Welcome to all was the first grey light that illumined the eastern sky, and summoned the warrior1 from his uneasy slumbers2. So uncomfortably had the night been passed, that it was in truth rest to rise. The despot was among the first to abandon his cold couch; and a bulletin of success having been penned by the royal hand, for the information of Queen Besábesh, the main body of the division, convoying the interminable droves of cattle, was in motion across the Ekka valley. Escorted by five thousand cavalry3. His Majesty4 then proceeded to a knoll5 at some distance within the scene of yesterday’s carnage, upon the summit of which he tarried, whilst parties went out in search of the body of his grand-nephew, the youthful son of Ayto Besuehnech, who, with several others of the Christian6 host, had fallen in the running conflict.
It was a cool and lovely morning, and the mountain breeze played freshly down each opening glade7. The ascending8 sunbeam danced over the steep rugged10 sides and ruined stone edifices11 of the fastness of Entótto, anciently the proud seat of Ethiopic splendour, and still believed to conceal12 much of the wealth lost to the empire at the period of Graan’s invasion, when Nebla Dengel was driven into Tigré. The great volcanic13 cone14 of Sequala, rivalling the lowland Aiúlloo, was again visible in the distance, its once active crater15 converted by the revolutions of ages into an extensive lagoon16, on the banks of which stands the celebrated17 shrine18 of Guebra Manfas Kedoos, a saint renowned19 for the destruction, by his prayers, of live hundred genies20. On the one hand frowned the dark wooded slave mart of Roqué, in the Yerrur hill, where millions of Christians21 have been bought and sold; and on the other rose the mountain Dalácha, sacred to the Wato sorcerers, whose tempting22 demesnes have escaped pillage23 and conflagration24, in consequence of their blessing25 having been followed by the birth of Sáhela Selássie. Far in the distance a low belt of vegetation screened the sleepy Háwash, and over the intervening tract26 numerous tributaries27 to the Casam, absorbed eventually in the parched28 plain of the Ada?el, conveyed the eastern drainage of Garra Gorphoo through the ravaged29 valley of Germáma.
Over this wide expanse not a living inhabitant was now to be seen. In every direction the bloodstained ground was strewed30 with the slaughtered31 foe33, around whose disfigured corses groups of surfeited34 vultures flapped their foul35 wings, and screamed the death note. The embers of deserted36 villages smouldered over the scorched37 and blackened plain. Ripe crops, which the morning before had gladdened the heart of the cultivator—now no more—were level with the ground. Flocks of sheep, untended by the shepherd, strayed over the lone38 meadow; and bands of howling dogs wandered up and down in fruitless quest of their lost masters. A single day had reduced to a wilderness40 the rich and flourishing vale of Germáma, including the dark forests of Finfinni, which for years had slept in peace; and their late numerous and unsuspecting population had in a few hours been swept from off the face of the earth by the devastating41 irruption of the barbarian42 Amhára hordes43.
The remains44 of the fallen chief having, after much search, been recovered from the ashes of a still smoking village, were shrouded45 with a white cloth, and borne upon a bier from the scene of desolation. Glutted46 with booty, the despot now left his locusts47 to pursue their own course up the Ekka valley, where flames and plunder49 again marked their straggling return towards the mountains of Garra Gorphoo. Each hamlet was ravaged in succession; and cats, the sole remaining tenants50 of the deserted huts, were dislodged by the torch of the Wóbo.
For miles and miles the road was lined with dusty and wayworn warriors51 laden52 with spoil: flocks and herds53, donkeys, mules54, and horses, honeycombs, poultry56, household utensils57 and farming gear, with captive women and children, indiscriminately mingled58 with the men-at-arms. Whilst some of these latter, wounded and mutilated, were lashed59 upon the backs of their palfreys, others, dismounted, were dragging behind them their lame48 and exhausted60 steeds; sheep and goats, unable through fatigue61 to proceed, being cut limb from limb while still alive, and the bleeding trunks left quivering in the path by the wanton butchers.
Re-entering the mountains, across which the sun now cast the long dark shadows of evening, the camp was sought in vain; but the rear division, with tents and baggage, was at length descried62 pouring down the opposite height under a vast canopy63 of dust to the encamping ground at Boora Roofa. A long march the preceding day had brought it to Sululta near to Moolo Fálada, where it met and destroyed those who had fled from the immediate64 scene of the king’s inroad, made numerous female captives, and, with the loss of the sumpter horses laden with horns of hydromel, acquired considerable booty; information casually65 received of the main division having thence led it back through the mountains to the present halting-ground, after all had made up their minds to another cold bivouac in the open air. During its more recent progress, this division had carried fire and sword through the country of the Sertie Galla, where it yet remained unplundered; and, as the day again closed, the vault66 of heaven was re-illumined by volumes of lurid67 smoke from the surrounding hamlets. Such is the appalling68 retribution with which Sáhela Selássie is wont69 to visit those rebel tribes who withhold70 the moderate tribute imposed upon them. The relinquishment71 to the crown of three or four hundred of the many thousand head of cattle captured during this and the preceding day, would, with some twenty or thirty horses, have averted72 this awful chastisement73, the fearful consequence of taxation74 refused. The revolt of tribes inhabiting remote portions of His Majesty’s dominions75 arises too frequently from the oppression of Galla governors, over whose proceedings76 he can exercise very inadequate77 control; but it is caused in a principal degree by the absence of outpost or fortification to hold his wild subjects in check. Could he be prevailed upon to abandon his present weak mode of securing the Galla dependencies, to strengthen them by those military arrangements for which the country is so peculiarly adapted, and to place a better limit upon the exactions of frontier governors, what bloodshed and misery78 might not be averted!
The army halted at Boora Roofa to enable straggling detachments to rejoin; and small parties went out in various directions to complete the work of demolition79 among the deserted hamlets of the Sertie tribe, some of which, embosomed deep among the mountain glens, had hitherto escaped attention: hives of ungathered honey, heaps of unwinnowed corn, and the half-flayed carcass abandoned within the filthy80 habitation, bearing ample testimony81 to the precipitate82 flight of the hunted inmates83, around many of whose bodies gaunt vultures already held their carnival84.
Early during the forenoon, horsemen rode in to the royal pavilion with important intelligence, that Ayto Hierát, a favourite governor, had, at the distance of a few miles, surprised and surrounded a Galla in a tree, among the branches of which the caitiff awaited the arrival of the king. Impatient to wreathe his brow with new laurels85, the monarch86 lost not a moment in sallying forth87 to destroy the unfortunate wretch88, taking a most formidable array of single and double-barrelled guns and rifles of every calibre, together with an escort of five thousand cavalry.
Receiving a long shot through the thigh89 at the royal hands, whilst imperfectly ensconced among the foliage90, the victim, abandoning all hope of escape, wisely cast away his weapons, and cried loudly for quarter; being admitted to which, he kissed the feet of His Majesty, and thus escaped his otherwise inevitable91 fate. To take the life of a Galla, and to secure a prisoner of either sex, are, in Amhára warfare92, accounted one and the same thing; and although, where adult males are concerned, the more merciful alternative is rarely adopted, the despot, whose dreams often conjure93 up his past deeds of blood in judgment94 against him, has become more lenient95 than of yore. Yet the valuable presents to which the destruction of a helpless foe entitles him from every governor in the realm, the increased respect acquired in the eyes of his subjects and warriors, and the additional lustre96 shed over his already chivalrous97 reputation by each new murder, however foul, induce him still to seek occasions such as this to embrue his hands in gore98.
Messenger after messenger now galloped99 into camp at full speed, with the joyful100 tidings of the king’s achievement, each new announcement eliciting101 yet louder and louder songs and shouts from the wotzbeitoch, eunuchs, and parasites102 at the royal quarters. In another hour the cavalcade103 returned in triumph, the wounded captive riding on a mule55 behind the exulting104 monarch, who, by virtue105 of his bold exploit, wore in the hair a large green branch of wild asparagus, whilst the greasy106 garment of his bleeding prisoner graced the proud neck of his war-steed. Repeated volleys of musketry, with the blasts of horns, and the din9 of kettle-drums, proclaimed the signal prowess of His Christian Majesty. Priests and women flocked to receive him with a clamour of acclamation, and he alighted amid the most stunning107 uproar108.
Through the Master of the Horse I presently received a message to the effect that the attendance of every member of the Embassy had been looked for, the Galla having been entrapped109 purposely that his destruction might be accomplished110 by the hand of the King’s British visitors, in view to the exaltation of the national name. “Why tarried ye in the tent? I desired that my children might slay111 the heathen in the tree; but, when they came not, I myself performed the deed.”
I informed the puissant112 monarch in reply, “that, independently of its being the Sabbath, and none of the party possessing the smallest inclination113 to destroy a defenceless human being under any circumstances, no public body was authorised by the law of nations to draw a sword offensively in any country not in open hostility114 with its own. That in Shoa an elephant was esteemed115 equivalent to forty armed Galla, and a wild buffalo116 to five; and of these much-dreaded animals we were ready to destroy any number that he might think proper to permit.”
Great was the triumph and the quaffing117 of mead39, and the feasting on raw beef, during the residue118 of the day and the early hours of the night, for, lo! the king of kings in single combat had prevailed over his Galla foe. Essential assistance had been afforded by the medical officers of the Embassy to the sick and wounded; amongst the latter, to a brother of the Queen; yet many reproaches were now abroad, in that its members had eaten the royal bread, and destroyed none of the enemies of the state. The example of other foreigners, who were represented to have shot Galla out of trees, was contrasted somewhat unfavourably to British courage; and a private of the artillery119 escort was roundly taxed with cowardice120 for permitting the escape of an unarmed peasant, who lay concealed121 in a bush by the way-side, and could have offered no resistance. The defenceless wretch was subsequently pursued by thirty Amhára horsemen, but escaped unscathed on foot into the forest, under a shower of their Christian lances.
In all countries where a martial122 spirit is fostered by continual forays, and where the exertions123 of a single day are sufficient to maintain the successful marauder for six months to come, the daily unceasing labour of the cultivator is forsaken124 for the shield and spear. But in Abyssinia, where the principal booty is monopolised by the monarch, the case is widely different, since, although military expeditions are of frequent occurrence, the sword of the plunderer125 is as often turned again into the ploughshare—whilst the despoiled126 husbandman, again tilling his devastated127 lands, and occupying the brief intervals128 of peace and repose129 in agricultural and pastoral pursuits, the fair provinces of the Galla, flowing with milk and honey, are speedily reclothed in one sheet of luxuriant cultivation130.
The Abyssinians have been represented as a bold, martial, and chivalrous race—but in Shoa the “champions of the Cross” are impelled131 by none of that knightly132 valour which warmed the breast of the crusader of old. The white feather, that emblem133 of cowardice in other lands, forms the boast of their murderous exploits; and the system of the noble art of war would seem to consist in the merciless destruction of the enemy by sudden inroad and surprise. Harrying134 the invaded country with overwhelming masses of undisciplined cavalry, the only opposition135 to be encountered is an occasional skirmish during the night with an outlying detachment, or by day during the passage of a weak body through morasses136 or intricate defiles137. The appearance of a foe invariably proves the signal for increased disorder138, all who are so disposed sallying forth to the assault, when those who harbour animosity against a comrade not unfrequently avail themselves of the opportunity to assassinate139 him in the mêlée.
Cruelties emanating140 from the hereditary141 detestation of the heathen, which, with the barbarous spoils earned during the foray, is handed down as an heir-loom from generation to generation, are unfortunately countenanced142 by the monarch, who has too often personally set the disgraceful example of mutilation; whilst the bigotry143 and superstition144 of the savage145 Amhára induces him to regard every pagan in the light of a dog, as doth the fanatic146 Moslem147 the Christian. The revolting barbarities practised in the hour of victory, which from time immemorial have had existence in Ethiopia, and unfortunately also over the greater portion of unhappy Africa to which discovery has yet extended, are perpetuated148 by the commission of similar enormities on the part of the Galla usurpers of the fairest portions of the land, who butcher children and old men without distinction, mutilate all who fall into their hands, and enslave females upon every opportunity.
The rapid muster149 of the Amhára under their respective chieftains, the disorderly march, the rude, but for the purpose sufficient tactics, with the slaughter32 and devastation150 consequent upon success, forcibly bring to mind the wars of feudal151 Europe. The stimulus153 afforded by individual interest in the murders committed during the foray stands at present in the place of discipline, since without one or the other no army could be brought into the field. Triumph attends the return of the Christian warrior from battle in proportion to the number of lives he bears upon his arm, and for each enemy slain154 he is entitled to some conspicuous155 personal badge, which forms his greatest pride. A ring, a gauntlet, or a bracelet156, gained at the expense of acts the most dastardly, raises him accordingly in the estimation of relatives and companions in arms, and signal success almost invariably paves the way to royal preferment.
Discipline alone can check the prevailing157 barbarity, by superseding158 desultory159 hand to hand combat, and keeping every soldier in such comparative ignorance of the number that fall to his individual prowess, as to preclude160 the vaunting of exploits. To those especially who have been eye-witnesses of such a foray, it must afford matter for deep regret that feud152 and contest should hitherto so effectually have debarred access to the interior, and should have checked the advance of Christianity and civilisation161, which, as in happier lands, must bring with them the means of providing for redundant162 population, and could not fail to ameliorate the horrors attendant upon the existing system of Abyssinian warfare.
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1
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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glade
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| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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lagoon
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| n.泻湖，咸水湖 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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genies
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| n.（阿拉伯神话故事中的）神怪，妖怪( genie的名词复数 )；（形容将对人们的生活造成永久性的、尤指负面影响的事件已经发生）妖怪已经放出魔瓶了 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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surfeited
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| v.吃得过多( surfeit的过去式和过去分词 )；由于过量而厌腻 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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shrouded
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| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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glutted
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| v.吃得过多( glut的过去式和过去分词 )；（对胃口、欲望等）纵情满足；使厌腻；塞满 | |
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locusts
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| n.蝗虫( locust的名词复数 )；贪吃的人；破坏者；槐树 | |
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lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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lurid
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| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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70
withhold
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| v.拒绝，不给；使停止，阻挡 | |
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71
relinquishment
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| n.放弃；撤回；停止 | |
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72
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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73
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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74
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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75
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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76
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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77
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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78
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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79
demolition
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| n.破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹 | |
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80
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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81
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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82
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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83
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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84
carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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85
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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86
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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87
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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88
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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89
thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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90
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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91
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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92
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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93
conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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94
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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95
lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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96
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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97
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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98
gore
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| n.凝血，血污；v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破；缝以补裆；顶 | |
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99
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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100
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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101
eliciting
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| n. 诱发, 引出 动词elicit的现在分词形式 | |
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102
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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103
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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104
exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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105
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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106
greasy
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| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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107
stunning
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| adj.极好的；使人晕倒的 | |
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108
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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109
entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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111
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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112
puissant
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| adj.强有力的 | |
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113
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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114
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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115
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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116
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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117
quaffing
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| v.痛饮( quaff的现在分词 )；畅饮；大口大口将…喝干；一饮而尽 | |
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118
residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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119
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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120
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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121
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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122
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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123
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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124
Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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125
plunderer
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| 掠夺者 | |
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126
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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128
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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129
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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130
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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131
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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132
knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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133
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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134
harrying
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| v.使苦恼( harry的现在分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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135
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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136
morasses
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| n.缠作一团( morass的名词复数 )；困境；沼泽；陷阱 | |
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137
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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138
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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139
assassinate
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| vt.暗杀，行刺，中伤 | |
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140
emanating
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的现在分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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141
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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142
countenanced
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| v.支持，赞同，批准( countenance的过去式 ) | |
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143
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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144
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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145
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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146
fanatic
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| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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147
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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148
perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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149
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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150
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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151
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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152
feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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153
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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154
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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155
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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156
bracelet
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| n.手镯，臂镯 | |
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157
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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158
superseding
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| 取代，接替( supersede的现在分词 ) | |
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159
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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160
preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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161
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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162
redundant
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| adj.多余的，过剩的；(食物)丰富的；被解雇的 | |
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