the exception; while every possible care is taken to ensure the retention2 of men who know their work. Sir Evelyn Wood bears evidence that “in tactical skill, officers of all ranks have improved to a very great degree; but the improvement in military spirit, in eagerness to learn, and to submit cheerfully to great physical discomforts4 is even more remarkable5, and this spirit reacts naturally on the lower ranks.”
The armament of all arms is altering. In the cavalry6 the front ranks of all heavy and medium regiments7 are armed with the lance, as well as sword and carbine, and only the hussars retain the two latter for both ranks. Every effort is being made to lighten the enormous weight a cavalry horse has to carry.
The artillery9 re-armed with a steel breech-loading, chambered, 12-pounder gun, has a very high velocity10, and hence a very flat trajectory11. This, for many purposes admirable, lessens13 the “searching” effect of artillery fire, and397 in foreign armies howitzer batteries and even field-mortar batteries are being experimented on.
Quick-firing guns are openly advocated for field service, and high explosives will render iron or steel turrets14 and stone fortifications both vulnerable, and dangerous to the defenders15. Of late years, not only has Shoeburyness continued its useful work as the great centre of experimental work with large and small guns, but Okehampton has been utilised as a practice-ground for field artillery under conditions approximating to those of actual war.
The use of smokeless powder has changed in many ways the tactical application of the three arms. It is no longer easy to estimate exactly the extent of front of a battery of guns, nor even its exact position, nor can the fact of its fire being diminished by loss be so readily ascertained16 as when the smoke gave the information wanted. So, throughout the field generally, there is no smoke screen to hide the assailants from view, and greater exposure may involve more serious loss in attack. Similarly, the length of the enemy’s line of battle, and the extent to which it is occupied, will so far perplex the attacking commander, that unnecessarily wide turning movements may be expected, with consequent loss of time. Furthermore, the friction17 caused by the velocity of the cordite gas, with its naturally chemically corrosive18 action, tends to destroy barrels, and so render, earlier than heretofore, the weapon inaccurate19. As regards the infantry20, they have been armed with a Lee-Mitford small-bore rifle, with a calibre of ·303 inch, and having a muzzle21 velocity with cordite of 2000 feet a second, and a consequent range of 1900 yards. The long bayonet has been replaced by a short dagger22, not unlike the first pattern of “plug-bayonet” which fitted into the muzzle of the arquebus. The weapon has an extremely flat trajectory, but it is improbable that the small diameter of the bullet would stop an Arab rush unless it found its billet in a vital part. Its penetration23 into wood is such that simple stockades25, or even old brick walls, would be vulnerable before the new rifle. The number of rounds carried in the magazine is ten. Much stress is now398 laid on “field-firing” against targets with unknown ranges, arranged as far as possible under service conditions.
Long-ranged fire, even up to 3000 mètres, has been tried in France, but in England there is a tendency, with many officers, to deprecate the use of small-arm ammunition26 at extreme ranges.
The general direction of the improvement in firearms is to lessen12 the size of the bore and increase the flatness of the trajectory. Thus the high-angled fire of the Snider, converted from the muzzle-loading Enfield, was changed for the Martini-Henry, in every way a more deadly weapon, and this, as has been already remarked, has given way to an even smaller bored rifle. And with the increased rapidity of fire and the larger number of rounds of the lighter27 ammunition that can be carried, the bayonet, that was lengthened28 in 1878, was reduced to its present dimensions.
Muzzle-loading guns have been replaced by breech-loaders, and the steel muzzle-loading guns used in Abyssinia by screw guns, which can be put together and fired within a minute from the time the two mules29, which carry the parts, halt.
Machine guns, such as the Gatling, Gardner, and Nordenfeldt, will probably give way to the automatic Maxim30.
Since the campaign of 1870 to 1871, greater attention has been paid to visual signalling by flag or flash, and the field telegraph is much more actively32 employed, and accompanies, as far as possible, the army up to the point of attack.
In England, considerable attention has been paid to night marching and night attacks, as being the only method under favourable33 circumstances of crossing, unseen, the fire-swept zone now so much more extended than formerly34.
Balloons, captive and free, form part of the equipment of an army corps35, and officers are trained both in their use and in reconnoitring from them. They were employed in the operations round Suakin, but are difficult to manage in windy weather, as they found on that occasion.
Uniform has altered little, but helmets were issued in 1877 to all but Highland36 and Fusilier Regiments; and since that date the Rifle headdress has been restored, as well as399 the peculiar37 shako of the Highland Light Infantry. Badge and rank chevrons38 were formerly worn by all light infantry regiments on both arms, but this was abandoned, though the old 43rd still wore them up to 1881.72 The abolition39 of purchase in 1872 rendered the army possibly more professional, but certainly not, as was imagined, less expensive. It destroyed, however, the “right” claimed by officers who had purchased to different treatment from that which would naturally follow under a non-purchase system. Curiously40 enough, the alteration41 was hardest on the poor man who rose from the ranks, as he, on his retirement42, frequently received a large sum for the “regulation” and “over regulation” price of his commission.
* * * * *
But the two greatest changes have been the introduction of short service, and the territorialisation of the regiments of the army; both of which measures have opponents as well as friends.
There is much misconception about the former, certainly. Its enemies quite forget that there was practically no alternative, that we are living in the end of the nineteenth century, not the beginning. The so-called Long Service Act of 1847, with its ten years’ service for the first period with the colours, and the right, if of good character, to extend it to twenty-one years for pension, did not provide sufficient recruits for a meagre army, and, as the Crimea proved, gave not only an insufficient44 number of men, but no reserves at all. When peace was signed, we had boy soldiers in the ranks much as we have now, many of the older men having perished; yet they fought well, as they always have done. Outside the first line there were foreign legions and militia45,400 and that was all. The times even then were past since an army of 25,000 men was considered a respectable command for a serious European war; and the change in the conditions is even greater now, with all Europe an armed camp, and the armies themselves counting as many thousands as they did hundreds “when George the Third was king.” Nor was the longer service Act of 1867 any better. It gave twelve years with the colours and nine of re-engaged time to obtain pension. But the army then was more under its proper strength annually46 than before.
The plain fact is, that an army of even the dimensions of our own cannot attract a sufficient number of recruits for so long a period as ten or twelve years. You can get enough men to do so for a force a few thousands strong, like the Royal Marine47 Corps, but not for an army which has to put in fifteen or sixteen years in such climates as some parts of India or Burmah.
Short service was inevitable48, and since its introduction the army has rarely, I believe never, been below its numerical strength. The question of reserves, important as that is, and of good non-commissioned officers is quite beside the question. Neither would be worth a row of pins without a sufficient number of men, however young, in the ranks. Besides, if serious war comes, the same method will be adopted that was in vogue49 in the much-belauded long service days. Battalions50 were weeded then as they are now, and though they had permanently52 a larger proportion of older men in the ranks to stiffen53 the regiments, the same stiffening54 can always be got from the reserves whenever it is wanted. Our previous system gave us nothing, absolutely nothing, to fall back on; our present system gives us, if we want them, some 100,000 old soldiers whom we can claim as a right.
No one prefers boy soldiers to stout55 men. No one for choice would take very young men for sergeants56. But if the State will not offer greater inducements, if the nation will not pay the cost, then you must do the best you can with the materials you can purchase in the open labour markets of this country.
401 Lord Wolseley, whose experience of war in all its aspects is second to none, has always expressed himself in terms of the strongest approval of our young soldiers, who have done their duty so well, and without a murmur57, and yet are maligned58 by those who ought to know better.
In his last despatch59 from the Nile, in June 1885, he thus refers to the lads who had undergone the severe strain of the campaign, and with comparatively so little loss. “It is a source of great pride to me as a soldier, and of satisfaction as a British subject, that upon each fresh occasion when I am brought in contact with Her Majesty’s troops in the field, I find the army more efficient as a military machine than it was the last time I was associated with it on active service. This improvement is evident in all grades and in all arms and departments, but it is, I think, more marked in the rank and file. Military spirit—the essence of military efficiency—is now established in our army in a higher form and on a sounder basis than formerly. I attribute the improvement in moral tone that undoubtedly60 exists, in no small degree, to the abolition of flogging, and I believe that amongst the officers who have lately had practical experience in the field, even those previously61 in favour of retaining the lash31 as a punishment on active service, now fully3 recognise that many advantages have resulted from its total abolition. The soldier is prouder of himself and of his calling than he used to be, and his self-esteem62 has also been raised by the healthy feeling of liberty arising from the knowledge that if the army does not suit his tastes, he can easily quit it, instead of being bound to it for ten or twelve years. Our rank and file are morally better, and militarily more efficient, than formerly. The general conduct and bearing of our men in the Sudan left nothing to be desired, and was not only creditable to the British army, but should be also a just source of pride to the British nation.”
Nor in comparison with foreign armies equally on a peace footing is there anything to complain of as regards the length of service of the men serving, for out of battalions of between 500 and 600 men there were in British battalions402 245, in German 59, and in French but 23 men of three years’ service and upwards63. Similarly, the Continental64 recruit ranges in height from 5 feet to 5 feet 1? inches, with a chest measurement of 30.8 inches, but with an age of 20 years; while our “boys” of 18 have a height of 5 feet 4 inches, with a chest of 33 inches.
Even the cry that reservists cannot find employment is an exaggeration, as the report of Lord Wantage’s Committee shows; for it was proved that of 32,700 reservists, 75 per cent. were in regular employ.
Turning to the territorialisation of the regiments, there again must be necessarily conflicting opinions. Those who think regimental prestige is lost with a name, must have a very poor opinion of what prestige really is. Have the navy no esprit de corps? And yet theirs is for their profession, not for H.M.S. Bacchante or the Melpomene. It must not be forgotten, too, that many of the existing regiments have borne other numbers. Has their efficiency been lessened65 because they had to put 82 instead of 83 on their forage66 caps in past years? Doubtless it is not worth while changing for changing’s sake; but when administration is simplified, the working of the short service system (which is in a sense forced on us) and recruiting improved, then those who object must show a better case than that of objection merely because they don’t like it.
There is the strongest evidence that the bulk of the men not only don’t care about the dead and gone numbers, but prefer the territorial43 title. In the presence of some officer, whose enthusiasm clings like ivy67 round the past glories of the “Onety-oneth,” they may, for obvious reasons, express themselves differently; but, when alone, they do as everybody else does, outside a small and decreasing group of men who live, as arch?ologists do, in a dead past, and use the local name, which to them has a more distinct meaning.
Of course it is to be regretted that the army is not strong enough to do the foreign service it is called upon to perform; that of the two battalions, now tied together as they were formerly linked, one cannot always be at home. But that403 simply comes from the numerical weakness of the army, and has nothing to do with the system. True, the home battalion51 is practically a secondary dep?t, and why not? So long as the foreign, and often active service, battalion is strong, what does it matter?
So the army in 1881 was territorialised, as it had previously been linked. The linking was less symmetrical than the new plan, for two battalion regiments like the 17th were formerly linked with a single battalion like the 45th. As far as possible, too, battalions that had during their regimental history been formed in the same or neighbouring districts were joined under the same designation. There were of course difficulties, and ludicrous ones at times, as when the 100th Royal Canadians are united with the 3rd Bombay European Regiment8 to form the Leinster Regiment; but these are of no great moment now, and will be quite forgotten in another fifty years.
But more than grouping battalions of the regular army together is the uniting in one common bond the other parts of our fighting strength. The addition of militia to the regiment, and of the volunteers to the same, both promotes a real and wider esprit de corps, and facilitates recruiting in every way. To hear a Hampshire volunteer say he is leaving his volunteer battalion to “join our fighting battalion,” meaning thereby68 the 1st regular battalion then on foreign service, expresses very fully the union that, given time and patience, will eventually exist between all branches of our fighting strength.
Hence, therefore, rightly or wrongly, as opinions differ, the army is divided into English regiments with white facings, Scotch69 (4 Battalions) with yellow facings, and Irish (1 Battalion) with green facings; but the Royal Irish and the Scottish Rifles have dark green, all Royal Regiments blue, the East Kent Regiment buff, the Rifle Brigade black, and the King’s Royal Rifles scarlet70 facings. Similarly the garrison71 artillery are partially72 territorialised, but the cavalry are not so.
The latest change in the administrative73 branches is the404 conversion74 of the formerly noncombatant “Commissariat and Transport Department” into the combatant “Army Service Corps,” and the officering of that force by selected officers after a searching course of training and examination.
Much more serious attention is paid, too, to the food of the soldier and military hygiene75 generally. A quarter of a century ago the ration24 of bread and meat was eked76 out by a grocery ration limited both in dimensions and variety. Now, without extra cost to the soldier, and solely77 by better management and better cooking, he fares not as well as, but better than, many a family in civil life of presumably a better position. Thus the weekly dietary, in a company of a line regiment at Aldershot not long since, comprised for breakfast a selection (every day having a fresh combination) from tea, cocoa, porridge and milk, bloaters, rissoles, bacon, brawn78, corned beef, and cold boiled bacon; for dinner, pea soup, roast meat stuffed, potatoes, Irish stew79, plain suet pudding, barley80 soup, meat pies, brown curry81 and rice, currant rolls, lentil soup, baked meat, haricot beans, sea pies, rice pudding and Yorkshire pudding; and for tea, marmalade, dripping, soused herrings, cheese, kippers, and jam. Not only is the dietary therefore more varied82 and appetising, but the men trained at the cookery school are fully qualified83 to cook it properly.
In other respects the army has altered little. The profession is naturally conservative, and does not care to try new armour84 unless it has proved it. But the story of the army tells this—that in two hundred years it has increased from 3000 men to nearly 667,000 putting aside local colonial troops and our admirable Indian army. This number is composed of
Regular Army 216,688
Army Reserve 80,000 } 110,000
Militia Reserve 30,000
Militia 75,000
Volunteers 255,000
Yeomanry 9,500
405 Of this force, about 110,000 of the regular troops are serving abroad and the remainder at home; while, though no new regiments have been added since 1870, the army has increased in number by 29,000 men, and this without the faintest opposition85. All the former dread86 of it, whether real or affected87, has passed away. In place of it has grown up the feeling that it has won the nation’s affection, and has earned and holds its confidence.
Meanwhile, in many a small matter of daily life there is a survival of long-forgotten military ideas. The acts of courtesy of removing one’s hat or shaking hands with an ungloved hand are, after all, but baring the unarmoured head and using the unmailed, and therefore friendly, hand. With the soldier’s salute88, the dropping of the sword-point is exposing the unguarded breast, the “present arms” but offering the power of firing the weapon to the person saluted89. Passing right hand to right hand is but being on one’s guard, and having the power of easily standing90 on the defensive91. Even the two useless buttons on the back of the man’s coat may be but the survival of the means whereby the sword-belt was kept up.
In the names of bachelor, esquire, and soldier live those of bas chevalier (inferior knight), escuyer, and solde, or pay. In the expression “pulling the long bow” survives the spirit of some of the tales told by stout yeomen over strong ale. In the fantastic flourishes that surround the helmet and shield in the painted coat-of-arms is seen still the mantling92 that covered the tilting93 heaulme.
The army is as much part of the social and national life of England as its commercial marine, or its police force. It does the same duty on a large scale for the former as do the latter on a smaller scale in civil life. It protects the commercial enterprise of our merchant princes, finds new outlets94 for our manufacturers. It guards our seaports95 at home and abroad; it assists the civil police against the proletariat, and that without creating real hostility96.
It represents the fighting spirit that has made the nation what it is and has enlarged its boundaries. It has given us406 what without its aid would have been impossible—external and internal safety.
And, most of all, it has preserved unsullied our national honour. Where the flag flies over British fighting men, there our lads behave as becomes true Englishmen, and face death fearlessly. The spirit that braced97 the nerves of the men of Lincelles, Albuhera, and Inkerman lives still in their descendants, and those who fought and fell before the Arab rush at Abu Klea may well stand in the nation’s esteem side by side with our heroes of the past.
The End
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
promotion
|
|
| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
retention
|
|
| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
discomforts
|
|
| n.不舒适( discomfort的名词复数 )；不愉快，苦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
cavalry
|
|
| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
regiments
|
|
| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
regiment
|
|
| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
artillery
|
|
| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
velocity
|
|
| n.速度，速率 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
trajectory
|
|
| n.弹道，轨道 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
lessen
|
|
| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
lessens
|
|
| 变少( lessen的第三人称单数 )； 减少（某事物） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
turrets
|
|
| （六角）转台( turret的名词复数 )； （战舰和坦克等上的）转动炮塔； （摄影机等上的）镜头转台； （旧时攻城用的）塔车 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
defenders
|
|
| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
ascertained
|
|
| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
friction
|
|
| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
corrosive
|
|
| adj.腐蚀性的；有害的；恶毒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
inaccurate
|
|
| adj.错误的，不正确的，不准确的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
infantry
|
|
| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
muzzle
|
|
| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
dagger
|
|
| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
penetration
|
|
| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
ration
|
|
| n.定量(pl.)给养，口粮；vt.定量供应 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
stockades
|
|
| n.（防御用的）栅栏，围桩( stockade的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
26
ammunition
|
|
| n.军火，弹药 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
lighter
|
|
| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
lengthened
|
|
| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
mules
|
|
| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
maxim
|
|
| n.格言，箴言 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
lash
|
|
| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
actively
|
|
| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
favourable
|
|
| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
corps
|
|
| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
highland
|
|
| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
chevrons
|
|
| n.（警察或士兵所佩带以示衔级的）∧形或∨形标志( chevron的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
abolition
|
|
| n.废除，取消 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
curiously
|
|
| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
alteration
|
|
| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
retirement
|
|
| n.退休，退职 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
territorial
|
|
| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
insufficient
|
|
| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
militia
|
|
| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
annually
|
|
| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
marine
|
|
| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
inevitable
|
|
| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
Vogue
|
|
| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
battalions
|
|
| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
battalion
|
|
| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
permanently
|
|
| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
stiffen
|
|
| v.(使)硬，(使)变挺，(使)变僵硬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
stiffening
|
|
| n. (使衣服等)变硬的材料, 硬化 动词stiffen的现在分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
sergeants
|
|
| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
murmur
|
|
| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
maligned
|
|
| vt.污蔑，诽谤（malign的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
despatch
|
|
| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
undoubtedly
|
|
| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
esteem
|
|
| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
upwards
|
|
| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
continental
|
|
| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
lessened
|
|
| 减少的，减弱的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
forage
|
|
| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
ivy
|
|
| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
thereby
|
|
| adv.因此，从而 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
scotch
|
|
| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
scarlet
|
|
| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
garrison
|
|
| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
partially
|
|
| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
administrative
|
|
| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
conversion
|
|
| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
hygiene
|
|
| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
eked
|
|
| v.（靠节省用量）使…的供应持久( eke的过去式和过去分词 )；节约使用；竭力维持生计；勉强度日 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
solely
|
|
| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
brawn
|
|
| n.体力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
stew
|
|
| n.炖汤，焖，烦恼；v.炖汤，焖，忧虑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
barley
|
|
| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
curry
|
|
| n.咖哩粉，咖哩饭菜；v.用咖哩粉调味，用马栉梳，制革 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
varied
|
|
| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
qualified
|
|
| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
armour
|
|
| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
opposition
|
|
| n.反对，敌对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
dread
|
|
| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
affected
|
|
| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
salute
|
|
| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
saluted
|
|
| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
defensive
|
|
| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
mantling
|
|
| 覆巾 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
93
tilting
|
|
| 倾斜，倾卸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
outlets
|
|
| n.出口( outlet的名词复数 )；经销店；插座；廉价经销店 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
seaports
|
|
| n.海港( seaport的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
hostility
|
|
| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
braced
|
|
| adj.拉牢的v.支住( brace的过去式和过去分词 )；撑牢；使自己站稳；振作起来 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |