We now enter upon the third Silesian war, usually termed in history The Seven Years’ War. For four years Frederick had been aware that a coalition was secretly forming against him. Maria Theresa wished, with ardor6 which had never for one moment abated7, to regain8 Silesia. All the other European powers, without exception, desired to curb9 Frederick, whose ambition they feared. They were well aware that he was taking advantage of a few years of peace to replenish10 his treasury11, and to enlarge his army for new conquests. As we have before stated, Frederick, by bribery12, had fully13 informed himself of the secret arrangements into which Austria, Russia, Poland, and other powers were entering for the dismemberment of his realms. It is in vain to attempt to unravel14 the intricacies of the diplomacy15 which ensued.
England, while endeavoring to subsidize Russia against Frederick, entered secretly into a sort of alliance with Frederick, hoping thus to save Hanover. The Empress Elizabeth, of Russia, heartily16 united with Maria Theresa against Frederick, whom she personally disliked, and whose encroachments she dreaded17. His Prussian majesty19, proud of his powers of sarcasm20, in his poems spared neither friend nor foe21. He had written some very severe things against the Russian empress, which had reached her ears.100
403 Frederick was in great perplexity. To wait for his enemies to complete their arrangements, and to commence the attack at their leisure, placed him at great disadvantage. To begin the attack himself, and thus to open anew the floodgates of war, would increase the hostility22 with which the nations were regarding him. As the diplomacy of the foreign cabinets had been secret, he would universally be regarded as the aggressor. England was Frederick’s only ally—a treacherous23 ally, influenced not by sympathy for Frederick, but by hatred24 of France, and by fear of the loss of Hanover. The British cabinet would abandon Prussia the first moment it should see it to be for its interest to do so.
The King of Prussia had an army of two hundred thousand men under perfect discipline. The Old Dessauer was dead, but many veteran generals were in command. It was manifest that war would soon burst forth25. In addition to the personal pique26 of the Duchess of Pompadour, who really ruled France, Louis XV. was greatly exasperated27 by the secret alliance into which Frederick had entered with England. The brother of the Prussian king, Augustus William, the heir-apparent to the throne, disapproved28 of this alliance. He said to the French minister, Valori, “I would give a finger from my hand had it never been concluded.”
In July, 1756, Frederick, for form’s sake, inquired, through his embassador at Vienna, why Maria Theresa was making such formidable military preparations. At the same time he conferred with two of his leading generals, Schwerin and Retzow, if it would not be better, since it was certain that Austria and Russia would soon declare war, to anticipate them by an attack upon Austria. The opinion of both, which was in perfect accord with that of the king, was that it was best immediately to seize upon Saxony, and in that rich and fertile country to gather magazines, and make it the base for operations in Bohemia.
A spy was sent to Saxony, who reported that there were but twenty thousand troops there. All necessary information was promptly30 and secretly obtained in reference to roads and fortresses31. It required three weeks to receive an answer from Vienna.404 The reply was evasive, as Frederick knew that it would be. In the mean time, his Prussian majesty, with characteristic energy, had mustered32 on the frontier an army numbering in the aggregate33 nearly one hundred and fifty thousand men. These troops, in three divisions, with two thousand pieces of artillery34, were to make a rush upon Saxony. Among the directions given by Frederick to the leaders of these divisions were the following:
“Each regiment35 shall take but one baggage-cart for a company. No officer, whoever he may be or whatever his title, shall take with him the least of silver plate, not even a silver spoon. Whoever wants to keep table, great or small, must manage the same with tin utensils36, without exception, be he who he will.”
On the 25th of August, 1756, the king wrote from Potsdam to his brother, the Prince of Prussia, and his sister Amelia, who were at Berlin, as follows:
“My dear Brother, my dear Sister,—I write you both at once for want of time. I have as yet received no answer from Vienna. I shall not get it till to-morrow. But I count myself surer of war than ever, as the Austrians have named their generals, and their army is ordered to march to K?niggr?tz. So that, expecting nothing else but a haughty37 answer, or a very uncertain one, on which there will be no reliance possible, I have arranged every thing for setting out on Saturday next.”
Upon the ensuing day, having received the answer from Vienna, he wrote to his brother:
“You have seen the paper I have sent to Vienna. Their answer is, that they have not made an offensive alliance with Russia against me. Of the assurance that I required there is not one word, so that the sword alone can cut this Gordian knot. I am innocent of this war. I have done what I could to avoid it; but, whatever be one’s love of peace, one can not, and one must not, sacrifice to that safety and honor. At present our one thought must be to wage war in such a way as may cure our enemies of their wish to break peace again too soon.”
On Saturday morning, August 28, 1756, the Prussian army, over one hundred thousand strong, entered Saxony at three different points on the northern frontier. Frederick, with about sixty thousand troops, crossed the Elbe at Torgau, and seized upon Leipsic. Duke Ferdinand, of Hanover, led his columns405 across the frontier about eighty miles to the right. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern crossed about the same distance to the left. Each column was stronger than the whole Saxon army. The appointed place of rendezvous38 for the three divisions was the city of Dresden, the capital of Saxony. By the route marked out, each column had a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles to traverse.
THE INVASION OF SAXONY.
“Thus,” writes Voltaire, “Frederick invaded Saxony under the pretense39 of friendship, and that he might make war upon Maria Theresa with the money of which he should rob the Saxons.”
Not a soldier appeared to oppose the invaders40. The Prussians seized, in an unobstructed march, all the most important Saxon towns and fortresses. The King of Poland and his court, with less than twenty thousand troops, had fled from the capital up the river, which here runs from the south to Pirna, where they concentrated their feeble army, which numbered but eighteen thousand men. Frederick, with his resistless column, entered Dresden on the 9th of September. The queen had remained in the palace. The keys of the archives were demanded of her. She refused to surrender them. The officers proceeded to break open the door. The queen placed herself before the door. The officers, shrinking from using personal violence, sent to Frederick for instructions. He ordered them to force the archives, whatever opposition41 the queen, in person, might present. The queen,406 to avoid a rude assault, withdrew. The door was forced, and the archives seized.
“The king found,” writes Voltaire, “testimonies of the dread18 which he had occasioned. The queen died soon after of grief. All Europe pitied that unfortunate family. But in the course of those public calamities42 millions of families experienced hardships not less great, though more obscure.”101
Thus was commenced the Seven Years’ War. It proved one of the most bloody43 and cruel strifes which man has ever waged against his brother man. Through its terrible scenes of conflagration45, blood, and despair, Frederick obtained the renown46 of being one of the ablest generals who ever marshaled armies upon fields of blood.
His Polish majesty had placed his feeble band of troops in the vicinity of Pirna, on the Elbe, amidst the defiles47 of a mountainous country, where they could easily defend themselves against superior numbers. Winter was rapidly approaching. In those high latitudes48 and among those bleak49 hills the storms of winter ever raged with terrible severity. The Austrians were energetically accumulating their forces in Bohemia to act against the Prussians. The invasion of Saxony by Frederick, without any apparent provocation50, roused all Europe to intensity51 of hatred and of action.
His Prussian majesty carefully examined the position of the Saxons. They were in a region of precipices52 and chasms53, broken into a labyrinth54 of sky-piercing and craggy rocks. The eminences55, in some cases, rose two thousand feet, and were covered with pine forests. “There is no stronger position in the world,” Frederick writes. All these passes were fortified56, mile after mile, by batteries, ramparts, palisades, and abattis. But the Saxon troops, taken unawares, had but a small supply of provisions. Frederick decided57 to block every entrance to their encampment, and thus to starve them out. His Polish majesty sent frantic58 cries to France and Austria for help. Frederick was assailed59 with the title of the “Prussian robber.”
The Dauphiness of France was daughter of the King of Poland. With tears she craved60 protection for her parents. The Duchess of Pompadour was anxious to show her gratitude61 to407 Maria Theresa, who had condescended62 to address her as a “cousin and a dear sister.” A French army of one hundred thousand men was soon on the march to aid Austria in the liberation of Saxony. At the same time, an Austrian army of sixty thousand men, under Marshal Browne, was advancing rapidly from Bohemia to penetrate63 the fastnesses of the mountains for the release of the Polish king.
BATTLE OF LOBOSITZ, OCT. 1, 1756.
a a. Prussian Infantry64, b. Cavalry65, c c. Artillery. d d. Austrian Army.
On Friday, the 1st of October, 1756, the Prussian army under Frederick, leaving the Saxons besieged66 in their encampment, marched up the river to meet the foe advancing to the aid of the Saxons. They encountered the Austrians, under Marshal Browne, at Lobositz, about thirty miles south of Pirna. A terrible battle of seven hours’ duration ensued. The opposing generals were of nearly equal ability. The soldiers were equal in courage. The carnage of the bloody conflict was almost equal on either side. The desperation of the Prussian assault was resistless. Bayonet often crossed bayonet. The Austrians were driven from their strong position into the city. The Prussians laid the city in ashes. As the Austrians fled from the blazing streets, many, endeavoring to swim across the Elbe, were drowned. At the close of this bloody strife44 General Browne withdrew his army to the rear, where he still presented a defiant67 front to the Prussians. He had lost from his ranks, in killed and wounded, two thousand nine hundred and eighty-four. The loss of Frederick was still greater; it numbered three thousand three hundred and eight. Neither party would confess to a defeat.
“Never have my troops,” writes Frederick, “done such miracles of valor29, cavalry as well as infantry, since I had the honor to command them. By this dead-lift achievement I have seen what they can do.”
The Prussians remained at Lobositz nearly a fortnight, to see if Marshal Browne would again attempt to force the defiles. The Saxon troops, for whose relief the Austrians were advancing, were about thirty miles farther north, on the south, or left408 bank of the Elbe. The news of the repulse69 of Marshal Browne at Lobositz fell disastrously70 upon their starving ranks. Maria Theresa was much distressed71. She sent a messenger to her Austrian general to relieve the Saxons at whatever cost. A confidential72 messenger was dispatched through the mountains to the Saxon camp, which he reached in safety. He informed his Polish majesty that Marshal Browne, with a picked force of eight thousand, horse and foot, would march by a circuitous73 route of sixty miles, so as to approach Pirna from the northeast, where but a small Prussian force was stationed. He would be there without fail on the 11th of August.
The Saxons were directed to cross the Elbe, by a sudden and unexpected march at K?nigstein, a few miles from Pirna. Immediately upon effecting the passage of the river they were to fire two cannon74 as a signal that the feat68 was accomplished75. The Saxon and Austrian troops were then to form a junction76, and co-operate in crushing the few Prussian bands which were left there as a guard. The Saxon troops would thus be rescued from the trap in which they were inclosed, and from the famine which was devouring77 them.
Marshal Browne skillfully and successfully performed his part of the adventure. But there was no efficient co-operation by the Saxons. The men were weak, emaciate79, and perishing from hunger. Their sinews of exertion80 were paralyzed. The skeleton horses could not draw the wagons81 or the guns. To add to their embarrassment2, a raging storm of wind and rain burst upon the camp. The roads were converted into quagmires82. The night was pitch-dark as the Saxons, about fourteen thousand in number, drenched83 with rain and groping through the mud, abandoned their camp and endeavored to steal their way across the river. The watchful84 Prussians detected the movement. A scene of confusion, terror, slaughter85 ensued, which it is in vain to endeavor to describe. The weeping skies and moaning winds indicated nature’s sympathy with these scenes of woe86. Still the unhappy Saxons struggled on heroically. After seventy hours of toilsome marching and despairing conflict, these unhappy peasant-lads, the victims of kingly pride, were compelled to surrender at discretion87. Marshal Browne, finding the enterprise an utter failure, rapidly returned to the main body of his army.
409 Frederick was much embarrassed in deciding what to do with his captives. They numbered about fourteen thousand. To guard and feed them was too troublesome and expensive. They could not be exchanged, as the King of Poland had no Prussian prisoners. To set them at liberty would speedily place them in the Austrian ranks to fight against him. Under these circumstances, Frederick compelled them all to enlist as Prussian soldiers. He compelled them to do this voluntarily, for they had their choice either to enlist under his banners or to starve. The King of Poland was permitted to return to Warsaw. The electorate88 of Saxony, nearly as large as the State of Massachusetts, and containing a population of one and a half millions, was annexed90 to Prussia. The captured soldiers, prisoners of war, were dressed in Prussian uniform, commanded by Prussian officers, and either placed in garrison91 or in the ranks of the army in the field. The public voice of Europe condemned92 Frederick very severely93 for so unprecedented94 an act.
“Think of the sounds,” writes Carlyle, “uttered from human windpipes, shrill95 with rage, some of them, hoarse96 others with ditto; of the vituperations, execrations, printed and vocal—grating harsh thunder upon Frederick and this new course of his. Huge melody of discords97, shrieking98, groaning99, grinding on that topic through the afflicted100 universe in general.”
Voltaire embraced the opportunity of giving vent78 to his malice101 in epigrams and lampoons102. Frederick was by no means insensible to public opinion, but he was ever willing to brave that opinion if by so doing he could accomplish his ambitious ends.
After this signal achievement his Prussian majesty established his army in winter quarters along the banks of the Elbe. He took up his abode103 in the palace of Dresden, awaiting the opening of the spring campaign. Saxony was held with a tight grasp, and taxes and recruits were gathered from the country as if it had always belonged to Prussia. Frederick had hoped that his sudden campaign would have led him into the heart of the Austrian states. Instead of this, though he had wrested104 Saxony from Poland, he had given Austria ample time to prepare her armies for a long war, and had roused all Europe to intense hostility against him.
410 It became more and more manifest to Frederick that he must encounter a terrible conflict upon the opening of the spring. Early in January he took a short trip to Berlin, but soon returned to Dresden. Though he avoided all appearance of anxiety, and kept up a cheerful air, he was fully conscious of his peril105. This is evident from the secret instructions he left with his minister, Count Finck, upon his departure from Berlin. The dispatch was dated January 10th, 1757:
“Should it chance that my army in Saxony were beaten, or that the French should get possession of Hanover, and threaten us with invasion from that quarter, or that the Russians should get through by Neumark, you are to save the royal family and the archives. Should we be beaten in Saxony, remove the royal family to Cüstrin. Should the Russians enter by Neumark, or a misfortune befall us in the Lausitz, all must go to Magdeburg, but not till the last extremity106. The garrison, the royal family, and the treasure must be kept together. In such a case, the silver plate and the gold plate must at once be coined into money.
“If I am killed, affairs must go on without alteration107. If I should be taken prisoner, I forbid you from paying the least regard to my person, or paying the least heed108 to what I may write from my place of detention109. Should such misfortune happen to me, I wish to sacrifice myself for the state. You must obey my brother. He, as well as all my ministers and generals, shall answer to me with their heads not to offer any province or ransom110 for me, but to continue the war, pushing their advances as if I had never existed in the world.”
Two days after committing this important document to Count Finck, Frederick took leave of his mother and his brother. His mother he never saw again. We have no evidence that on this visit he even called upon his irreproachable111, amiable112, neglected wife. In preparation for the worst, Frederick had provided poison for himself, and wore it constantly about his person. It consisted of several small pills in a glass tube. This fact is fully established.
All Europe, England alone excepted, was aroused against him. Armies were every where being marshaled. The press of all continental113 Europe was filled with denunciations of his crimes and encroachments. Not all his efforts to assume a careless air411 could efface114 from his countenance115 the impression left there by the struggles of his soul. His features, as seen in a portrait painted about this time, are expressive116 of the character of an anxious and unhappy man.
Early in the spring of 1757, France, Russia, Austria, Poland, and Sweden were combined against Frederick. These countries represented a population of one hundred millions. Frederick’s domains117 contained but five millions. His annual revenue was but about ten million dollars. He had an army in the field of one hundred and fifty thousand of the best troops in the world. His fortresses were garrisoned118 by about fifty thousand of inferior quality. The armies of the allies numbered four hundred and thirty thousand. Frederick was regarded as an outlaw119. The design of the allies was to crush him, and to divide his territory between them. Austria was to retake Silesia. France was to have the Wesel-Cleve country. Russia was to annex89 to her domains Prussen, K?nigsberg, etc. Poland, having regained120 Saxony, was to add to her territory Magdeburg and Halle. Sweden was to have Pomerania. Never before had there appeared such a combination against any man. The situation of Frederick seemed desperate.
France was first in the field with a superb host of one hundred and ten thousand men. The other powers speedily followed. In four great armies of invasion these hosts pressed upon Prussia from the southeast and southwest, the northeast and northwest. The Russian battalions121 were one hundred thousand strong. The Austrian army was still more formidable.
It was supposed, that Frederick would remain in Saxony on the defensive123 against the Austrians, who were rapidly gathering124 their army at Prague, in Bohemia. The city was situated125 upon the River Moldau, one of the tributaries126 of the Elbe, and was about sixty miles south of Dresden.
On the 20th of April, Frederick, having secretly placed his army in the best possible condition, commenced a rapid march upon Prague, thus plunging127 into the very heart of Bohemia. He advanced in three great columns up the valley of the Elbe and the Moldau. His movements were so rapid and unexpected that he seized several Austrian magazines which they had not even time to burn. Three months’ provisions were thus obtained for412 his whole army. The first column, under the king, was sixty thousand strong. The second column, led by General Bevern, numbered twenty-three thousand, horse and foot. The third, under Marshal Schwerin, counted thirty-two thousand foot and twelve thousand horse. On the 2d of May the banners of Frederick were seen from the steeples of Prague. They appeared floating from the heights of the Weissenberg, a few miles west of the city. At the same time, the other two columns, which had united under Marshal Schwerin, appeared on the east side of the Moldau, upon both banks of which the city is built.
THE BATTLE OF PRAGUE, MAY 6, 1757.
a a a. First position of Austrian Army. b b b. Second position to meet the Prussian Attack. c. Prussians under Keith. d d. First position of Prussian Army. e e. Second position of Prussian Army. f. Schwerin’s Prussians. g. Prussian Horse. h. Mannstein’s Attack. i. Place of Schwerin’s Monument.
On the 5th of May, after careful reconnoissance, Frederick crossed the Moldau several miles north of Prague. He went over upon pontoons unopposed, and thus effected a junction with his troops on the east side of the river. The Austrian army was drawn128 up on some formidable heights but a short distance east of the city. Their position was very strong, and they were thoroughly129 intrenched. On the 6th of May the dreadful battle of Prague was fought. For many years, as not a few of our readers will remember, it was fought over and over again upon all the pianos in Christendom. They will remember the awe130 with which, as children, they listened to the tumult131 of the battle, swelling132 forth from the ivory keys, with the rattle133 of musketry, the booming of the cannon, and the groans134 of the dying—such groans as even the field of battle itself could scarcely have rivaled.
413 The final and decisive struggle took place on and around two important eminences, called the Sterbohol Hill and the Homoly Hill. Both of these heights the Prussians stormed. In the following glowing words Carlyle pictures the scene:
“Fearful tugging135, swagging, and swaying is conceivable in this Sterbohol problem! And, after long scanning, I rather judge that it was in the wake of that first repulse that the veteran Schwerin himself got his death. No one times it for us; but the fact is unforgetable; and in the dim whirl of sequences dimly places itself there. Very certain it is ‘at sight of his own regiment in retreat,’ Field-marshal Schwerin seized the colors, as did other generals, who are not named, that day. Seizes the colors, fiery136 old man: ‘This way, my sons!’ and rides ahead along the straight dam again; his ‘sons’ all turning, and with hot repentance137 following. ‘On, my children, this way!’ Five bits of grape-shot, deadly each of them, at once hit the old man; dead he sinks there on his flag; and will never fight more.
“‘This way!’ storm the others with hot tears; Adjutant Von Platen takes the flag: Platen too is instantly shot; but another takes it. ‘This way, on!’ in wild storm of rage and grief; in a word, they managed to do the work at Sterbohol, they and the rest. First line, second line, infantry, cavalry (and even the very horses, I suppose), fighting inexpressibly; conquering one of the worst problems ever seen in war. For the Austrians too, especially their grenadiers there, stood to it toughly, and fought like men; and ‘every grenadier that survived of them,’ as I read afterward138, ‘got double pay for life.’
“Done, that Sterbohol work; those foot-chargings, horse-chargings; that battery of Homoly Hill; and, hanging upon that, all manner of redoubts and batteries to the rightward and rearward; but how it was done no pen can describe, nor any intellect in clear sequence understand. An enormous mêlée there: new Prussian battalions charging, and ever new, irrepressible by case-shot, as they successively get up; Marshal Browne, too, sending for new battalions at double-quick from his left, disputing stiffly every inch of his ground, till at length (hour not given), a cannon shot tore away his foot, and he had to be carried into Prague, mortally wounded. Which probably was a most important circumstance, or the most important of all.”
414 “This battle,” writes Frederick, “which began toward nine in the morning, was one of the bloodiest139 of the age. The enemy lost twenty-four thousand men, of whom four thousand were prisoners. The Prussian loss amounted to eighteen thousand fighting men, without counting Marshal Schwerin, who was alone worth above ten thousand. This day saw the pillars of the Prussian infantry cut down.”
Immediately after the battle, Frederick wrote rather a stately letter to his mother, informing her of his victory, and that he was about to pursue the foe with a hundred and fifty thousand men. Fifty thousand of the defeated Austrians entered Prague, and stood at bay behind its ramparts. Frederick seized all the avenues, that no provisions could enter the city, convinced that starvation, combined with a vigorous assault, would soon compel the garrison to surrender themselves, the city, and all its magazines. On the 9th of May the bombardment with red-hot balls commenced. The siege lasted six weeks, creating an amount of misery140 over which angels might weep. The balls of fire were constantly kindling141 wide and wasting conflagrations142. Soon a large portion of the city presented only a heap of smouldering ruins.
Besides the garrison of fifty thousand there were eighty thousand inhabitants in the city, men, women, and children. Large numbers perished. Some died of starvation; some were burned to death in their blazing dwellings143; some were torn to pieces by shot and shell; some were buried beneath the ruins of their houses. In the stillness of the night the wails144 and groans of the sufferers were borne on the breeze to the ears of the Prussians in their intrenched camp. Starvation brought pestilence145, which caused the death of thousands. The inhabitants, reduced to this state of awful misery, entreated146 the Austrian general to surrender. He refused, but forced out of the gates twelve thousand skeleton, starving people, who consumed the provisions, but could not contribute to the defense147. Frederick drove the poor creatures back again at the point of the bayonet, threatening to shoot them all. The cruel act was deemed a necessity of war.
Maria Theresa, anxious to save Prague, sent an army of sixty thousand men under General Daun to its relief. This army, on the rapid march, had reached Kolin, about fifty miles east of415 Prague. Should General Daun, as was his plan, attack Frederick in the rear, while the fifty thousand in Prague should sally out and attack him in front, ruin would be almost inevitable148. Frederick, gathering thirty-four thousand men, marched rapidly to Kolin and attacked the foe with the utmost possible fierceness. The Austrians not only nearly twice outnumbered him, but were also in a very commanding position, protected by earthworks. Never did men fight more reckless of life than did the Prussians upon this occasion.
“And so from right wing to left,” writes Carlyle, “miles long there is now universal storm of volleying, bayonet charging, thunder of artillery, case-shot, cartridge-shot, and sulphurous devouring whirlwind; the wrestle149 very tough and furious, especially on the assaulting side. Here, as at Prague, the Prussian troops were one and all in the fire, each doing strenuously150 his utmost. There is no reserve left. All is gone up into one combustion151. To fan the fire, to be here, there, fanning the fire where need shows, this is now Frederick’s function. This death-wrestle lasted, perhaps, four hours; till seven, or perhaps eight o’clock, of a June evening.”
Frederick exposed himself like a common soldier. Indeed, it sometimes seems that, in the desperate state of his affairs, he sought the fatal bullet. All his efforts against the Austrians were in vain. The Prussians were repulsed152 with dreadful slaughter. After losing fourteen thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, forty-five cannon, and twenty-two flags, Frederick was compelled to order a retreat. His magnificent regiment of guards, one thousand in number, picked men, undoubtedly153 the best body of troops in the world, was almost annihilated154. The loss of the Austrians was about nine thousand men. They were so accustomed to be defeated by Frederick that they were equally surprised and delighted by this dearly-earned victory. The following plan will give the military reader an idea of the position of the hostile forces.
Still the conquerors155 had such dread of their foe that they dared not emerge from their ramparts to pursue him. Had they done so, they might easily have captured or slain156 his whole army. Frederick bore adversity with great apparent equanimity157. He did not for a moment lose self-control, or manifest any agitation158.416 With great skill he conducted his retreat. Immediately after the battle he wrote to his friend Lord Marischall:
“Prosperity, my dear lord, often inspires a dangerous confidence. Twenty-three battalions were not sufficient to drive sixty thousand men from their intrenchments. Another time we will take our precautions better. Fortune has this day turned her back upon me. I ought to have expected it. She is a female, and I am not gallant159. What say you to this league against the Margrave of Brandenburg? How great would be the astonishment160 of the great elector if he could see his great-grandson at war at the same time with the Russians, the Austrians, almost all Germany, and one hundred thousand French auxiliaries161! I do not know whether it will be disgraceful in me to be overcome, but I am sure there will be no great glory in vanquishing162 me.”102
BATTLE OF KOLIN, JUNE 18, 1757.
a a. Austrian Army, b b. Prussian Army. c. Ziethen’s Hussars. d. Nadasti’s Hussars. e. The Oak Wood.
Frederick retreated down the banks of the Elbe, and sent couriers to the camp at Prague, ordering the siege immediately to be raised, and the troops to retire down the Moldau to join him at Leitmeritz. The news was received at the camp at two o’clock on Sunday morning, June 19, creating amazement163 and consternation164. As Frederick was on his retreat with his broken battalions from the field of battle, parched165 with thirst, burning with heat, and smothered166 with dust, it is recorded that an old dragoon brought to the king, in his steel cap, some water which he had drawn from a well, saying to his sovereign, consolingly,
“Never mind, sire, God Almighty167 and we will mend this yet.417 The enemy may get a victory for once, but that does not send us to the devil.”
At Nimburg, about twenty miles from Kolin, where the retiring Prussians were crossing the Elbe, Frederick sat upon a green mound168, lost in thought, as his troops defiled169 before him. He was scratching figures upon the sand with his stick.
AFTER THE DEFEAT.
“Raising his eyes,” says Archenholtz, “he surveyed, with speechless emotion, the small remnant of his life-guard of foot, his favorite battalion122. It was one thousand strong yesterday morning, hardly four hundred now. All the soldiers of this chosen battalion were personally known to him—their names, their age, their native place, their history. In one day death had mowed170 them down. They had fought like heroes, and it418 was for him they had died. His eyes were visibly wet. Down his face rolled silent tears.”
Suddenly dashing the tears away, he issued his swift orders, and, mounting his horse, galloped171 to Prague, where he arrived Sunday evening. The next day the siege was raised, and the besieging172 troops were on the retreat north into Saxony. The whole army was soon rendezvoused173 at Leitmeritz, on the Elbe, about thirty miles south of Dresden. Here Frederick awaited the development of the next movement of his foes174.
He had hardly arrived at Leitmeritz ere he received the tidings of the death of Sophia Dorothea, his mother. She died at Berlin on the 28th of June, 1757, in the seventy-first year of her age. This grief, coming in the train of disasters which seemed to be overwhelming his Prussian majesty, affected175 him very deeply. Frederick was subdued176 and softened177 by sorrow. He remembered the time when a mother’s love rocked his cradle, and wrapped him around with tender care. The reader will be surprised to learn that his grief—perhaps with some comminglings of remorse—was so great that he shut himself in his closet, and wept with sobbings like a child.
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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9
curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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10
replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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11
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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12
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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13
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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14
unravel
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| v.弄清楚（秘密）；拆开，解开，松开 | |
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15
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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16
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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17
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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18
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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19
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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20
sarcasm
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
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21
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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22
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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23
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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24
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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25
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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26
pique
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| v.伤害…的自尊心，使生气 n.不满，生气 | |
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27
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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28
disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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29
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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30
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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31
fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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32
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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33
aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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34
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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35
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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36
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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37
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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38
rendezvous
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|
| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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39
pretense
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| n.矫饰，做作，借口 | |
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40
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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41
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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42
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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43
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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44
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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45
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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46
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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47
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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48
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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49
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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50
provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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51
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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52
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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53
chasms
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| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
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54
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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55
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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56
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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57
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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58
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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59
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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60
craved
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| 渴望，热望( crave的过去式 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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61
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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62
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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63
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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64
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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65
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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66
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
defiant
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| adj.无礼的，挑战的 | |
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68
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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69
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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70
disastrously
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| ad.灾难性地 | |
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71
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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72
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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73
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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74
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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75
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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76
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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77
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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78
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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79
emaciate
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| v.使消瘦，使憔悴 | |
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80
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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81
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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82
quagmires
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| n.沼泽地，泥潭( quagmire的名词复数 ) | |
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83
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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84
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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85
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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86
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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87
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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88
electorate
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| n.全体选民；选区 | |
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89
annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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90
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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91
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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92
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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93
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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94
unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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95
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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96
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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97
discords
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| 不和（discord的复数形式） | |
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98
shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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99
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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100
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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102
lampoons
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| n.讽刺文章或言辞( lampoon的名词复数 )v.冷嘲热讽，奚落( lampoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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103
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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104
wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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105
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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106
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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107
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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108
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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109
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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110
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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111
irreproachable
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| adj.不可指责的，无过失的 | |
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112
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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113
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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114
efface
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| v.擦掉，抹去 | |
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115
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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116
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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117
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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118
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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119
outlaw
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| n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法 | |
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120
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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121
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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122
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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123
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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124
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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125
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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126
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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127
plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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128
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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129
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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130
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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131
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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132
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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133
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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134
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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135
tugging
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| n.牵引感v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的现在分词 ) | |
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136
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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137
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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138
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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139
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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140
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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141
kindling
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| n. 点火, 可燃物 动词kindle的现在分词形式 | |
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142
conflagrations
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| n.大火（灾）( conflagration的名词复数 ) | |
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143
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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144
wails
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| 痛哭，哭声( wail的名词复数 ) | |
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145
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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146
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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148
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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149
wrestle
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| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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150
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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151
combustion
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| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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152
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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153
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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154
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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155
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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156
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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157
equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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158
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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159
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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160
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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161
auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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162
vanquishing
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| v.征服( vanquish的现在分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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163
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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164
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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165
parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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166
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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167
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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168
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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169
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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170
mowed
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| v.刈，割( mow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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171
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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172
besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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173
rendezvoused
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| v.约会，会合( rendezvous的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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175
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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176
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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177
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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