The disparaging1 reflections cast by the chivalrous2 people of Shoa, in consequence of our refusal to slaughter3 defenceless pagans during the murderous expedition to Entótto, rendered it imperative4 that some decided5 step should be taken by which to wipe out the stain, and restore the tarnished6 lustre7 of the British name. The destruction of an adult elephant, which is reckoned equivalent to that of forty Galla, is an achievement that had not been accomplished8 within the memory of the present age, although mentioned in traditions connected with the exploits of the most renowned9 Ethiopic warriors11. I accordingly solicited12 permission to visit the distant wilderness13 of Giddem, on the northern frontier of Efát, in the dense14 forests of which the giant of the mammalia was reported to reside—a pretext15 which further afforded plausible16 grounds for exploring a portion of the country reputed to be amongst the most fertile and productive in Abyssinia.
The king opened his eyes wider than usual at this unprecedented17 application. “My children,” he returned deliberately18, “how can this be? Elephants are not to be slain19 with rifle balls. They will demolish20 you; and what answer am I then to give? The gun is the medicine for the Galla in the tree, but it has no effect upon the zihoon.” (Elephant.)
Finding me resolved, however. His Majesty’s most gracious permission was finally accorded to depart forthwith, and orders were issued to a royal messenger who was appointed to accompany us, commanding the governors of provinces through which the route lay, to afford every assistance in their power to “the strong strangers of the Negoos.” But all assertions relative to the possibility of destroying the monarch22 of the forest were still received with an incredulous shake of the head; and whilst not the smallest expectations were entertained at court of the success of the Gyptzis, the greatest ridicule23 attended an undertaking24 which, by all classes at the capital, was considered certain to prove alike foolhardy, dangerous, and futile25.
Instructions had been issued that the king’s guests were to be conducted by the royal road over the Gorabéla mountain, a singular mark of condescension26, partaken but by few in the realm. This permission enabled us to enjoy a most extensive panorama27 from the heather-grown heights. Mamrat reared her stupendous head perpendicularly28 from the dark-wooded bosom29 of the valley, and seemed half buried in the clouds. The palisaded buildings of the palace covering the slope of its isolated30 hill frowned in pride over the numberless circular houses of the straggling eastern metropolis31. Clumps33 of the sombre juniper, and spreading cossos hung with red garlands of mast, formed vistas34 on every side. On the one hand rose the lofty blue range of Bulga, and on the other the eye ranged uncontrolled over the boundless35 plains of the savage36 Ada?el, spread out below like a great chart, and embracing a prospect37 of many hundred square miles. In the centre soared the stern crater38 of Abida—the beacon39 which, in days long gone, marked the dominions40 of the proud emperors of Ethiopia, when, according to the traditionary couplet, “their sceptre swayed from Azulo to the Bashilo, and from Errur to Gondar.”
The porters at the royal lodge41 were on the alert, and adjurations by the king’s life were not wanting to deter42 our advance to the Airára. “Bu Negoos,” “Bu Sáhela Selássie amlak,” were talismanic43 words energetically vociferated, and a heavy staff was thumped44 across the path in earnest of its being closed to plebeian45 transit46. But where is the Abyssinian who is proof against bribery47 and corruption48? Beads50 will force a passage when the mandate51 of the throne is received with incredulity, and the dollars of Maria Theresa, if possessing all the requisite52 marks, will insure participation53 even in a crown monopoly.
An exceedingly steep path conducts to the summit of the Chaka; but it is here paved throughout with boulders54, so supported at intervals55 by transverse beams, as to form a succession of clumsy steps, constituting the only made road in the kingdom of Shoa. The heather ceases with the Gorabéla mountain; and from the summit of the now bare range the route we were to follow strikes off near the residence of a petty governor, who bears the singular name of “Mout bai nore legne.”
“Oh, that there were no death for me!” is the interpretation56 thereof; but judging from the appearance of the lord of the manor57, who numbers some threescore years, he is not likely long to find his wish realised. Engaged in earnest conversation with the old man, was Ayto Guebroo, who, in consequence of inability to check the repeated rebellions of the Loomi, by whom he so recently was wounded, had at last been deprived of his government and of his silver sword, and was on his way to the presence of the despot in deep disgrace.
The Abyssinian verdure is singularly evanescent, a month without a shower being sufficient to dry up the rich herbage, and to darken the hue58 of the foliage59; but the “rain of Bounty60,” which usually falls in February, giving a fresh impulse to vegetation, the hills and valleys again teem61 with abundance. November was fast drawing to a close, and the aspect of the country generally was brown and withered62. The best pastures were covered with the sleek63 beeves swept off from Finfinni, and the cornfields were yellow with the royal crops now under the sickle64, whilst in the numerous threshing-floors muzzled65 oxen were already treading out the grain.
Our route led across Motátit and the Toro Mesk, through dales and over hills abutting66 upon the face of the bluff67 frontier of Shoa, in which are the sources of many of the more distant tributaries68 to the blue Nile. Never was there a tract69 more destitute70 of birds or wild animals, a few plovers71 and larks72, with some of the more common species of Rodentia, being the only objects of natural history observed during a march of twelve miles, which led to the halting ground in the centre of the little village of Asóphee, opposite to the frowning mountain Koorománia.
Under our flimsy cotton awnings73, the night proved intensely cold; and on resuming the journey at an early hour the ensuing morning, over a swelling74 country thickly dotted with Christian75 hamlets, we found the more sheltered pools by the road-side covered with a thin coating of ice, the first witnessed since our arrival in Abyssinia. At the village of Amaráguê, hospitable76 entertainment had been prepared by Ayto Egázoo, whose name signifies, “May they buy.” This notable warrior10 had, prior to the late foray, introduced himself to me, somewhat k-propos of his title, by an ingenious but abortive77 attempt to sell an unsound horse. Dismounting on the right side from the identical straw-coloured steed, he now placed himself, with shoulders bared, in the middle of the road, and by the life of the king adjured78 us to enter his abode79, in order to partake of a sheep that had been expressly slaughtered80.
Wulleta Selássie, his comely81 partner, daughter to Shishigo, the governor of Shoa-meda, had kindled82 in the dark hall the fiercest of fires, and immediately on the termination of complimentary83 inquiries84, an ox-hide being spread, the heavy door was barred to exclude the evil eye. Raw collops having been steadily85 rejected, bones, singed86 in a somewhat cannibal-like fashion, were rapidly circulated by the attentive87 host. “Take the eye,” he repeated, coaxingly88, to each in turn, presenting at the same time betwixt his finger and thumb the extracted orb89 of the deceased mutton—“do, the eye is the daintiest part. No!—well you must eat this marrow,” crushing the uncooked shank with a grinding-stone handed by a slave girl, and extending the splintered fragments to be sucked. Overflowing90 bumpers91 of sour beer having been filled in a gloomy corner at a huge earthen jar, each horn was tasted by the cup-bearer from the hollow of his palm, in demonstration92 of the absence of poison. The surplus repast, fluid as well as solid, quickly disappeared under the united efforts of the retinue93; and a bead49 necklace having been hung about the neck of the lady’s hopeful son and heir, we finally effected our escape from the ovenlike apartment, with the aid of divers94 promises made to both master and mistress, and sundry95 pieces of silver disbursed96 to silence a host of importunate97 menials.
Ayto Egázoo rode forth21, in accordance with etiquette98, “to see the party off.” From the courtyard of his snug99 but dirty domicile, Tegulet, and the blue hills of Argobba and of the Wollo Galla, bounded the extensive prospect. Regaining100 the road, we crossed in succession the Tekroos-Bádo, Moosh, and Goodawurud rivers, all remote sources of the blue Nile. On the banks of the latter stands the monastery101 of Saint George, famous as having been left unmolested when the district was in the hands of the Galla, many of whom are even said to have been converted to Christianity. Goodawurud was the title of a potent102 chieftain, who, with Merkurri, Amadich, and Logo, held the country after Graan’s desolating103 visit, until expelled by Asfa Woosen; and a considerable portion of the revenues are now applied104 to the maintenance of the monastery of Medák, whose superior, the Alaka Amda Zion, has charge of the heir presumptive.
Nothing could exceed the beauty of the position selected by the cowled fraternity of Saint George; large bands of whom, lounging away their hours of idleness beneath the funereal105 junipers in which the retreat is deeply embosomed, were for once aroused from listless apathy106 by the passing cavalcade107 of white strangers. The land swarms108 with friars, monks109, and anchorites, who are habited in yellow dresses, as the badge of poverty, or in the prepared skin of the antelope110. Usually licentious111 in their manners, they roam through the country a perfect pest and plague to society. Men become monks at any period of life. Those who are afflicted112 with grievous sickness, vow113 that in event of recovery they will abandon the world, and transfer all their moveables to the church. The rich often deliver over their property to their children, who are bound to support them until death. The poor subsist114 upon the bounty of the king and of the community; and many never enter the cells of the monastery at all, but with their wives reside at ease in their own homes, having assumed the counterfeit115 piety116 of the order solely117 for the sake of defrauding118 their creditors—since, however deeply involved, all former scores may be cleared off with the ease and rapidity of the most indulgent court of insolvency119, by the simple process of “putting on angels’ clothing.”
The skin of the Agazin is usually adopted as the garb120 of humiliation121; and this emblem122, together with the unwashed person, is intended to commemorate123 the legend of their great founder124 Eustathius, who boasted of having performed no ablution during a long term of existence, and who miraculously125 crossed the river Jordan, floating securely upon his greasy126 cloak. The prophet Samuel is also sometimes referred to as affording another notable example of the advantage extended by the mantle127 of hide, in the asserted fact of his having sailed seven days across a great sea, borne in safety, with his disciples128, upon his leathern robe.
Throughout Shoa, lakes are believed to form the great rendezvous129 of evil spirits; and in one called Nugáreet-fer, at the foot of the hills, the drum of the water kelpie is frequently heard, to the no small terror of the superstitious130 auditors131. Shortly after crossing the stony132 bed of the Daimadamash, a road branches off to Angollála and Debra Berhán, past the monastery of Máskalie Ghedam, a title signifying “My cross is a convent.” Beyond the Dewásha, a second strikes northward133 to Gondar, past the seat of government of Zenama Work, the Queen-dowager, which occupies a beautifully rounded tumulus styled Zalla Dingai, “The rolling stone.”
“Bad people,” saith the tradition attached to this spot, “were one day seated upon a rock that formerly134 occupied the summit of the hill. They were telling lies, and busied in contriving135 tricks by which to circumvent136 their neighbours. Suddenly the mass gave way, and all who sat thereon, being precipitated137 into the deep torrent138 that rolls beneath to join the river Mofa, were crushed to atoms for their evil doings.”
After fording the Goor river, and ascending139 a high ridge140, the Queen’s white palace forms a striking object in the landscape; and beyond it is a square eminence141, where, under the eye of the erudite Alaka Woldáb, the reigning142 monarch passed his earlier years, until the assassination143 of his sire opened to him the accession. From this point we obtained an extensive view over Geshe and Efrata, with the Great Sáka mountains stretching towards the Nile. A little further on the heather-grown range suddenly terminates in an abrupt144 descent of full three thousand feet, at the foot of which lies the rugged145 province of Efát, blending into the blue plains of the Ada?el. The great beacon Azulo, with the wide crater of Abida, hazy146 and hot, were visible in the east. Afrubba, and the high hills of the Ittoo Galla, rose in the distance, and a perfect chaos147 of rude disjointed mountains lay piled towards Ankóber, seeming as though they had been gathered from many countries, and pitched together by giant handfuls, to fill up the deep intervening chasm148.
Hitherto the road had been rough and stony—the eminences149 steep and bare; and after passing the sombre groves150 of Saint George, the only redeeming151 feature was the church dedicated152 to “Our Lady,” reposing153 quietly amid the rich foliage of the “cosso,” and other large-leafed forest trees. In many respects the face of the country now resembled the sides of the great Indian Ghauts—masses of light brown, chequered with pale yellow; but stubble or standing154 corn in every accessible nook and corner usurped155 the place of the wild grass, with which nature so prodigally156 clothes the mountain scenery of the East. Numerous parties, consisting of twenty or thirty peasants, carrying on their heads bales of coarse cotton cloth as tribute to the king, passed us at intervals—the sword by their side and the spear in their hand, indicating that the frontier along which they journeyed was in a far from settled state.
This tract of high land, which forms the watershed157 between the Nile and the Háwash, is richly cultivated and abundantly irrigated—a fresh stream, on its course to the former river, intersecting the western side of the range, and forming a deep valley every second or third mile. After leaving the Goor, however, the face of the country, becoming more sterile158, is covered with heather, and for the last few miles to the top of the Turmáber pass, neither village nor cultivation159 is to be seen.
During the descent, which passes through a gap in the precipitous trap rocks, and is steeper and even worse than that of the Chaka, the bleak160 and lofty peaks of Arámba, Gaifaiyétto, Wóti, Mamrat, Kondie, and Wofásha, are severally revealed to view; these forming a continuation of the great mountain range which fortifies161 the whole eastern frontier of Shoa, from Bulga to Worra Káloo, and extends thence through Ambásel, Yedjow, and Lasta, to Simien, the highest point of Abyssinia. From the foot of this pass the road leads across the Telúnko, close to Debra Sena, a small eminence covered as with an inverted162 bowl, by a dense, cabbage-shaped clump32 of junipers, concealing163 Saint George’s church—a celebrated164 shrine165 for the performance of vows166 and orisons, which is visited from great distances. Hence the route winds to the bottom of a deep wooded dell, rich in botanical specimens167, where the clear stream of the Telúnko is again crossed, to the face of a steep acclivity leading to Dokáket, the ancient capital of Emmaha Yasoos, third monarch of Shoa.
The sun was dipping below the opposite range as a halt was proclaimed by the King’s guide at the house of Ayto Abaiyo Gurwa, the governor of the district, whose hospitality proved unbounded. For a full hour he continued shouting and scolding, ordering and countermanding168; and whilst he expressed the greatest mortification169 at my declining to appropriate two fat oxen, in addition to liberal supplies of sheep, bread, mead170, and beer, he was with difficulty prevailed upon to accept a present that I had prepared in acknowledgment; a piece of self-denial rarely experienced at the hands of a native of Southern Abyssinia.
“But,” he added, “henceforth you may know me as your friend; therefore send to me frequently, and I will tell you when I have any concern. Wolda Mariam, my henchman, who is here, is in my confidence. Furthermore, he will visit you on my part. Appoint now a báldoroba, who may introduce him, that access be not impeded171.” The party nominated as the medium of communication stepped to the front, and the two, baring their shoulders, and bowing the one to the other, fell back into their respective places.
Ankóber is the capital of the eastern division of the kingdom of Shoa, in which are comprised the provinces of Basso, Dabdábo, Karába, Kawt, Mans, Giddem, Abómesa, Mahhfood, and Dokáket. The last-named especially forms the scene of constant inroads from the savage Ada?el, whose country lies little more than a cannon172 shot below; the Amhára, who on the Fárri boundary are severely173 punished by the politic174 monarch for taking a life, even in retribution, flocking hither to entitle themselves to wear the decoration of the “akodáma,” the ne plus ultra of their ambition. And such is the bitter hatred175 subsisting176 between the two nations so closely bordering upon each other, that but for the lofty hills and cold climate of Ankóber, the Moslems, who are the far braver race, would doubtless have paid its Christian population a hostile visit long ere now. On the adjacent northern frontier, the intricate labyrinth177 of broken ravines, over which our view had ranged in the morning, forms a strong natural barrier against the Wollo Galla, whose incursions are nevertheless frequent; whilst the Túlema, residing in the Sáka range, entertain as decided a disinclination to descend178 from their own bleak hills, as do the Amhára to visit the hot valleys and forests of the Ada?el, which stretch beyond the borders of Efát.
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1
disparaging
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| adj.轻蔑的，毁谤的v.轻视( disparage的现在分词 )；贬低；批评；非难 | |
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2
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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3
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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4
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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5
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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6
tarnished
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| （通常指金属）（使）失去光泽，（使）变灰暗( tarnish的过去式和过去分词 )； 玷污，败坏 | |
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7
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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8
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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9
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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10
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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11
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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12
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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13
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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14
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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15
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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16
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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17
unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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18
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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19
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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20
demolish
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| v.拆毁(建筑物等)，推翻(计划、制度等) | |
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21
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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23
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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24
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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25
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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condescension
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| n.自以为高人一等，贬低(别人) | |
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27
panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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29
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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30
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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31
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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32
clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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34
vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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35
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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36
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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38
crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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39
beacon
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| n.烽火，（警告用的）闪火灯，灯塔 | |
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40
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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41
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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42
deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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43
talismanic
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| adj.护身符的，避邪的 | |
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44
thumped
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| v.重击， （指心脏）急速跳动( thump的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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46
transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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47
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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48
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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49
bead
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| n.念珠；(pl.)珠子项链；水珠 | |
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50
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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51
mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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52
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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53
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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54
boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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55
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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56
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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57
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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58
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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59
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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60
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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61
teem
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| vi.(with)充满，多产 | |
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62
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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63
sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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64
sickle
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| n.镰刀 | |
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65
muzzled
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| 给（狗等）戴口套( muzzle的过去式和过去分词 )； 使缄默，钳制…言论 | |
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66
abutting
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| adj.邻接的v.（与…）邻接( abut的现在分词 )；（与…）毗连；接触；倚靠 | |
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67
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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68
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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69
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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70
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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71
plovers
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| n.珩，珩科鸟（如凤头麦鸡）( plover的名词复数 ) | |
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72
larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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73
awnings
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| 篷帐布 | |
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74
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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75
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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76
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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77
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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78
adjured
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| v.（以起誓或诅咒等形式）命令要求( adjure的过去式和过去分词 )；祈求；恳求 | |
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79
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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80
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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82
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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83
complimentary
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| adj.赠送的，免费的，赞美的，恭维的 | |
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84
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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85
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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86
singed
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| v.浅表烧焦( singe的过去式和过去分词 )；（毛发）燎，烧焦尖端[边儿] | |
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87
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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88
coaxingly
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| adv. 以巧言诱哄，以甘言哄骗 | |
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89
orb
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| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
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90
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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91
bumpers
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| （汽车上的）保险杠，缓冲器( bumper的名词复数 ) | |
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92
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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93
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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94
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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95
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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96
disbursed
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| v.支出，付出( disburse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
importunate
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| adj.强求的；纠缠不休的 | |
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98
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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99
snug
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| adj.温暖舒适的，合身的，安全的；v.使整洁干净，舒适地依靠，紧贴；n.（英）酒吧里的私房 | |
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100
regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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101
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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102
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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103
desolating
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| 毁坏( desolate的现在分词 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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104
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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105
funereal
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| adj.悲哀的；送葬的 | |
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106
apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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107
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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108
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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109
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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110
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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111
licentious
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| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
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112
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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114
subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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115
counterfeit
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| vt.伪造，仿造；adj.伪造的，假冒的 | |
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116
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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117
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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118
defrauding
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的现在分词 ) | |
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119
insolvency
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| n.无力偿付，破产 | |
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120
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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121
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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122
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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123
commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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124
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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125
miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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126
greasy
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| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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127
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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128
disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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129
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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130
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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131
auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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132
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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133
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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134
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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135
contriving
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的现在分词 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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136
circumvent
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| vt.环绕，包围；对…用计取胜，智胜 | |
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137
precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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138
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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139
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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140
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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141
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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142
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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143
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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144
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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145
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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146
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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147
chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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148
chasm
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| n.深坑，断层，裂口，大分岐，利害冲突 | |
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149
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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150
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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151
redeeming
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| 补偿的，弥补的 | |
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152
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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153
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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154
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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155
usurped
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的过去式和过去分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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156
prodigally
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| adv.浪费地，丰饶地 | |
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157
watershed
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| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
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158
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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159
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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160
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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161
fortifies
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的第三人称单数 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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162
inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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163
concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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164
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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165
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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166
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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167
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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168
countermanding
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| v.取消（命令），撤回( countermand的现在分词 ) | |
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169
mortification
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| n.耻辱，屈辱 | |
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170
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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171
impeded
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| 阻碍，妨碍，阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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172
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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173
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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174
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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175
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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176
subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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177
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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178
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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