On the southern coasts of the Baltic Sea, between the latitudes6 of 52° and 54°, there lies a country which was first revealed to civilized7 eyes about three hundred years before the birth of Christ. The trading adventurers from Marseilles, who landed at various points upon the coast, found it a cold, savage8 region of lakes, forests, marshy9 jungles, and sandy wastes. A shaggy tribe peopled it, of semi-barbarians, almost as wild as the bears, wolves, and swine which roamed their forests. As the centuries rolled on, centuries of which, in these remote regions, history takes no note, but in which the gloomy generations came and went, shouting, fighting, weeping, dying, gradually the aspect of a rude civilization spread over those dreary10 solitudes11. The savage inhabitants, somewhat tamed, increased in numbers, and there appeared a tall and manly12 race of fair complexion13, light hair, stern aspect, great physical strength, and very formidable in battle.
Still centuries elapsed, leaving little for history to record but war and woe14. Fierce tribes swept in all directions. Battle was life’s great business. Man, ignorant, degraded, brutal16, could have had but few if any joys. Perhaps, through his degradation17, his woes18 were only such as beasts feel. By degrees, from this chaos19, a certain kind of governmental order emerged. Small tribes became united under powerful chieftains. Kings arose. There were all varieties of political organizations, dukedoms, principalities,18 marquisates, and electorates20. It is recorded that Adalbert, bishop21 of Prag, about the year 997, with two companions, as apostles of Christianity, first penetrated23 these wilds. Like Christian22 heroes they went, with staff and scrip, regardless of danger. The bishop was fifty years of age, and his gray hairs floated in the breeze. As he landed a stout24 savage struck him with the flat of his oar25, and sent him headlong to the ground.
The zealous26 bishop, perhaps not unwilling27 to secure the crown of martyrdom, pressed on, preaching the Gospel, in face of prohibitions28 and menaces, until he entered one of the sacred inclosures which was a sanctuary29 of the idols30 of these heathen. The priests rushed upon him, endeavored to drive him out, and struck him with a dagger31 in the back of his neck. He uttered but one cry, “Jesus, receive me!” and, stretching out his arms, fell with his face to the ground, and lay dead there “in the form of a crucifix.” The place is yet pointed32 out where Adalbert fell. Still the seeds of Christianity were sown. Other missionaries33 followed. Idolatry disappeared, and the realm became nominally34 Christian. Revealed religion introduced increased enlightenment and culture, though there still remained much of the savagery35 of ancient days.
When the Reformation in the sixteenth century was presented to Europe, and was rejected by Italy, France, Austria, and Spain, it was accepted, though not unanimously, yet very generally, by the inhabitants of this wild region. In the year 1700 there was, in the midst of the realm of which we are about to write, and which is now called Prussia, a province then known as the Marquisate of Brandenburg. It embraced a little over fifteen thousand square miles, being about twice as large as the State of Massachusetts. It was one of the electorates of Germany, and the elector or marquis, Frederick, belonged to the renowned36 family of Hohenzollern. To the east of Brandenburg there was a duchy called Prussia. This duchy, in some of the political agitations38 of the times, had been transferred to the Marquis of Brandenburg. The Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick, an ambitious man, rejoicing in the extent of his domain39, which was large for a marquisate, though small for a monarchy, obtained from the Emperor of Germany its recognition as a kingdom, and assumed the title of Frederick I. of Prussia. Many of19 the proud monarchies40 of Europe did not conceal41 the contempt with which they regarded this petty kingdom. They received the elector into their society very much as haughty42 nobles, proud of a long line of illustrious ancestry43, would receive a successful merchant who had purchased a title. Frederick himself was greatly elated with the honor he had attained44, and his subjects shared with him in his exultation45.
FREDERICK THE GREAT.
Berlin was the capital of Brandenburg. K?nigsberg, an important sea-port on the Baltic, nearly five hundred miles east of Berlin, was the capital of the Prussian duchy. The ceremony20 of coronation took place at K?nigsberg. The road, for most of the distance, was through a very wild, uncultivated country. Eighteen hundred carriages, with thirty thousand post-horses, were provided to convey the court to the scene of coronation. Such a cavalcade46 was never beheld47 in those parts before. The carriages moved like an army, in three divisions of six hundred each. Volumes have been written descriptive of the pageant48. It is said that the diamond buttons on the king’s coat cost seven thousand five hundred dollars each. The streets were not only tapestried49 with the richest cloth of the most gorgeous colors, but many of them were softly carpeted for the feet of the high-born men and proud dames50 who contributed, by their picturesque51 costume, to the brilliance52 of the spectacle. Frederick, with his own hands, placed the crown upon his brow. Thus was the kingdom of Prussia, ushered53 into being at the close of the year 1700.
Frederick I. had a son, Frederick William, then twelve years of age. He accompanied his father upon this coronation tour. As heir to the throne he was called the Crown Prince. His mother was a Hanoverian princess, a sister of the Elector George of Hanover, who subsequently became George I. of England. George I. did not succeed to the British crown until the death of Anne, in 1714. When Frederick William was but five years of age he had been taken by his mother to Hanover, to visit her brother, then the elector. George had two children—a little girl, named Sophie Dorothee, a few months older than Frederick William, and a son, who subsequently became George II. of England. The two boys did not love each other. They often quarreled. Though Frederick William was the younger, it is said that on one occasion he severely54 beat his cousin, the future King of England, causing the blood to flow freely. He developed a very energetic but unamiable character. Among other anecdotes illustrative of his determined55 spirit, it is recorded that at one time, during this visit, his governess ordered some task which he was unwilling to perform. The headstrong boy sprang out of the third story window of the castle, and, clinging to the sill with his hands, threatened to let himself drop. The terrified Madame Montbail was thus brought to terms.1
21 Sophie Dorothee was a very pretty child. The plan was probably already contemplated56 by the parents that the two should be married in due time. Soon after this Frederick William lost his mother, and with her all of a mother’s care and gentle influences. Her place was taken by a step-mother, whose peevishness57 and irritability58 soon developed into maniacal59 insanity60. When Frederick William was eighteen years of age he was allowed to choose between three princesses for his wife. He took his pretty cousin, Sophie Dorothee. They were married with great pomp on the 28th of November, 1706.
A son was born and died. A daughter came, Wilhelmina. But a daughter could not inherit the crown. Another son was born and died. There was great anxiety at court, from fear that the direct line of succession might not be preserved. But on the 24th of January, 1712, when the monarchy was but twelve years old, the little prince was born who subsequently obtained such renown37 as Frederick the Great. The king, his grandfather, was aged61 and infirm. The excessive joy with which he greeted little Fritz, as he fondly called the child, was cordially reciprocated62 throughout the Prussian nation. The realm blazed with bonfires and illuminations, and resounded63 with every demonstration64 of public joy. The young prince was christened with great pomp, Charles Frederick. The emperor, Charles VI., was present on the occasion, and in the solemnities there were blended the most imposing65 civil, military, and ecclesiastical rites66. The baptism took place on the 31st of January, 1712, when the babe was a week old. The young prince subsequently dropped the name of Charles, and Frederick became his sole designation. Wilhelmina, Frederick’s sister, was about three years older than himself. We shall have frequent occasion to allude67 to her in the course of this history, as between her and her brother there sprang up a warm attachment68, which was of life-long continuance. Ten children were subsequently born to the royal pair, making fourteen in all, most of whom attained mature years.
Frederick William, the Crown Prince, was at the time of the birth of his son Frederick twenty-four years of age. He was a22 very peculiar69 man, sturdy and thick-set in figure, of strong mental powers, but quite uneducated. He was unpolished in manners, rude in his address, honest and sincere, a stern, persevering70 worker, despising all luxurious71 indulgence, and excessively devoted72 to the routine of military duties.
BAPTISM OF FREDERICK.
The king, Frederick I., had for some time been in a feeble state of health. The burden of life had proved heavier than he was able to bear. His wife was crazed, his home desolate73, his health broken, and many mortifications and disappointments had so crushed his spirits that he had fallen into the deepest state of melancholy74. As he was sitting alone and sad in a chill morning of February, 1713, gazing into the fire, absorbed in painful musings, suddenly there was a crash of the glass door of the apartment. His frenzied75 wife, half-clad, with disheveled hair,23 having escaped from her keepers, came bursting through the shattered panes76. Her arms were gashed77 with glass, and she was in the highest state of maniacal excitement. The shock proved a death-blow to the infirm old king. He was carried to his bed, which he never left, dying in a few days. His grandson Frederick was then fourteen months old.
FREDERICK WILLIAM.
Frederick William was too stern a man to shed many tears over his father’s death. The old king was ostentatious in his tastes, fond of parade and splendor78. The son had almost an insane contempt for all court etiquette79 and all the elegancies of24 life. As he stood by his father’s dying bed, his unamiable, rugged80 nature developed itself in the disgust, almost rage, with which he regarded the courtly pageantry with which the expiring monarch1 was surrounded. The remains81 of the king were allowed to be conveyed to the tomb with that pomp which had been dear to him while living.
But, immediately after these ceremonies were over, the new monarch, who assumed the crown with the title of Frederick William, not with that of Frederick II., to the utter consternation82 of the court, dismissed nearly every honorary official of the palace, from the highest dignitary to the humblest page. His flashing eye and determined manner were so appalling83 that no one ventured to remonstrate84. A clean sweep was made, so that the household was reduced to the lowest footing of economy consistent with the supply of indispensable wants. Eight servants were retained at six shillings a week. His father had thirty pages; all were dismissed but three. There were one thousand saddle-horses in the royal stables; Frederick William kept thirty. Three fourths of the names were struck from the pension-list. Thus rigidly86 the king went on through every department of administrative87 and household expenses, until they were reduced to below a fifth of what they had been under his father.
For twenty-seven years this strange man reigned89. He was like no other monarch. Great wisdom and shrewdness were blended with unutterable folly90 and almost maniacal madness. Though a man of strong powers of mind, he was very illiterate91. He certainly had some clear views of political economy. Carlyle says of him, “His semi-articulate papers and rescripts on these subjects are still almost worth reading by a lover of genuine human talent in the dumb form. For spelling, grammar, penmanship, and composition they resemble nothing else extant—are as if done by the paw of a bear; indeed, the utterance92 generally sounds more like the growling93 of a bear than any thing that could be handily spelled or parsed94. But there is a decisive human sense in the heart of it; and there is such a dire15 hatred of empty bladders, unrealities, and hypocritical forms and pretenses95, which he calls wind and humbug96, as is very strange indeed.”
His energy inspired the whole kingdom, and paved the way25 for the achievements of his son. The father created the machine with which the son attained such wonderful results. He commuted97 the old feudal98 service into a fixed99 money payment. He goaded100 the whole realm into industry, compelling even the apple-women to knit at the stalls. The crown lands were carefully farmed out. He drained bogs102, planted colonies, established manufactures, and in every way encouraged the use of Prussian products. He carried with him invariably a stout rattan103 cane104. Upon the slightest provocation105, like a madman, he would thrash those who displeased106 him. He was thoroughly107 an arbitrary king, ruling at his sovereign will, and disposing of the liberty, the property, and the lives of his subjects at his pleasure. Every year he was accumulating large masses of coin, which he deposited in barrels in the cellar of his palace. He had no powers of graceful108 speech, but spent his energetic, joyless life in grumbling109 and growling.
The Prussian minister, Baron110 P?llnitz, in a letter from Berlin dated June 6, 1729, writes: “The king’s prime minister is the king himself, who is informed of every thing, and is desirous to know every thing. He gives great application to business, but does it with extraordinary ease; and nothing escapes his penetration111 nor his memory, which is a very happy one. No sovereign in the world is of more easy access, his subjects being actually permitted to write to him without any other formality than superscribing the letter To the King. By writing underneath112, To be delivered into his Majesty113’s own hands, one may be sure that the king receives and reads it, and that the next post he will answer it, either with his own hands or by his secretary. These answers are short, but peremptory114. There is no town in all the King of Prussia’s dominions115, except Neufchatel, where he has not been; no province which he does not know full well; nor a court of justice but he is acquainted with its chief members.”
Fully101 conscious that the respect which would be paid to him as a European sovereign greatly depended upon the number of men he could bring into the field of battle, Frederick William devoted untiring energies to the creation of an army. By the most severe economy, watching with an eagle eye every expenditure116, and bringing his cudgel down mercilessly upon the shoulders26 of every loiterer, he succeeded in raising and maintaining an army of one hundred thousand men; seventy-two thousand being field troops, and thirty thousand in garrison117.2 He drilled these troops as troops were never drilled before.
Regardless himself of comfort, insensible to fatigue118, dead to affection, he created perhaps the most potent119 military machine earth has ever known. Prussia was an armed camp. The king prized his soldiers as a miser120 prizes his gold coin, and was as unwilling to expose them to any danger as the miser is to hazard his treasures. War would thin his regiments121, soil his uniforms, destroy his materiel. He hated war. But his army caused Prussia to be respected. If needful, he could throw one hundred thousand of the best drilled and best furnished troops in Europe, like a thunderbolt, upon any point. Unprincipled monarchs122 would think twice before they would encroach upon a man thus armed.
There was but one short war in which Frederick William engaged during his reign88 of twenty-seven years. That was with Charles XII. of Sweden. It lasted but a few months, and from it the Prussian king returned victorious123. The demands of Frederick William were not unreasonable124. As he commenced the brief campaign, which began and ended with the siege of Stralsund, he said: “Why will the very king whom I most respect compel me to be his enemy?” In his characteristic farewell order to his ministers, he wrote: “My wife shall be told of all things, and counsel asked of her. And as I am a man, and may be shot dead, I command you and all to take care of Fritz, as God shall reward you. And I give you all, wife to begin with, my curse that God may punish you in time and eternity125 if you do not, after my death, bury me in the vault126 of the palace church at Berlin. And you shall make no grand to-do on the occasion. On your body and life no festivals and ceremonials, except that the regiments, one after the other, fire a volley over me. I am assured that you will manage every thing with all the exactness in the world, for which I shall ever, zealously127, as long as I live, be your friend.”
The king was scrupulously128 clean, washing five times a day. He would allow no drapery, no stuffed furniture, no carpets in27 his apartments. They caught dust. He sat upon a plain wooden chair. He ate roughly, like a farmer, of roast beef, despising all delicacies129. His almost invariable dress was a close military blue coat, with red cuffs130 and collar, buff waistcoat and breeches, and white linen131 gaiters to the knee. A sword was belted around his loins, and, as we have said, a stout rattan or bamboo cane ever in his hand. A well-worn, battered132, triangular133 hat covered his head. He walked rapidly through the streets which surrounded his palaces at Potsdam and Berlin. If he met any one who attracted his attention, male or female, he would abruptly134, menacingly inquire, “Who are you?” A street-lounger he has been known to hit over the head with his cane, exclaiming, “Home, you rascal135, and go to work.” If any one prevaricated136 or hesitated, he would sternly demand, “Look me in the face.” If there were still hesitancy, or the king were dissatisfied with the answers, the one interrogated137 was lucky if he escaped without a caning138.3
The boorish139 king hated the refinement140 and polish of the French. If he met a lady in rich attire141, she was pretty sure to be rudely assailed142; and a young man fashionably dressed could hardly escape the cudgel if he came within reach of the king’s arm. The king, stalking through the streets, was as marked an object as an elephant would have been. Every one instantly recognized him, and many fled at his approach. One day he met a pale, threadbare young man, who was quietly passing him, when the king stopped, in his jerking gait, and demanded, in his coarse, rapid utterance, “Who are you?” “I am a theological student,” the young man quietly replied. “Where from?” added the king. “From Berlin,” was the response. “From Berlin?” the king rejoined; “the Berliners are all a good-for-nothing set.” “Yes, your majesty, that is true of many of them,” the young man added; “but I know of two exceptions.” “Of two?” responded the king; “which are they?” “Your majesty and myself,” the young man replied. The king burst into a good-humored laugh, and,28 after having the young man carefully examined, assigned him to a chaplaincy.
The French minister at the court of Berlin, Count Rothenburg, was a Prussian by birth. He was a man of much diplomatic ability, and a very accomplished143 gentleman. Having spent much of his life in Paris, he had acquired the polished manners of the French court, and wore the costume appropriate to the Tuileries and Versailles. He and his associates in the embassy attracted much attention as they appeared in their cocked hats, flowing wigs144, laced coats, and other gorgeous trimmings. The king, in his homespun garb145, was apprehensive146 that the example so obnoxious147 to him might spread.
There was to be a grand review on the parade-ground just out from Berlin, at which the French embassy was to be present. The king caused a party equal in number, composed of the lowest of the people, to be dressed in an enormous exaggeration of the French costume. Their cocked hats were nearly a yard in diameter. Immense wigs reached to their heels; and all other parts of the French court costume were caricatured in the most grotesque148 manner possible. As soon as the French embassy appeared, there was a great sound of trumpets149 and martial150 bands from another part of the field, and these harlequins were brought forward to the gaze of every eye, and conspicuously151 to the view of Count Rothenburg and his companions. Military discipline prevented any outburst of derisive152 laughter. Perfect silence reigned. The king sat upon his horse as stolid153 and grim as fate. Count Rothenburg yielded to this gross discourtesy of the king, and ever after, while he remained in Berlin, wore a plain German costume.
Frederick William was very anxious that little Fritz should be trained to warlike tastes and habits; that, like himself, he should scorn all effeminacy; that, wearing homespun clothes, eating frugal154 food, despising all pursuits of pleasure and all literary tastes, he should be every inch a soldier. But, to the bitter disappointment of the father, the child manifested no taste for soldiering. He was gentle, affectionate, fond of books and music,4 and with an almost feminine love clung to his sister. The29 stern old king was not only disappointed, but angered. These were qualities which he deemed unmanly, and which he thoroughly despised.
THE LITTLE DRUMMER.
One day the father, returning home, found, to his inexpressible delight, little Fritz strutting155 about beating a drum, with Wilhelmina marching by his side. The king could scarcely restrain his joy. At last the military element was being developed in his child. He hastened with the tidings to his wife, whom he called30 by the pet name of “Phiekin”—a word apparently156 coined from Sophie. The matter was talked about all over the palace. A painter was sent for to transfer the scene to canvas. This picture, greatly admired, still hangs upon the walls of the Charlottenburg palace. Of this picture Carlyle writes: “Fritz is still, if not in ‘long-clothes,’ at least in longish and flowing clothes of the petticoat sort, which look as of dark blue velvet157, very simple, pretty, and appropriate; in a cap of the same; has a short raven’s feather in the cap, and looks up with a face and eyes full of beautiful vivacity158 and child’s enthusiasm, one of the beautifulest little figures, while the little drum responds to his bits of drumsticks. Sister Wilhelmina, taller by some three years, looks on in pretty stooping attitude, and with a graver smile. Blackamoor and room-furniture elegant enough; and finally the figure of a grenadier on guard, seen far off through an open window, make up the background.”
The early governess of little Fritz was a French lady of much refinement and culture, Madame Racoule. She was in entire sympathy with her pupil. Their tastes were in harmony. Fritz became as familiar with the French language as if it were his mother tongue. Probably through her influence he acquired that fondness for French literature and that taste for French elegance159 which continued with him through life.
When the child was but six years of age his father organized a miniature soldiers’ company for him, consisting of one hundred lads. Gradually the number was increased to three hundred. The band was called “The Crown Prince Cadets.” A very spirited, mature boy of seventeen, named Rentzel, was drill-sergeant, while an experienced colonel was appointed commander-in-chief. Fritz was very thoroughly instructed in his duties, and was furnished with a military dress, almost the fac-simile of that which his father wore. An arsenal160 was also provided for the child on the palace grounds at Potsdam, where he mounted batteries and practiced gunnery with small brass161 ordnance162. Nothing was omitted which could inspire the prince with military enthusiasm, and render him skillful in the art of war. A Prussian gentleman of letters testifies as follows respecting Fritz in his seventh year:
“The Crown Prince manifests in this tender age an uncommon163 capacity, nay164, we may say, something quite extraordinary. He31 is a most alert and vivacious165 prince. He has fine and sprightly166 manners, and shows a certain kindly167 sociality and so affectionate a disposition168 that all things may be hoped of him. The French lady who has had charge of him hitherto can not speak of him without enthusiasm. ‘He is a little angel,’ she is wont169 to say. He takes up and learns whatever is placed before him with the greatest facility.”
THE ARSENAL.
When Fritz was seven years of age, he was taken from the care of his female teachers and placed under tutors who had been carefully selected for him. They were all military officers who had won renown on fields of blood. The first of these was M. Duhan, a French gentleman of good birth and acquirements. He was but thirty years of age. By his accomplishments170 he won the esteem171, and by his amiability172 the love, of his pupil. Count Finkenstein, the second, was a veteran general, sixty years old, who also secured the affections of little Fritz. Colonel Kalkstein was twenty-eight years of age. He was a thorough soldier and a man of honor. For forty years, until his death, he retained the regards of his pupil, who was ever accustomed to speak of him as “my master Kalkstein.” In the education of the young32 prince every thing was conducted in accordance with the most inflexible174 routine. From the minute directions given to the teachers in a document drawn175 up by the father, bunglingly expressed and wretchedly spelled, we cull176 out the following:
“My son must be impressed with love and fear of God, as the foundation of our temporal and eternal welfare. No false religions or sects177 of Atheist178, Arian, Socinian, or whatever name the poisonous things have, which can so easily corrupt179 a young mind, are to be even named in his hearing. He is to be taught a proper abhorrence180 of papistry, and to be shown its baselessness and nonsensicality. Impress on him the true religion, which consists essentially181 in this, that Christ died for all men. He is to learn no Latin, but French and German, so as to speak and write with brevity and propriety182.
“Let him learn arithmetic, mathematics, artillery183, economy, to the very bottom; history in particular; ancient history only slightly, but the history of the last hundred and fifty years to the exactest pitch. He must be completely master of geography, as also of whatever is remarkable184 in each country. With increasing years you will more and more, to an especial degree, go upon fortification, the formation of a camp, and other war sciences, that the prince may, from youth upward, be trained to act as officer and general, and to seek all his glory in the soldier profession. You have, in the highest measure, to make it your care to infuse into my son a true love for the soldier business, and to impress on him that, as there is nothing in the world which can bring a prince renown and honor like the sword, so he would be a despised creature before all men if he did not love it and seek his glory therein.”
In October, 1723, when the prince was eleven years of age, his grandfather, George I., came to Berlin to visit his daughter and his son-in-law, the mother and father of Fritz. From the windows of his apartment he looked out with much interest upon Fritz, drilling his cadet company upon the esplanade in front of the palace. The clock-work precision of the movements of the boy soldiers greatly surprised him.
Every year Frederick William rigorously reviewed all his garrisons185. Though accompanied by a numerous staff, he traveled with Spartan186 simplicity187, regardless of exposure and fatigue.33 From an early age he took Fritz with him on these annual reviews. A common vehicle, called the sausage car, and which was the most primitive188 of carriages, was often used by the king in his rough travels and hunting excursions. This consisted of a mere189 stuffed pole, some ten or twelve feet long, upon which one sits astride, as if riding a rail. It rested upon wheels, probably with a sort of stirrup for the feet, and the riders, ten or a dozen, were rattled190 along over the rough roads, through dust or mud, alike regardless of winter’s frost or summer’s rain. The cast-iron king, rejoicing in hardship and exposure, robbed his delicate child even of needful sleep, saying, “Too much sleep stupefies a fellow.”
THE SAUSAGE CAR.
This rude, coarse discipline was thoroughly uncongenial to the Crown Prince. He was a boy of delicate feelings and sensitive temperament191. The poetic192 nature very decidedly predominated in him. He was fond of music, played the flute193, wrote verses, and was literary in his tastes. He simply hated chasing boars, riding on the sausage car, and being drenched194 with rain and spattered with mud. The old king, a mere animal with an active intellect, could not appreciate, could not understand even, the34 delicate mental and physical organization of his child. It is interesting to observe how early in life these constitutional characteristics will develop themselves, and how unavailing are all the efforts of education entirely195 to obliterate196 them. When Frederick William was a boy, he received, as a present, a truly magnificent dressing197-gown, of graceful French fashion, richly embroidered198 with gold. Indignantly he thrust the robe into the fire, declaring that he would wear no such finery, and demanded instead a jacket of wholesome199 homespun. Fritz, on the contrary, could not endure the coarse homespun, but, with almost girlish fondness, craved200 handsome dress. He had no money allowance until he was seventeen years of age. A minute account was kept of every penny expended201 for him, and the most rigid85 economy was practiced in providing him with the mere necessaries of life. When Fritz was in the tenth year of his age, his father gave the following curious directions to the three teachers of his son in reference to his daily mode of life. The document, an abridgment202 of which we give, was dated Wusterhausen, September 3, 1721:
“On Sunday he is to rise at seven o’clock, and, as soon as he has got his slippers203 on, shall kneel at his bedside and pray to God, so as all in the room may hear, in these words:
“‘Lord God, blessed Father, I thank thee from my heart that thou hast so graciously preserved me through this night. Fit me for what thy holy will is, and grant that I do nothing this day, nor all the days of my life, which can divide me from thee; for the Lord Jesus my Redeemer’s sake. Amen.’
“After which the Lord’s Prayer; then rapidly and vigorously wash himself clean; dress, and powder, and comb himself. While they are combing and queuing him, he is to breakfast on tea. Prayer, washing, breakfast, and the rest to be done pointedly204 within fifteen minutes.
“This finished, his domestics and preceptor, Duhan, shall come in and perform family worship. Prayer on their knees. Duhan to read a chapter of the Bible, and sing some proper psalm205 or hymn206. All the domestics then withdraw, and Duhan reads my son the Gospel of the Sunday, expounds207 it a little, adducing the main points of Christianity, and questioning him from Noltenius’s Catechism. It will then be nine o’clock.
35 “At nine o’clock he brings my son down to me, who goes to church and dines with me at twelve o’clock. The rest of the day is his own. At half past nine in the evening he shall come and bid me good-night; shall then go directly to his room; very rapidly get off his clothes, wash his hands, and, as soon as that is done, Duhan shall make a prayer on his knees and sing a hymn, all the servants being there again. Instantly after which my son shall get into bed; shall be in bed at half past ten.
“On Monday, as on all week-days, he is to be called at six o’clock, and so soon as he is called he is to rise. You are to stand by him that he do not loiter or turn in bed, but briskly and at once get up and say his prayers the same as on Sunday morning. This done, he shall, as rapidly as he can, get on his shoes and spatterdashes, also wash his face and hands, but not with soap; shall put on his dressing-gown, have his hair combed and queued, but not powdered. While being combed and queued, he shall, at the same time, take breakfast of tea, so that both jobs go on at once; and all this shall be ended before half past six. Preceptor and domestics shall then come in with Bible and hymn-books, and have family worship as on Sunday. This shall be done by seven o’clock.
“From seven till nine Duhan takes him on history; at nine o’clock comes Noltenius” (a clergyman from Berlin) “with the Christian religion till a quarter to eleven. Then Fritz rapidly washes his face with water, his hands with soap and water; clean shirt; powders and puts on his coat. At eleven o’clock he comes to the king, dines with him at twelve, and stays till two.
“Directly at two he goes back to his room. Duhan is then ready; takes him upon maps and geography from two to three o’clock, giving account of all the European kingdoms, their strength and weakness; the size, riches, and poverty of their towns. From three o’clock till four Duhan shall treat of morality; from four till five shall write German letters with him, and see that he gets a good style. About five o’clock Fritz shall wash his hands and go to the king; ride out, and divert himself in the air, and not in his room, and do what he likes if it is not against God.”
Thus the employments of every hour were strictly208 specified209 for every day in the week. On Wednesday he had a partial36 holiday. After half past nine, having finished his history and “got something by heart to strengthen the memory, Fritz shall rapidly dress himself and come to the king, and the rest of the day belongs to little Fritz.” On Saturday he was to be reviewed in all the studies of the week, “to see whether he has profited. General Finkenstein and Colonel Kalkstein shall be present during this. If Fritz has profited, the afternoon shall be his own. If he has not profited, he shall from two o’clock till six repeat and learn rightly what he has forgotten on the past days. In undressing and dressing, you must accustom173 him to get out of and into his clothes as fast as is humanly possible. You will also look that he learn to put on and put off his clothes himself, without help from others, and that he be clean, and neat, and not so dirty.”
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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3
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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4
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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5
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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6
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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7
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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8
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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9
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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10
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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11
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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12
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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13
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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14
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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15
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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16
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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17
degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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18
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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19
chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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20
electorates
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| 全体选民( electorate的名词复数 ) | |
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21
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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22
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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23
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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25
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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26
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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27
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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28
prohibitions
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| 禁令，禁律( prohibition的名词复数 )； 禁酒； 禁例 | |
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29
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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30
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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31
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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32
pointed
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|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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33
missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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34
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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35
savagery
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|
| n.野性 | |
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36
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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37
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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38
agitations
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| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
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39
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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40
monarchies
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| n. 君主政体, 君主国, 君主政治 | |
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41
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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42
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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43
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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44
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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45
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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46
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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47
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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48
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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49
tapestried
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| adj.饰挂绣帷的，织在绣帷上的v.用挂毯（或绣帷）装饰( tapestry的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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51
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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52
brilliance
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| n.光辉，辉煌，壮丽，（卓越的）才华，才智 | |
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53
ushered
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|
| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
severely
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|
| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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55
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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56
contemplated
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|
| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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57
peevishness
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| 脾气不好；爱发牢骚 | |
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58
irritability
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| n.易怒 | |
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59
maniacal
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| adj.发疯的 | |
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60
insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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61
aged
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|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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62
reciprocated
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|
| v.报答，酬答( reciprocate的过去式和过去分词 )；（机器的部件）直线往复运动 | |
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63
resounded
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|
| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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64
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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65
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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66
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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67
allude
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|
| v.提及，暗指 | |
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68
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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69
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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70
persevering
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| a.坚忍不拔的 | |
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71
luxurious
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|
| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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72
devoted
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|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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73
desolate
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|
| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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74
melancholy
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|
| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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75
frenzied
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|
| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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76
panes
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| 窗玻璃( pane的名词复数 ) | |
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77
gashed
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|
| v.划伤，割破( gash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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79
etiquette
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|
| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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80
rugged
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|
| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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81
remains
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|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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82
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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83
appalling
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|
| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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84
remonstrate
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| v.抗议，规劝 | |
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85
rigid
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|
| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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86
rigidly
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|
| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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87
administrative
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|
| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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88
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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89
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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90
folly
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|
| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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91
illiterate
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| adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲 | |
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92
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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93
growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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94
parsed
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| v.从语法上描述或分析（词句等）( parse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
pretenses
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| n.借口（pretense的复数形式） | |
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96
humbug
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| n.花招，谎话，欺骗 | |
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97
commuted
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| 通勤( commute的过去式和过去分词 )； 减（刑）； 代偿 | |
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98
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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99
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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100
goaded
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| v.刺激( goad的过去式和过去分词 )；激励；（用尖棒）驱赶；驱使（或怂恿、刺激）某人 | |
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101
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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102
bogs
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| n.沼泽，泥塘( bog的名词复数 )；厕所v.（使）陷入泥沼， （使）陷入困境( bog的第三人称单数 )；妨碍，阻碍 | |
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103
rattan
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| n.藤条，藤杖 | |
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104
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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105
provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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106
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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107
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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108
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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109
grumbling
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| adj. 喃喃鸣不平的, 出怨言的 | |
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110
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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111
penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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112
underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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113
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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114
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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115
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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116
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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117
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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118
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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119
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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120
miser
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| n.守财奴，吝啬鬼 (adj.miserly) | |
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121
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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122
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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123
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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124
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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125
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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126
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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127
zealously
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| adv.热心地；热情地；积极地；狂热地 | |
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128
scrupulously
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| adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地 | |
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129
delicacies
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| n.棘手( delicacy的名词复数 )；精致；精美的食物；周到 | |
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130
cuffs
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| n.袖口( cuff的名词复数 )v.掌打，拳打( cuff的第三人称单数 ) | |
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131
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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132
battered
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| adj.磨损的；v.连续猛击；磨损 | |
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133
triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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134
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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135
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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136
prevaricated
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| v.支吾( prevaricate的过去式和过去分词 )；搪塞；说谎 | |
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137
interrogated
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| v.询问( interrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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138
caning
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| n.鞭打 | |
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139
boorish
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| adj.粗野的，乡巴佬的 | |
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140
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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141
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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142
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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143
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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144
wigs
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| n.假发，法官帽( wig的名词复数 ) | |
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145
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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146
apprehensive
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| adj.担心的，恐惧的，善于领会的 | |
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147
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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148
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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149
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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150
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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151
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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152
derisive
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| adj.嘲弄的 | |
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153
stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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154
frugal
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| adj.节俭的，节约的，少量的，微量的 | |
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155
strutting
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| 加固，支撑物 | |
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156
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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157
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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158
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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159
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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160
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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161
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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162
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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163
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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164
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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165
vivacious
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| adj.活泼的，快活的 | |
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166
sprightly
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| adj.愉快的，活泼的 | |
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167
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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168
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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169
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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170
accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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171
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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172
amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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173
accustom
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| vt.使适应，使习惯 | |
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174
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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175
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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176
cull
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| v.拣选；剔除；n.拣出的东西；剔除 | |
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177
sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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178
atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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179
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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180
abhorrence
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| n.憎恶；可憎恶的事 | |
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181
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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182
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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183
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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184
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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185
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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186
spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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187
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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188
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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189
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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190
rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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191
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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192
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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193
flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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194
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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195
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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196
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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197
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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198
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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199
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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200
craved
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| 渴望，热望( crave的过去式 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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201
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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202
abridgment
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| n.删节，节本 | |
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203
slippers
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| n. 拖鞋 | |
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204
pointedly
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| adv.尖地，明显地 | |
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205
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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206
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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207
expounds
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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208
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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209
specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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