The longitude3 was determined4 both by a series of lunars, and by the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites, the mean of upwards5 of 150 observations having been taken.
Remarks on the Natural History of that Portion of the Adel Country Situated6 along the Route from the Sea-Coast to the Frontier of Efát.
From Tajúra to Killulloo.
The advanced state of the season was unfavourable for observations in the department of natural history. Both animal and vegetable life were apparently8 in a state of torpor9; the trees and shrubs10 were in general leafless; and no annual plant whatever was to be seen, even in the immediate11 vicinity of the watering-places. The few insects that were not in a state of chrysalis, seemed drowsily12 to procrastinate13 their existence until food for the new generation should be prepared by nature. Amphibia, Saurii, and Ophidii, which are generally not so dependent on a supply of water, existed in small numbers in their lurking-places, whilst birds and larger animals must at this season have migrated to more favoured countries.
Basaltic and trachytic hills, either isolated14 or in chains, rise at a distance of about half a mile from the sea-shore, which is winding15 and shelving. The hills are in general rounded, and marked by broad veins16 of similar composition, but containing more perfectly17 crystallised felspar, quartz18, and zeolith. They have not the sharp peak, but are broken and cliffy, and have apparently been upheaved at different periods.
On leaving the shore, a most striking specimen19 of columnar basalt presented itself in the ravine of Galeylaféo, which, for nearly half a mile, runs through the heart of a huge mountain. In width it is about 200 yards, and the perpendicular20 pillars are 200 feet in height. It is evident that water could not have been the sole agent in producing such a huge cleft21, although at present the ravine presents the appearance of a regular water-course. The surrounding hills consist of the same rock, but covered with loose boulders22, which are much stained with oxide23 of iron.
Amongst the confusion of volcanic24 masses on the plain of Warelissán, excepting in some rare cases, when the true lava25 stream could be traced to its source, it was difficult to determine the exact site of the craters26 from whence they had been ejected. The hill which separates Báhr Assai from the sea, with its singular tops of limestone28, slate29, and creta, deserves a more minute examination than could be given at this season of withering30 heat. The western side is the most interesting, as being more open and disclosed; there is, however, as in all formations in the vicinity of volcanic countries, no uniform inclination31 of the layers. The range bordering the eastern shore of the lake is basalt and basaltic wacke; on the western, it is partly gypsum and limestone, but resting on basalt.
The great salt lake is a deep extensive basin, separated by an immense lava stream from the remainder of the bay, the head of which it once formed. Resembling the Dead Sea in the depression of its level, in the density32 and chemical constitution of the fluid, and in the loneliness, sterility33, and desolation of its borders, it yet differs from it materially in the ways by which volcanic action has produced the strange phenomenon of the existence of shores so considerably34 below the level of the ocean. In the Dead Sea, the lake of Tiberias, and the valley of the Jordan between them, it has apparently been a distortion and crushing of immense masses which have subsided35 into subterranean36 caverns37. In the Báhr Assai it has been produced by the erection of a new bank, serving as a dam or barrier across the head of a long narrow bay, by which a considerable body of sea-water was separated from the former common receptacle. As high as the level of the Arabian Gulf38 are to be found, in the basin of Báhr Assai, the salts and earthy (magnesian) precipitates39 of the salt water, which in the course of time was reduced to its present level by evaporation40, the yearly supply of rain-water being but as a drop to the ocean. Huge heaps of lava, having been apparently in strife41 with the opposite element, are erected42 on the banks over wacke, or in other cases over a finely-grained soft mart. The latter, when clear of lava, presents a thin layer of gypsum, with numerous shells of Melania, Limnaeus, Physa, Planorbis, Cyclostoma, Unio, and Cycas, some of which are at present to be found in the distant fresh-water pools and rivulets43.
The shallow water on the borders of the lake presents natural salt-pans, and a crust of fine salt, two inches thick and tolerably clean, covers nearly the whole of the surface. The supply would seem to be inexhaustible; for when cut out with a spaddle, a new crust is soon furnished from the waters beneath. Being visited by almost every tribe of the Ada?el and Somauli, and unhappily situated on the borders of the most lawless and savage44 of them, this remarkable45 spot is almost forbidden ground for the observer, not to speak of the obstacles thrown in the way by the destructive temperature and the general absence of the necessaries of life.
In the ravine of Goongoonteh, and during the continuation of the journey as far as Killulloo, slight variations of trap formation were met with. The wacke is of a fine grain, and its constituents46 are indistinctly mingled47; it is traversed by empty holes and bubbles, and occasionally by druses of zeolith. Coarse quartz, sandstone, and conglomerates48 are sometimes found towards the surface. The country must have frequently been agitated49 by violent earthquakes, detaching huge masses of rocks from the hills; and, bereft50 alike of vegetation and animal life, it presents altogether a most monotonous51 appearance.
The lower classes of animals, of ephemeral existence, are found on every living or vegetating52 body.
Of Coleoptera were observed: two species of Pimelia (longipes), one of Cetonia, of Copris (Isidis), of Erodius (gibbus), several Staphylini and one Gyrinus.
Of Orthoptera: Locusts53, Blattidae, Mantidae, Truxalidae.
Of Hymenoptera; several bees, especially at Killulloo, one of which, marked with light brown segments on the abdomen54 and bearing a long sting, was exceedingly annoying.
Of Piezata: many different ants.
Of Diptera and Hemiptera: several species.
Of Lepidoptera: two species of Papilio and several of moths55; and it was a matter of great wonder whence these butterflies obtained food in a country where even one flower could not be discovered.
Of Myriapoda: one Iulus, and several Scolopendra.
Arachnida were in great numbers: Mygale, Epeira, Lycosa, and one small Androctenus.
Of Crustaceae: near the sea-shore a Pagurus existed in astonishing numbers, and in the sweet waters a Daphnia.
Vertebrata were still scarcer; and the Reptilia had their representatives in the three orders Saurii, Ophidii, and Batrachii. A small lizard56, very agile57, existed under stones; also serpents, Vipera and Coluber, and in moist places Bufo and Rana.
Amongst the Birds—
Of Rapaces: Perenopterus and Falco are numerous.
Of Gallinacea: Numida meleagris, and various partridges.
Of Cursorii: Struthio-camelus and Otis.
Of Ciconidae: Ciconia Marabu.
Of Cantores: Corvus, Loxia, Sylvia, Vidua.
Of Mammalia, three species of Antelope58, one of Hyrax, one of Equus (Onager), one of Sus (Phacochaerus); and fresh holes in the sand indicated the presence of animals most probably of the order Rodentia.
The sheep of the country are the Hejáz lamb (Ovis aries laticaudata); white body and black head and neck, covered with hair, and having thick, short, fat tails; male without horns. The goats and cattle are generally small in stature59, of all colours, and surmounted60 with very large horns. The shepherd dogs are small, and spotted61 with yellow and white; they have long pointed62 skulls63 like the fox.
With regard to the flora64 of this part of the country, the small quantity found in flower, belongs, with few exceptions, to the family of the Leguminosae, amongst which the order of Mimoseae is the most extensive both in species and specimens65; they are however all stunted66 and shrubby67, and seldom attain68 any size. Still the only fuel and shade found during the journey was supplied by this tribe. There exist also several Capparideae; Cadaba, Sodada, Capparis. Cadaba rotundifolia is the most common.
The Asclepiadeae are represented in the Stapelia pulvinata, which however was seldom found in blossom, and in the Pergularia tomentosa, with stately flowers and capsules.
The Malvaceae existed in Ruitzia and Abutilon; and the other families found by the wayside, Moringeae, Rutaceae, Tamariscineae, Chenopodeae, Amaranthaceae, Cruciferae, presented only solitary70 specimens.
Of the Euphorbiaceae there were but three; and of the Palm tribe there only appeared to be two species, the Phoenix71 dactylifera and Hyphaene crucifera, both of which gradually disappeared as the soil improved.
Nature has scattered72 the necessaries of existence with a niggard hand over these desert plains, and the supply of water is indeed scanty73. In such a hot climate, those pools which are not fed by running streams soon become adulterated by the decomposition74 of organic and inorganic75 matter. The wacke cannot resist any long exposure, and thence the water imbibes76 oxide of iron and muriate of soda69, discovered in the pools of Goongoonteh, Allooli, and Bedi Kuroof; and again the numerous flocks and cattle of the caravans77 which are driven into the pools taint78 and corrupt79 the liquid in a still more offensive manner. The fetid smell and taste of the waters of Duwáylaka, Amádoo, Fiáloo, and Killulloo, is indeed so oppressive as to be subdued80 only by a considerable quantity of spirit; and moreover the deposited mud, when stirred up, emits a volume of sulphuretted hydrogen. During the wet season all the lower parts of the country are said to be exceedingly unhealthy, violent storms and incessant81 rain in the plains and wadies forcing the inhabitants to retreat to the mountains.
From Killulloo to the Foot of the Abyssinian Mountains.
The desert of the Ada?el, spreading from the sea to the foot of the Shoan Alps, is not altogether a plain, as it has been most likely in remote ages, numerous wadies, with banks more or less high, now intersecting the greater part of it. These banks rise in some instances to hills of firm rock, generally wacke. They however consist of but lightly cemented conglomerates, or loose boulders. Towards the middle, as the ground rises, extinct volcanoes make their appearance, sometimes scattered and solitary, with indistinct cones82 and craters, completely covered with volcanic cinders84, and sending off sheets of lava in all directions; or in whole clusters, with cones and craters complete, connected with each other, and environed by belts of their products. The extensive plain of Eyrolúf is a solid level of a dark, black, undecayed lava.
The tract85 of land between Killulloo and Dathára especially has been visited and overwhelmed by the action from below, which, having reversed the original disposition86, has covered the surface with the effects of its violence. There is little to be seen of the under parts, although here and there some of the later formation, the residuum of the calcareous waters, has spread like a thin coat over the low grounds; but violent commotions87 have again and again altered and destroyed the first appearance, and it is now difficult to determine the centre pool from whence the fiery88 stream issued. In the absence of a main volcano and a main volcanic range, it may be concluded that, similar to some violent eruptions89 in South America, large mountains have been thrown up in the midst of former extensive plains, the fluid and half-fluid matter having burst forth90 wherever they were nearest to the surface.
Small extinct volcanoes were found on the plains of Sultélli and Eyrolúf. The road passes close to the isolated cone83 of one of these, called Jebel Hélmund. The walls are straight and black, covered with several smaller cones of ashes; the hill itself is about four hundred feet in height; the crater27 is on the eastern side, a little below the top; and the sides, which are steep and sloping, are clothed with shrubs towards the base.
On the road to Moo stands a similar volcano; but the influence of these craters does not seem to have extended far beyond the immediate neighbourhood, although there is a connexion between the whole cluster on the plain of Mittur, which may be seen in the small lava streams and débris of volcanic product on the adjoining plains of Sultélli and Eyrolúf. It is not, however, apparent that they alone have formed the present state of the surface, as the south-eastern side of the plains is terminated by a much older formation of wacke.
Between Meinha-tólli and Madéra-dubba, obsidian91, pumice, clinkstone, and fresh-water limestone containing shells of Melania, were strewed92 about Excellent soil is found in all these situations, the low grounds being overflowed93 at some seasons, and, as in all volcanic countries, producing much vegetation. The extensive plains of Moolu and Burdúdda are thickly covered with grass, and intersected by small brooks94 and pools, terminating towards the Háwash in very broken, hilly ground, and the large plain on the eastern bank of the river bears every sign of being annually95 deluged96.
The country of the Ada?el is throughout very sparingly watered. During spring and autumn the hills collect sufficient rain-water for numerous rivulets, which after a course of scarcely one mile are absorbed by the sands, and dry up altogether by the end of the rains, whilst the deep hollows and clefts97 in the firmer rock preserve small quantities for the dry months of the year. The Háwash itself, although receiving all the rivers of Efát, and of the eastern declivity98 of the Shoan mountains, does not reach the sea. The banks, thickly overgrown, are about thirty feet in height, and very abrupt99. Its fall is scarcely perceptible, yet the rush of the water is very considerable.
On the western bank volcanic hills and sheets of water again appear, the latter being situated lower than the bed of the stream. One of these, impregnated with alkali, is evidently an old crater filled up, and supplied by a hot mineral spring. The water is much esteemed100 for washing clothes; it possesses an hydrothionic smell and a bitter taste, resembling that of the salt of magnesia; but the borders are verdant101, and a species of Cyperus grows luxuriantly in the water.
This portion of the country, though still sparingly supplied with the means of subsistence, is more favourable7 for specimens of zoology102 than the burning tract between Tajúra and Killulloo.
Of Beetles103 the family Coprophaga had many representatives: Scarabaeus, Copris, Ateuchus, Onitis, Aphodius, Trox; Melolontha; four species of Cetonia (on the Aloe); one Silpha, Hister, Abax, Graphipterus, Anthia, Staphylinus, Elater, Cantharis, Erodius, Moluria, Pimelia, Mylabria, Chrysomela.
Of Orthoptera, large flights of Gryllus migratorius were observed near Azbóti. Acrydium and Gryllotalpa very common throughout. Also many Neuroptera, and termite104 cone studding the face of the country.
Of Acephala only one, Unio, was found near the Háwash.
A few frogs were seen in the waters, but no fish; and although lizards105 abounded106 on the land, there were no serpents. One large-sized tortoise was picked up.
Birds of all descriptions inhabit the plains and enliven the scanty woods: the ostrich108, Otis arabs, the partridge, ducks, adjutant, Charadrius spinosus, Psittacus, Lampromis, Tanagra erythrorhyncha, Pyrrhocorax. Of beasts, the giant in creation, the elephant, and his rival in hugeness, the hippopotamus109, abound107 in the plain of the Háwash; and rapacious110 animals, the lion, the leopard111, and the hyaena, prowling about the camp during the night, render indispensable the protection of a stout112 thorn fence.
Of the order Rodentia the porcupine113 is common; also a variety of rats.
Of Ruminantia: a few antelopes114.
Of Fissungula: Hyrax.
Of Setigera; Phacochaerus abyssinicus; and of Lemures: Galago.
The flora, so dependent upon the nature of the ground, offers little variety throughout this tract, although a few new plants were found in the favoured plain of Sultélli. Four Compositae (one Santolina), three Leguminosae (one Cassia, resembling Senna), one Euphorbia (rotundifolia), one Solanum, one Cucurbitacea (Cucumis africanus), one Crucifera (Farsetia linearis), three Malvaceae (Hibiscus urens, Althaea spec.), one Tiliacea (Grewia spec.), one Cistinea (Helianthemum spec.), one Acanthacea (Acanthus carduifolius), four Gramineae, one Cyperacea.
There were, however, no large timber trees, though edible115 berries of a sub-acid taste were supplied from a Helianthemum and a Grewia. Between Waramilli and Naga Koomi the shrubs of the Balsamodendron myrrha were first discovered, and these continued as far as the Háwash. Grass too is met with on the wide plains. Large camel-thorn acacias, and a strange tree of the family Capparidea, at intervals116 interrupt the uniform desert waste; but even the luxuriant vegetation which prevails on the banks of the Háwash contains little besides the Tamarix africana.
A high jungle of Acacia extends near the plain of Azbóti, supplying an abundance of sweet gum-arabic, and the last stage to Dathára is encumbered117 with the Aloe soccotrina. There are also many fine forest trees in the valley of Koka?, amongst which the Tamarindus indica stands conspicuous118; but no cultivation119 whatsoever120 is to be seen during the entire progress of upwards of three hundred miles from the sea-coast to the green hills of Abyssinia.
Description of the Frankincense Tree, as Found near Cape121 Guardufoi, on the Somauli Coast, by Captain C.B. Kempthorne, Indian Navy, Commanding the Hon. Company’s Sloop122 of War “Clive.”
At Bunder Cassim, about one hundred miles to the eastward123 of Berbera, the mountains come close down to the coast. There is a pass and road over them, and a few hours’ walking will, it is said, lead to a fine climate, and to a beautifully fertile country, abounding124 in the elephant, the rhinoceros125, and the lion, and thickly populated by pastoral tribes. Several rivers take their source in the high land, and, flowing to the southward and eastward, fall into the Indian Ocean, 4 degrees or 5 degrees north of the equator.
The chief town of the Miggertheyn Somauli is at Bunder Maryah, which lies twenty miles south-west of Ras Feeluk. The range is here about 5000 feet in altitude, and three miles from the shore. Ascending126 1000 feet, a wide plain presents itself, bounded on every side by precipitous mountains studded with the frankincense and gum acacia trees, but looking bare and naked from the total absence of underwood.
The frankincense assumes the most singular aspect, from the fact of its invariably growing from the bare and smooth sides of the white marble rocks of which these bills are composed, without any soil whatever to nourish it. Many of the trees have even attached themselves to the huge masses that have rolled down into the valley, and now lie scattered over the stony127 surface. From the base of the trunk, and about treble its diameter, a very round thick substance is protruded128, of a nature between bark and wood. This adheres most firmly to the stone, and at a distance resembles a mixture of mortar129 and lime. From the centre of the mass the stem, having first taken a bend or curve outwards130 of several inches, rises straight up to a height of forty feet. It throws from the top short branches covered with a very bright green foliage131, the leaves being narrow and rounded at the end, five or six inches in length by one broad, crimped like the frill of a shirt; or rather bearing a stronger resemblance to that beautiful species of sea-weed found along the coast of England, and styled by urchins132 “the old gentleman’s ruffles133.”
From a foot to eighteen inches is the usual girth of the stem, and it tapers134 gradually away to the summit. The bark is perfectly smooth, and consists of four distinct layers. The outermost135 of all is very thin, and similar to that of the beech136. The two next are of a singularly fine texture137, resembling oiled letter-paper, perfectly transparent138, and of a beautiful amber139 colour. It is used by the Somaulis to write upon. The inner bark of all is about an inch thick, of a dull-reddish hue140, tough, and not unlike leather, but yielding a strong aromatic141 perfume. The wood is white and soft, and might be applied142 to many useful purposes. By making a deep incision143 into the inner rind, the gum exudes144 profusely145, of the colour and consistency146 of milk, but hardening into a mass by exposure to the atmosphere.
The whole mountain range from Bunder Maryah to Cape Guardufoi is composed of limestone and marble, and near the latter place especially the marble is so white and pure that it approaches to alabaster147. Pink and greyish black are also common colours, and in parts it might be mistaken for sandstone, until chipped off with the hammer. On the plain visited the frankincense is nowhere to be found resting upon the ground, or upon any sort of soil, and the purer the marble to which it adheres the finer the growth of the tree. It would seem that this singular production of the vegetable world derives148 its sole nourishment149 from carbonate of lime. The young trees produce the best and most valuable gum, the older merely yielding a clear glutinous150 fluid resembling copal varnish151, and exhaling152 a strong resinous153 odour.
During the south-west monsoon154 the pastoral tribes in the neighbourhood of Ras Feeluk collect large quantities of frankincense, which they barter155 to the Banians, of whom a few reside at the villages along the Abyssinian coast. Boats from Maculla, and from other ports on the opposite Arabian shore, also come across during the fine season and carry away the gums that have been accumulated, and which are exchanged for a coarse kind of cotton cloth worn by the Somauli.
End of the First Volume.
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meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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chronometer
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| n.精密的计时器 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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torpor
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| n.迟钝；麻木；（动物的）冬眠 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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drowsily
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| adv.睡地，懒洋洋地，昏昏欲睡地 | |
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procrastinate
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| v.耽搁，拖延 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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oxide
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| n.氧化物 | |
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volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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lava
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| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
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craters
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| n.火山口( crater的名词复数 )；弹坑等 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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slate
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| n.板岩，石板，石片，石板色，候选人名单；adj.暗蓝灰色的，含板岩的；vt.用石板覆盖，痛打，提名，预订 | |
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withering
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| 使人畏缩的，使人害羞的，使人难堪的 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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density
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| n.密集，密度，浓度 | |
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sterility
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| n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠，消毒，无菌 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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subterranean
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caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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precipitates
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的第三人称单数 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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rivulets
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| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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48
conglomerates
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| n.（多种经营的）联合大企业( conglomerate的名词复数 )；砾岩；合成物；组合物 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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bereft
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| adj.被剥夺的 | |
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51
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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52
vegetating
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| v.过单调呆板的生活( vegetate的现在分词 )；植物似地生长；（瘤、疣等）长大 | |
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53
locusts
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| n.蝗虫( locust的名词复数 )；贪吃的人；破坏者；槐树 | |
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54
abdomen
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| n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
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55
moths
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| n.蛾( moth的名词复数 ) | |
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56
lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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57
agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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58
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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59
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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60
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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61
spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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62
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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63
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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64
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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65
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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66
stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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67
shrubby
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| adj.灌木的，灌木一般的，灌木繁茂著的 | |
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68
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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69
soda
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| n.苏打水；汽水 | |
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70
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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71
phoenix
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| n.凤凰，长生(不死)鸟；引申为重生 | |
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72
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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73
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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74
decomposition
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| n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃 | |
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75
inorganic
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| adj.无生物的；无机的 | |
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76
imbibes
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| v.吸收( imbibe的第三人称单数 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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78
taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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79
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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80
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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81
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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82
cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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83
cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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84
cinders
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| n.煤渣( cinder的名词复数 )；炭渣；煤渣路；煤渣跑道 | |
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85
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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86
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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87
commotions
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| n.混乱，喧闹，骚动( commotion的名词复数 ) | |
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88
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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89
eruptions
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| n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 ) | |
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90
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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91
obsidian
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| n.黑曜石 | |
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92
strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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93
overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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94
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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95
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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96
deluged
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| v.使淹没( deluge的过去式和过去分词 )；淹没；被洪水般涌来的事物所淹没；穷于应付 | |
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97
clefts
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| n.裂缝( cleft的名词复数 )；裂口；cleave的过去式和过去分词；进退维谷 | |
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98
declivity
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| n.下坡，倾斜面 | |
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99
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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100
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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101
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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102
zoology
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| n.动物学，生态 | |
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103
beetles
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| n.甲虫( beetle的名词复数 ) | |
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104
termite
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| n.白蚁 | |
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105
lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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106
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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108
ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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109
hippopotamus
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| n.河马 | |
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110
rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
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111
leopard
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| n.豹 | |
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113
porcupine
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| n.豪猪， 箭猪 | |
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114
antelopes
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| 羚羊( antelope的名词复数 )； 羚羊皮革 | |
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115
edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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116
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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117
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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119
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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120
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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121
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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122
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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123
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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124
abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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125
rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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126
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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127
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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128
protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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130
outwards
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| adj.外面的，公开的，向外的；adv.向外；n.外形 | |
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131
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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132
urchins
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| n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆 | |
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133
ruffles
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| 褶裥花边( ruffle的名词复数 ) | |
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134
tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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135
outermost
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| adj.最外面的，远离中心的 | |
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136
beech
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| n.山毛榉；adj.山毛榉的 | |
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137
texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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138
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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139
amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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140
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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141
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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142
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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143
incision
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| n．切口，切开 | |
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144
exudes
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| v.缓慢流出，渗出，分泌出( exude的第三人称单数 )；流露出对（某物）的神态或感情 | |
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145
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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146
consistency
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| n.一贯性，前后一致，稳定性；(液体的)浓度 | |
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147
alabaster
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| adj.雪白的；n.雪花石膏；条纹大理石 | |
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148
derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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149
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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150
glutinous
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| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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151
varnish
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| n.清漆；v.上清漆；粉饰 | |
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152
exhaling
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的现在分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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153
resinous
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| adj.树脂的，树脂质的，树脂制的 | |
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154
monsoon
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| n.季雨，季风，大雨 | |
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155
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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