I cannot, therefore, do better than quote (in somewhat free translation) some passages from Liszt’s valuable work on gypsy music, which, far more vividly9 than any words of mine, will serve to sketch10 the portrait of the Hungarian Tzigane.
“There started up one day betwixt the European nations an unknown tribe, a strange people of whom none was able to say who they were nor whence they had come. They spread themselves over our continent, manifesting, however, neither desire of conquest nor ambition to acquire the right of a fixed11 domicile; not attempting to lay claim to so much as an inch of land, but not suffering themselves to be deprived of a single hour of their time: not caring to command, they neither chose to obey. They had nothing to give of their own, and were content to owe nothing to others. They never spoke12 of their native land, and gave no clew as to from which Asiatic or African plains they had wandered, nor what troubles or persecutions had necessitated14 their expatriation. Strangers alike to memory as to hope, they kept aloof15 from the benefits of colonization16; and too proud of their melancholy17 race to suffer admixture with other nations, they lived on, satisfied with the rejection18 of every foreign element. Deriving{237} no advantage from the Christian19 civilization around them, they regarded with equal repugnance every other form of religion.
“This singular race, so strange as to resemble no other—possessing neither country, history, religion, nor any sort of codex—seems only to continue to exist because it does not choose to cease to be, and only cares to exist such as it has always been.
GYPSY TYPE.
“Instruction, authority, persuasion20, and persecution13 have alike been powerless to reform, modify, or exterminate21 the gypsies. Broken up into wandering tribes and hordes22, roving hither and thither23 as chance or fancy directs, without means of communication, and mostly ignoring one another’s existence, they nevertheless betray their common relationship by unmistakable signs—the self-same type of feature, the same language, the identical habits and customs.
“With a senseless or sublime24 contempt for whatever binds25 or hampers26, the Tziganes ask nothing from the earth but life, and preserve their individuality from constant intercourse27 with nature, as well as by absolute indifference28 to all those not belonging to their race, with whom they commune only as far as requisite29 for obtaining the common necessities of life.
{238}
“Like the Jews they have natural taste and ability for fraud; but, unlike them, it is without systematic30 hatred31 or malice32. Hatred and revenge are with them only personal and accidental feelings, never premeditated ones. Harmless when their immediate33 wants are satisfied, they are incapable34 of preconceived intention of injuring, only wishing to preserve a freedom akin35 to that of the wild horse of the plains, and not comprehending how any one can prefer a roof, be it ever so fine, to the shelter of the forest canopy36.
“Authority, rules, laws, principles, duties, and obligations are alike incomprehensible ideas to this singular race—partly from indolence of spirit, partly from indifference to the evils engendered37 by their irregular mode of life.
“Such only as it is, the Tzigane loves his life, and would exchange it for no other. He loves his life when slumbering38 in a copse of young birch-trees: he fancies himself surrounded by a group of slender maidens39, their long floating hair bestrewed with shining sapphire40 stones, their graceful41 figures swayed by the breeze into voluptuous42 and coquettish gestures, as though each were trembling and thrilling under the kiss of an invisible lover. The Tzigane loves his life when for hours together his eyes idly follow the geometrical figures described in the sky overhead by the strategical evolutions of a flight of rooks; when he gauges43 his cunning against that of the wary44 bustard, or overcomes the silvery trout45 in a trial of lightning-like agility46. He loves his life when, shaking the wild crab-apple-tree, he causes a hail-storm of ruddy fruit to come pouring down upon him; when he picks the unripe47 berries from off a thorny48 branch, leaving the sandy earth flecked with drops of gory49 red, like a deserted50 battle-field; when bending over a murmuring woodland spring, whose grateful coolness refreshes his parched52 throat as its gurgling music delights his ear; when he hears the woodpecker tapping a hollow stem, or can distinguish the faint sound of a distant mill-wheel. He loves his life when, gazing on the gray-green waters of some lonely mountain lake, its surface spellbound in the dawning presentiment53 of approaching frost, he lets his vagrant54 fancy float hither and thither unchecked; when reclining high up on the branch of some lofty forest-tree, hammock-like he is rocked to and fro, while each leaf around him seems quivering with ecstasy55 at the song of the nightingale. He loves his life when, out of the myriads56 of ever-twinkling stars in the illimitable space overhead, he chooses out one to be his own particular sweetheart;{239} when he falls in love, to-day with a gorgeous lilac-bush of overwhelming perfume, to-morrow with a slender hawthorn57 or graceful eglantine, to be as quickly forgotten at sight of a brilliant peacock-feather, with which, as with a victorious58 war-trophy, he adorns59 his cap; when he sits by the smouldering camp-fire under ancient oaks or massive beeches60; when, lying awake at night, he hears the call of the stag and the lowing of the respondent doe; when he has no other society but the forest animals, with whom he forms friendships and enmities—caressing or tormenting61 them, depriving them of liberty or setting them free, revelling62 in the treasures of Nature like a wanton child despoiling63 his parent’s riches, but well knowing their wealth to be inexhaustible.
“What he calls life is to inhale64 the breath of Nature with every pore of his body; to surfeit65 his eye with all her forms and colors; with his ear greedily to absorb all her chords and harmonics. Life for him is to multiply the possession of all these things by the kaleidoscopic66 and phantasmagorial effects of alcohol, then to sing and play, shout, laugh, and dance, till utter exhaustion67.
“Having neither Bible nor Gospels to go by, the Tziganes do not see the necessity of fatiguing68 their brain by the contemplation of abstract ideas; and obeying their instincts only, their intelligence naturally grows rusty69. Conscious of their harmlessness they bask70 in the rays of the sun, content in the satisfaction of a few primitive71 and elementary passions—the sans-gêne of their soul fettered72 by no conventional virtues73.
“What strength of indolence! what utter want of all social instinct must these people possess in order to live as they have done for centuries, like that strange plant, native of the sandy desert, so aptly termed the wind’s bride, which, by nature devoid74 of root, and blown from side to side by every breeze, yet bears flower and fruit wherever it goes, continuing to put out shoots under the most unlikely conditions!
“And whenever the Tziganes have endeavored to bring themselves to a settled mode of life and to adopt domestic habits, have they not invariably sooner or later returned to their hard couch on the cold ground, to their miserable75 rags, to their rough comrades, and the brown beauty of their women?—to the sombre shades of the virgin76 forests, to the murmur51 of unknown fountains, to their glowing camp-fires and their improvised77 concerts under a starlit sky?—to their intoxicating{240} dances in the lighting78 of a forest glade79, to the merry knavery80 of their thievish pranks—in a word, to the hundred excitements they cannot do without?
“Nature, when once indulged in to the extent of becoming a necessity, becomes tyrannical like any other passion; and the charms of such an existence can neither be explained nor coldly analyzed—only he who has tasted of them can value their power aright. He must needs have slumbered81 often beneath the canopy of the starry82 heavens; have been oft awakened83 by the darts84 of the rising sun shooting like fiery85 arrows between his eyelids86; have felt, without horror, the glossy87 serpent coil itself caressingly88 round a naked limb; must have spent full many a long summer day reclining immovable on the sward, overlapped89 by billowy waves of flowery grasses which have never felt the mower’s scythe90; he must often have listened to the rich orchestral effects and tempestuous91 melodies which the hurricane loves to draw from vibrating pine-stems, or slender quaking reeds; he must be able to recognize each tree by its perfume, be initiated92 into all the varied93 languages of the feathered tribes, of merry finches, and of chattering94 grasshoppers95; full often must he have ridden at close of day over the barren wold, when the rays of the setting sun cast a golden glamour96 over the atmosphere, and all around is plunged97 in a bath of living fire; he must have watched the red-hot moon rise out of the sable98 night over lonely plains whence all life seems to have fled away; he must, in short, have lived like the Tzigane in order to comprehend that it is impossible to exist without the balmy perfumes exhaled99 by the forests; that one cannot find rest within stone-built prisons; that a breast accustomed to draw full draughts100 of the purest ozone101 feels weighed down and crushed beneath a sheltering roof; that the eye which has daily looked on the rising sun breaking out through pearly clouds must weep, forsooth, when met on all sides by dull, opaque102 walls; that the ear hungers when deprived of the loud modulations, of the exquisite103 harmonies, of which the mountain breeze alone has the secret.
“What have our cities to offer to senses surfeited104 with such ever-varied effects and emotions? What in such eyes can ever equal the bloody105 drama of a dying sun? What can rival in voluptuous sweetness the rosy106 halo of early dawn? What other voice can equal in majesty107 the thunder-roll of a midsummer storm, to which the woodland echoes respond as the voice of a mighty108 chorus? What elegy109 so{241} exquisite as the autumn wind stripping the foliage110 from the blighted111 forest? What power can equal the frigid112 majesty of the cruel frost, like an implacable tyrant113 bidding the sap of trees to stand still, and rendering114 silent the voices of singing birds and babbling115 streams? To those accustomed to quaff116 of this bottomless tankard, must not all other pleasures by comparison appear empty and meaningless?
“Indifferent to the minute and complicated passions by which educated mankind is swayed, callous117 to the panting, gasping118 effects of such microscopic119 and supercultured vices120 as vanity, ambition, intrigue121, and avarice122, the Tzigane only comprehends the simplest requirements of a primitive nature. Music, dancing, drinking, and love, diversified123 by a childish and humorous delight in petty thieving and cheating, constitute his whole répertoire of passions, beyond whose limited horizon he does not care to look.”
Having begun this chapter with the words of Liszt, let me finish it with those of the German poet Lenau, who, in his short poem, “Die Drei Zigeuner” (“The Three Gypsies”), traces a perfect picture of the indolent enjoyment124 of the gypsy’s existence:
“One day, in the shade of a willow-tree laid,
I came upon gypsies three,
As through the sand of wild moorland
My cart toiled125 wearily.
“Giving to naught126 but himself a thought,
His fiddle127 the first did hold,
While ’mid the blaze of the evening rays
A fiery lay he trolled.
“His pipe with the lip the second did grip,
A-watching the smoke that curled,
As void of care as nothing there were
Could better him in the world.
“The third in sleep lay slumbering deep,
On a branch swung his guitar;
Through its strings128 did stray the winds at play,
His soul was ’mid dreams afar.
“With a patch or two of rainbow hue129,
Tattered130 their garb131 and torn;
But little recked they what the world might say,
Repaying its scorn with scorn.
“And they taught to me, these gypsies three,
When life is saddened and cold,
How to dream or play or puff132 it away,
Despising it threefold!
“And oft on my track I would fain cast back
A glance behind me there—
A glance at that crew of tawny133 hue,
With their swarthy shocks of hair.”
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收听单词发音
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1
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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analyzed
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| v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析 | |
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tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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4
repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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6
dissecting
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| v.解剖（动物等）( dissect的现在分词 )；仔细分析或研究 | |
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reptile
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| n.爬行动物；两栖动物 | |
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paradox
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| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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10
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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11
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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12
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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13
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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14
necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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15
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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16
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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18
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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19
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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20
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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21
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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23
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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25
binds
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| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
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hampers
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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27
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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28
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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29
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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30
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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32
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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33
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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34
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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35
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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37
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38
slumbering
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的现在分词形式） | |
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39
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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40
sapphire
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| n.青玉，蓝宝石；adj.天蓝色的 | |
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41
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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42
voluptuous
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| adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的 | |
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43
gauges
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| n.规格( gauge的名词复数 )；厚度；宽度；标准尺寸v.（用仪器）测量( gauge的第三人称单数 )；估计；计量；划分 | |
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44
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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45
trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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46
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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47
unripe
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| adj.未成熟的；n.未成熟 | |
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48
thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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49
gory
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| adj.流血的；残酷的 | |
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50
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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51
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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52
parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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53
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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54
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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55
ecstasy
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| n.狂喜，心醉神怡，入迷 | |
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56
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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57
hawthorn
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| 山楂 | |
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58
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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59
adorns
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| 装饰，佩带( adorn的第三人称单数 ) | |
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60
beeches
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| n.山毛榉( beech的名词复数 )；山毛榉木材 | |
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61
tormenting
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| 使痛苦的，使苦恼的 | |
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62
revelling
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| v.作乐( revel的现在分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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63
despoiling
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的现在分词 ) | |
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64
inhale
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| v.吸入(气体等)，吸(烟) | |
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65
surfeit
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| v.使饮食过度；n.(食物)过量，过度 | |
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66
kaleidoscopic
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| adj.千变万化的 | |
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67
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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68
fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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69
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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70
bask
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| vt.取暖，晒太阳，沐浴于 | |
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71
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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72
fettered
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| v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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74
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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75
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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76
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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77
improvised
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| a.即席而作的,即兴的 | |
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78
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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79
glade
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| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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80
knavery
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| n.恶行，欺诈的行为 | |
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81
slumbered
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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82
starry
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| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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83
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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86
eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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87
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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88
caressingly
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| 爱抚地，亲切地 | |
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89
overlapped
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| _adj.重叠的v.部分重叠( overlap的过去式和过去分词 )；（物体）部份重叠；交叠；（时间上）部份重叠 | |
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90
scythe
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| n. 长柄的大镰刀，战车镰； v. 以大镰刀割 | |
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91
tempestuous
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| adj.狂暴的 | |
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92
initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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94
chattering
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| n. （机器振动发出的）咔嗒声，(鸟等)鸣，啁啾 adj. 喋喋不休的，啾啾声的 动词chatter的现在分词形式 | |
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95
grasshoppers
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| n.蚱蜢( grasshopper的名词复数 )；蝗虫；蚂蚱；（孩子）矮小的 | |
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96
glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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97
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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98
sable
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| n.黑貂；adj.黑色的 | |
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99
exhaled
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的过去式和过去分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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100
draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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101
ozone
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| n.臭氧，新鲜空气 | |
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102
opaque
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| adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的 | |
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103
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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104
surfeited
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| v.吃得过多( surfeit的过去式和过去分词 )；由于过量而厌腻 | |
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105
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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106
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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107
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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108
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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109
elegy
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| n.哀歌，挽歌 | |
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110
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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111
blighted
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| adj.枯萎的，摧毁的 | |
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112
frigid
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| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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113
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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114
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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115
babbling
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| n.胡说，婴儿发出的咿哑声adj.胡说的v.喋喋不休( babble的现在分词 )；作潺潺声（如流水）；含糊不清地说话；泄漏秘密 | |
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116
quaff
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| v.一饮而尽；痛饮 | |
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117
callous
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| adj.无情的，冷淡的，硬结的，起老茧的 | |
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118
gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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119
microscopic
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| adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的 | |
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120
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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121
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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122
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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123
diversified
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| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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124
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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125
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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126
naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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127
fiddle
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| n.小提琴；vi.拉提琴；不停拨弄，乱动 | |
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128
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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129
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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130
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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131
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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132
puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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133
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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