The battle of Zorndorf was the most bloody2 of the Seven Years’ War. It is often considered the most furious battle which was ever fought. While Frederick was engaged in this arduous3 campaign in the extreme north, driving the Russians from the Prussian territory, an Austrian army, ninety thousand strong, under General Daun, was endeavoring to reconquer Saxony. The Prussian king had left his brother Henry in defense4 of the province, with a small force garrisoned6 in the city of Dresden.
On the 2d of September, 1758, Frederick, advancing from the smouldering ruins of Cüstrin, pushed forward his columns by forced marches for the rescue of his brother, who was nearly surrounded by vastly outnumbering foes8. While upon this rapid march an Austrian courier was captured, with the following dispatch, which he was bearing from General Daun to General Fermor, whose army of Russians had just been so terribly beaten by Frederick upon the field of Zorndorf, but of which fact the Austrian general had not yet been apprised9:
“Your excellency does not know that wily enemy, the King of Prussia, as well as I do. By no means get into a battle with him. Cautiously man?uvre about. Detain him there till I have got my stroke in Saxony done. Don’t try fighting him.
“Daun.”
Frederick, with grim humor characteristic of him, sent back the courier with the following response, as if from the Russian general, signed Fermor, but in the king’s handwriting:
464
“Your excellency was right to warn me against a cunning enemy whom you know better than I. Here have I tried fighting him, and have got beaten. Your unfortunate
Fermor.”
CAMPAIGN OF HOCHKIRCH.
On the 12th of September Frederick dined with his brother Henry in Dresden. General Daun, as soon as he heard of the approach of the foe7 whom he so much dreaded10, rapidly retreated eastward12 to Stolpen, on the road to Bautzen. Here he intrenched himself in one of the strongest posts in Germany. As Frederick,465 at Dresden, received his supplies from Bautzen, he was much embarrassed in having his line of communication thus cut. Finding all his efforts vain to provoke Daun to a battle, after four weeks of such endeavors, he loaded his baggage trains with supplies for nine days, and by a rapid march, brushing away in the movement Daun’s right flank, and advancing through Bautzen, established himself among the hills of Hochkirch. He had thus taken position thirty miles east of General Daun’s encampment at Stolpen, cutting off his line of supply.
This movement of Frederick took place on the 1st of October, 1758. On the 5th, General Daun, who stood in great dread11 of the military ability of his foe, after holding a council of war, made a stealthy march, in a dark and rainy night, a little to the south of Frederick’s encampment, and took a strong position about a mile east of him, at Kittlitz, near L?bau. With the utmost diligence he reared intrenchments and palisades to guard himself from attack by a foe whom he outnumbered more than two to one. He thus again blocked Frederick’s direct communication with Silesia.
General Daun’s army, numbering ninety thousand men, occupied very strong positions in a line extending north and south about five miles. On the 10th, Frederick, having obtained the needful supplies, resolutely13, rashly—but, situated14 as he was, what the world deemed rashness was prudence—advanced with but twenty-eight thousand men to assail15 this foe of ninety thousand behind his intrenchments. About five miles to the north, in the rear of the heights of Weissenberg, Frederick had a reserve of ten or twelve thousand men under General Retzow.
As the Prussian king brought up his little army to within a mile of the lines of General Daun, and ordered the troops to take position there, his boldest generals were appalled16. It seemed to be courting sure and utter destruction. The king’s favorite adjutant general, Marwitz, ventured to remonstrate17 against so fearful a risk. He was immediately ordered under arrest. The line was formed while the Austrian cannon18 were playing incessantly20 upon it. General Retzow, who for some cause had failed to seize the heights of Stromberg, was also placed under arrest. Thus the king taught all that he would be obeyed implicitly21 and without questioning.
466 General Keith, as he looked upon the long and compact lines of General Daun, and saw how apparently22 easy it would be for him, from his commanding position, to annihilate23 the Prussian army, said to the king, sadly,
“If the Austrians do not attack us here they deserve to be hanged.”
The king coolly replied, “We must hope that they are more afraid of us than even of the gallows24.”
On Friday, the 13th of October, the two hostile armies, separated merely by a brook25 and a ravine, were within half a mile of each other. Daun had manifested great timidity in not venturing from behind his intrenchments to attack the little band of Prussians. Frederick, emboldened26 by this cowardice27 on the part of his opponent, made his arrangements to assail the Austrians in a secret attack before the dawn of the morning of Saturday, the 14th. In the mean time, Daun, probably a little ashamed of being held at bay by so small a force, formed his plan to surround and destroy the whole Prussian army. It is generally conceded by military critics that the plan was admirably conceived, and would have been triumphantly28 executed but for the singular ability displayed by Frederick.
General Daun directed the energies of his ninety thousand troops upon the right wing of the Prussians, which could not number more than twenty thousand men. As soon as it was dark on Friday night, the 13th, he sent thirty thousand men, under guides familiar with every rod of the country, by a circuitous29 route, south of the Prussian lines, through forest roads, to take position on the west of the Prussian right wing, just in its rear. General Daun himself accompanied this band of picked men.
At three o’clock of a dark and misty30 morning, the Austrians from the west, the south, and the east rushed upon the sleeping Prussians. At the same time, an attack was made upon the left wing of the Prussians, which was a feint to bewilder them, and to prevent re-enforcements from being sent to the right wing. For five hours there was a scene of tumult31, confusion, and horror which can neither be described nor imagined. The morning was dark, the fog dense32, and the Prussians, though ever on the alert, were taken by surprise. No one in the army of Frederick467 thought either of running or of surrendering. It was a hand-to-hand fight, with bayonets, and sabres, and butts33 of muskets34. Marshal Keith, after receiving two bullet-wounds which he did not regard, was shot through the heart.
BATTLE OF HOCHKIRCH, OCTOBER 14, 1758.
a a a. First Position of the Austrian Army. b b. Extreme Left, under Loudon. c c. Austrian Reserve, under Baden-Durlach. d d d. Prussian Army. e e. The two main Prussian Batteries. f. Ziethen’s Cavalry35. g g. Prussian Vanguard, under Retzow. h h h. Advance of Austrian Army. i. Right Wing, under D’Ahremberg. k k k. Position taken by the Prussians after the battle.
As the morning dawned it was manifest to Frederick that the battle was lost, and that there was no salvation36 for the remnant of his troops but in a precipitate37 retreat. He had lost a hundred pieces of cannon, nearly all of his tents and camp furniture, and over eight thousand of his brave troops were either dead or468 captive. Though the Austrians had lost about the same number of men, they had still over eighty thousand left.
With wonderful skill, Frederick conducted his retreat about four miles to the northwest. Here he took a strong position at Doberschütz, and again bade defiance38 to the Austrians. Slowly, proudly, and in perfect order he retired39, as if merely shifting his ground. His cavalry was drawn40 up as on parade, protecting his baggage-wagons as they defiled41 through the pass of Drehsa. The Austrians gazed quietly upon the movement, not venturing to renew the attack by daylight upon such desperate men.
Though, as we may see from Frederick’s private correspondence, he suffered terribly in these hours of adversity and peril42, he assumed in public a tranquil43 and even a jocose44 air. Meeting De Catt upon the evening of that dreadful day, he approached him, smiling, and with theatric voice and gesture declaimed a passage from Racine, the purport45 of which was, “Well, here you see me not a conqueror46, but vanquished47.”
While on the retreat, one of his aids approached him, and the king, with a smile, said, “Daun has played me a slippery trick to-day.”
“I have seen it,” was the reply; “but it is only a scratch, which your majesty48 will soon heal again.”
“Do you think so?” inquired the king.
“Not only I,” the aid replied, “but the whole army, firmly believe it of your majesty.”
“You are quite right,” responded the king. “We will manage Daun. What I lament49 is the number of brave men who have died this morning.”
The next day he remarked, “Daun has let us out of checkmate. The game is not lost yet. We will rest ourselves here for a few days, then we will go to Silesia and deliver Neisse. But where are all your guns?” he said, playfully, to an artilleryman, who stood, vacant, on parade.
“Your majesty,” replied the gunner, “the devil stole them all last night.”
“Ah!” said the king, gayly, “we must have them back from him again.”
The fourth day after this dreadful defeat the king received the tidings of the death of Wilhelmina. It was apparently the469 heaviest blow he had ever encountered. The anguish50 which her death caused him he did not attempt to conceal51. In a business letter to Prince Henry we find this burst of feeling:
“Great God! my sister of Baireuth, my noble Wilhelmina, dead; died in the very hours while we were fighting here.”
The king, in a letter to Voltaire upon this occasion, writes:
“It will have been easy for you to conceive my grief when you reflect upon the loss I have had. There are some misfortunes which are reparable by constancy and courage, but there are others against which all the firmness with which one can arm one’s self, and all the reasonings of philosophers, are only vain and useless attempts at consolation52.121 Of the latter kind is the one with which my unhappy fate overwhelms me, at a moment the most embarrassing and the most anxious of my whole life. I have not been so sick as you have heard. My only complaints are colics, sometimes hemorrhoidal, and sometimes nephritic.
“If it had depended upon me, I would willingly have devoted53 myself to that death which those maladies sooner or later bring upon one, in order to save and prolong the life of her whose eyes are now closed. I beseech54 you never to forget her. Collect all your powers to raise a monument to her honor. You need only do her justice. Without any way abandoning the truth, she will afford you an ample and beautiful subject. I wish you more repose55 and happiness than falls to my lot.
Frederick.”122
The court at Vienna received with transports of joy the tidings of the victory of Hochkirch. The pope was greatly elated. He regarded the battle as one between the Catholic and Protestant powers. The holy father, Clement56 XIII., sent a letter of congratulation to Marshal Daun, together with a sword and hat, both blessed by his holiness. The occurrence excited the derision of Frederick, who was afterward57 accustomed to designate his opponent as “the blessed general with the papal hat.” Frederick remained at Doberschütz ten days. During this time his brother Henry joined him from Dresden with six thousand foot470 and horse. This raised his force to a little above thirty thousand men. General Finck was left in command of the few Prussian troops who remained for the defense of the capital of Saxony.
The Austrian general, flushed with victory, at the head of eighty thousand troops, encamped in strong positions a few miles east of Frederick, on the road to Neisse, in Silesia. Narrowly he watched the movements of his Prussian majesty, but he did not venture to molest58 him. Neisse was at that time closely besieged59 by the Austrians. It would inevitably60 soon fall into their hands unless Frederick could march to its succor61. The great strategic object of the Austrian commander was so to block up the road as to prevent the advance of the Prussian troops. Frederick, despising the inactivity of his cautious foe, said to his brother,
“Daun has thrown up his cards, so the game is not yet lost. Let us repose ourselves for some days, and then go to the assistance of Neisse.”123
In the mean while, Marshal Daun was so confident that Frederick, with but thirty thousand men, could not drive him from his intrenchments, guarded by eighty thousand veteran troops, that he wrote to General Harsch, who was conducting the siege of Neisse,
“Go on quietly with your siege. I have the king within my grasp. He is cut off from Silesia except by attacking me. If he does that, I hope to give you a good account of what happens.”124
On Tuesday evening, October 24, 1758, Frederick, in a rapid and secret march, protected by darkness, pushed his whole army around the right wing of the Austrian encampment, and took a very strong position at Reichenbach, in the rear of Marshal Daun, and on the road to Neisse. The Austrian general, astonished at this bold and successful man?uvre, now found that the march of Frederick to Neisse could by no possibility be prevented except by attacking him on his own chosen ground. This he did not dare to do. He therefore resolved to make a rush with his whole army to the west for the capture of Dresden. Frederick, in the mean time, by forced marches, was pressing forward to the east for the relief of Neisse. Thus the two armies were flying from each other in opposite directions.
471 When the Austrian general conducting the siege at Neisse heard of the rapid approach of Frederick, he, in consternation62, blew up many of his works, abandoned several guns, and, on the 6th of November, fled with his army over the hills to the south, to take shelter in Austria. Frederick triumphantly entered Neisse, and, having driven the Austrians from every outpost, commenced, with a recruited army, his return march to Dresden. The more slow-footed Daun did not reach Dresden till the 8th of the month. The city, outside of the walls, was crowded with the dwellings63 of the more respectable citizens, and the beautiful mansions64 of the wealthy. The King of Poland was Elector of Saxony, and was in alliance with Austria. For the Austrian commander to pursue any measure which should lead to the destruction, in whole or in part, of this beautiful capital, would inflict65 a terrible blow upon the subjects of the ally of Austria.
As General Daun approached the city, the Prussian general who had been left in command of the small garrison5 there sent word to him that, should he menace Dresden with his forces, the Prussian commander would be under the necessity of setting fire to the suburbs, as a measure of self-defense. Daun, expostulating vehemently66 against so cruel an act, regardless of the menace, approached the city on the 9th of November, and at midnight commenced rearing his batteries for the bombardment. In the mean time the Prussian general had filled many of the largest houses with combustibles. As the clock struck three in the morning the torch was applied67. The unhappy inhabitants had but three hours’ notice that their houses were to be surrendered to destruction. Instantly the flames burst forth68 with terrific fury in all directions. Sir Andrew Mitchel, who witnessed the conflagration1, writes:
“The whole suburb seemed on a blaze. Nay69, you would have said the whole town was environed in flames. I will not describe to your lordship the horror, the terror, the confusion of this night; the wretched inhabitants running with their furniture toward the great garden. All Dresden, in appearance, girt with flames, ruin, and smoke.”
The army of General Daun, with its re-enforcements, amounted to one hundred thousand men. The Prussian garrison in the city numbered but ten thousand. The Prussian officer then in472 command, General Schmettau, emboldened by the approach of Frederick, repelled70 all proposals for capitulation.
“I will defend myself,” he said, “by the known rules of war and honor to the last possible moment.”
On the 15th of November Frederick arrived at Lauban, within a hundred miles of Dresden. General Daun immediately raised the siege and retired into Bohemia. Frederick marched triumphantly into the city. Thus, as the extraordinary result of the defeat at Hochkirch, Frederick, by the exhibition of military ability which astonished Europe, regained71 Neisse, retained Dresden, and swept both Silesia and Saxony entirely72 free of his foes. Frederick remained in Dresden about a month. He then retired to Breslau, in Silesia, for winter quarters. The winter was a very sad one to him. Private griefs and public calamities73 weighed heavily upon his heart.125 Though during the year he had destroyed a hundred thousand of his enemies, he had lost thirty thousand of his own brave little band. It was almost impossible, by any energies of conscription, to replace this waste of war. His treasury74 was exhausted75. Though he wrenched76 from the wretched Saxons every dollar which military rapacity77 and violence could extort78 from them, still they were so impoverished79 by the long and desolating80 struggle that but little money could be found in the almost empty purses of a beggared people. Another campaign was soon to open, in which the allies, with almost unlimited81 resources of men and treasure, would again come crowding upon him in all directions in overpowering numbers.
In a letter to his friend Lord Marischal, dated Dresden, November 23, 1758, just after the retreat of Daun into Bohemia from Saxony, Frederick writes sadly,
“There is nothing left for us, my dear lord, but to mingle82 and blend our weeping for the losses we have had. If my head were a fountain of tears, it would not suffice for the grief I feel.
“Our campaign is over. And there is nothing come of it on the one side or the other but the loss of a great many worthy83 people, the misery84 of a great many poor soldiers crippled forever,473 the ruin of some provinces, and the ravage85, pillage86, and conflagration of some flourishing towns. These are exploits which make humanity suffer; sad fruits of the wickedness and ambition of certain people in power, who sacrifice every thing to their unbridled passions. I wish you, mon cher milord, nothing that has the least resemblance to my destiny, and every thing that is wanting to it.”
Thus ended in clouds, darkness, and woe87 the third campaign of the Seven Years’ War. The winter was employed by both parties in preparing for a renewal88 of the struggle. As the spring opened the allies had in the field such a military array as Europe had never seen before. Three hundred thousand men extended in a cordon89 of posts from the Giant Mountains, near the borders of Silesia, to the ocean. In the north, also, Russia had accumulated her vast armies for vigorous co-operation with the southern troops. All the leading Continental90 powers—France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and the states of the German Empire—were combined against Prussia. England alone was the inefficient91 ally of Frederick. Small sums of money were loaned him from the British cabinet; and the court of St. James, hostile in heart to the Prussian king, co-operated with him only so far as was deemed essential for the promotion92 of British interests.
Perhaps never before was a monarch93 surrounded by difficulties so great. The energy and sagacity Frederick displayed have never been surpassed, if ever equaled.
It was a dreary94 winter to Frederick in Breslau. Sad, silent, and often despairing, he was ever inflexibly95 resolved to struggle till the last possible moment, and, if need be, to bury himself beneath the ruins of his kingdom. All his tireless energies he devoted to the Herculean work before him. No longer did he affect gayety or seek recreations. Secluded96, solitary97, sombre, he took counsel of no one. In the possession of absolute power, he issued his commands as with the authority of a god.
Frederick made several unavailing efforts during the winter to secure peace. He was weary of a war which threatened his utter destruction. The French were also weary of a struggle in which they encountered but losses and disgraces. England had but little to hope for from the conflict, and would gladly see the exhaustive struggle brought to a close.
474 “Many men in all nations long for peace. But there are three women at the top of the world who do not. Their wrath98, various in quality, is great in quantity, and disasters do the reverse of appeasing99 it.”126
Of these three women who then held the destinies of Europe in their hands, one only, Maria Theresa, in the estimation of the public, had good cause for war. Frederick was undeniably a highway robber, seeking to plunder100 her. She was heroically, nobly struggling in self-defense. The guilty Duchess of Pompadour, who, having the entire control of the infamous101 king, Louis XV., was virtually the Empress of France, stung by an insult from Frederick, did not hesitate to deluge102 Europe in blood, that she might take the vengeance103 of a “woman scorned” upon her foe. Catharine II., Empress of Russia, who in moral pollution rivaled the most profligate104 of kings—whom Carlyle satirizes105 as “a kind of she Louis XIV.”—also stung by one of Frederick’s witty106 and bitter epigrams, was mainly impelled107 by personal pique108 to push forth her armies into the bloody field.
The impartial109 student of history must admit that, were the government of the world taken from the hands of men, and placed in the hands of women, still the anticipated millennium110 of righteousness and peace might be far distant.
In the following letter, which Frederick wrote at this time to his friend D’Argens, he unbosoms his sorrows with unusual frankness. The letter was dated Breslau, March 1, 1759:
“I have passed my winter like a Carthusian monk111. I dine alone. I spend my life in reading and writing, and I do not sup. When one is sad, it becomes, at last, too burdensome to hide one’s grief continually. It is better to give way to it than to carry one’s gloom into society. Nothing solaces112 me but the vigorous application required in steady and continuous labor113. This distraction114 does force one to put away painful ideas while it lasts. But alas115! no sooner is the work done than these fatal companions present themselves again, as if livelier than ever. Maupertuis was right; the sum of evil does certainly surpass that of good. But to me it is all one. I have almost nothing more to lose; and my few remaining days—what matters it much of what complexion116 they be?”
475 During this dismal117 winter of incessant19 and almost despairing labor the indefatigable118 king wrote several striking treatises119 on military affairs. It is manifest that serious thoughts at times occupied his mind. He doubtless reflected that if there were a God who took any cognizance of human affairs, there must be somewhere responsibility to Him for the woes120 with which these wars were desolating humanity. To the surprise of De Catt, the king presented him one evening with a sermon upon “The Last Judgment,” from his own pen. He also put upon paper his thoughts “On the new kind of tactics necessary with the Austrians and their allies.” He seems himself to have been surprised that he had been able so long to resist such overpowering numbers. In allusion121 to the allies he writes:
“To whose continual sluggishness122 and strange want of concert—to whose incoherency of movements, languor123 of execution, and other enormous faults, we have owed, with some excuse for our own faults, our escape from destruction hitherto.”
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conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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foe
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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apprised
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dreaded
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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assail
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appalled
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| v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的 | |
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remonstrate
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cannon
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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incessantly
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implicitly
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apparently
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annihilate
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gallows
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brook
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emboldened
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cowardice
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triumphantly
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circuitous
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misty
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tumult
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dense
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butts
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muskets
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cavalry
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salvation
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precipitate
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defiance
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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42
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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43
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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44
jocose
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| adj.开玩笑的，滑稽的 | |
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45
purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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46
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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47
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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48
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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49
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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50
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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51
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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52
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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53
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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54
beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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55
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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56
clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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57
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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58
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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59
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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61
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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62
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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63
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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64
mansions
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| n.宅第，公馆，大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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65
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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67
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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68
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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69
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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repelled
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| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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71
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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72
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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73
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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77
rapacity
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| n.贪婪，贪心，劫掠的欲望 | |
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78
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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desolating
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| 毁坏( desolate的现在分词 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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81
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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83
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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84
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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ravage
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| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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88
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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89
cordon
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| n.警戒线，哨兵线 | |
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90
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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91
inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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92
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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93
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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94
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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inflexibly
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| adv.不屈曲地，不屈地 | |
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96
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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97
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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98
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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99
appeasing
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的现在分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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100
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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101
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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102
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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103
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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104
profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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105
satirizes
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| v.讽刺，讥讽( satirize的第三人称单数 ) | |
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106
witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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107
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
pique
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| v.伤害…的自尊心，使生气 n.不满，生气 | |
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109
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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110
millennium
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| n.一千年，千禧年；太平盛世 | |
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111
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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112
solaces
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| n.安慰，安慰物( solace的名词复数 ) | |
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113
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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114
distraction
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| n.精神涣散，精神不集中，消遣，娱乐 | |
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115
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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116
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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117
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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118
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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119
treatises
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| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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120
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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121
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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122
sluggishness
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| 不振，萧条，呆滞；惰性；滞性；惯性 | |
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123
languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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