Giddem was conquered by Asfa Woosen, grandsire to Sáhela Selássie, from Latta, the ruler of the first Mohammadan settlers. A succession of deep valleys, stretching eastward1 to the very confines of the Ada?el, are occupied by the tributary2 Galla tribes of Gillé and Soopa, who have become converts to Islamism—the Allála river intersecting the country of the former, of which the principal village is Esgieyé, and the Negéso that of the latter, whose chief resides at Allaiyo. Further to the north, where a continuation of the wild tract3 of forest land is visible, the Ada?e threads the district inhabited by that portion of the Wollo who own allegiance to Shoa under the government of Efrata, and by the Doogoogra Galla, who were also dependent, but have long been in a state of open rebellion. Large quantities of excellent coffee are cultivated in Manchéttee and Efrata, and with the salt pieces or “amoles,” which it has been seen are imported from Tigré by the Wollo and Worra Káloo, are brought to Shoa by the Moslem4 merchants. In Giddem itself, however, coffee is not cultivated, owing to the prejudice entertained respecting its use by the Christian5 population generally. Westward6 of Giddem, and interposed betwixt it and Morabietie, is the province of Mans, largest of all the districts of Shoa, but subdivided7 into Lálo, Máma, and Ghéra, each of which forms a distinct government. Abiyé, third king of Efát, defeated and subjugated9 Golé, the then independent ruler, whose daughter Wolensa, was the mother of Zenama Work, the Queen-dowager. This lady, therefore, looks upon Mans as her hereditary10 possession, and she is much beloved by the people, although, as regards their allegiance to the crown, they still retain a large share of their ancient independence. Haughty11, brave, obstinate12, and quarrelsome, they openly avow13 to have little knowledge of Sáhela Selássie—never swear by his name, as is the usage of His Majesty14’s more dutiful and loyal subjects—often depose15 the governors whom he appoints to rule over them—and refuse to take part in the annual forays over the southern border, upon the grounds that they have quite sufficient occupation in the adjustment of intestine16 feuds17 and boundary disputes. These latter are points not always satisfactorily adjusted in Europe—nor is it extraordinary that they should be attended with some difficulty in Africa.
During the rebellion of Medóko, the king, in his distress18, sent an urgent message to the people of Mans, saying, “My brothers, my relations, hasten to help me!” and pouring in at the summons, the wild hordes19 arrived in time to decide the issue of the dubious20 day. But so well aware is the despot of his precarious21 footing, that he relies entirely22 upon the tact23 displayed by his mother, avowing24 her northern subjects to be his own flesh and blood, upon whom he could not impose a heavy taxation25. The only tribute paid, therefore, is in sekdát, a coarse black cloth, manufactured of the fleece of the sheep of the country, and invariably employed in the manufacture of the royal tents.
This fabric26 also furnishes a costume indispensable in so rigorous a climate, where the bleak27 unsheltered hills, swept by a cutting easterly wind, rank among the coldest portions of Abyssinia. The soil is chiefly a rich black earth, producing abundant crops, but perfectly28 destitute29 of timber. Salt is the only circulating medium; and a man’s wealth is estimated by the number of his ploughshares, which are carefully buried until wanted. The swarthy complexion30 of the inhabitants, and their sombre habiliments, distinguish them amongst all the other subjects of Shoa—wearers of the white cotton robe—than whom they are even more superstitious31, bigoted32, and ignorant; the most enlightened amongst them being esteemed33 right cunning sorcerers, and as such, dreaded35 wheresoever they wander.
Mans has already been mentioned as a province famous for the lake Alobár, the reputed residence of the King of the Genii, through which the river Shai flows to join the Nile. Of yore, when the spot now inundated36 was terra firma, the Virgin37 Mary is said to have appeared in the house of the wealthiest cultivator residing in the many flourishing villages that then existed, and to have addressed herself to the mistress, saying, “I am hungry, and have nothing to eat. Give me corn, and I will grind for wages.” A vast heap of grain was pointed38 out, sufficient for a week’s labour, but no sooner had the Virgin touched it than it was miraculously39 converted into meal. The inhospitable master now refused the pittance40 claimed; nor would the “Four Chairs,” before whom the complaint was carried, give redress41, until a poor shepherd had become mediator42. As a mark of the displeasure of Heaven, the scene of this offence against the mother of Christ was forthwith converted into a lake, which has since formed the abode43 of the lord of all the gins and evil spirits in the land; and from that period large quantities of dabo, or wheaten cakes, composed of the whitest flour, have been supplied by general contribution to the shepherds on the festival of Debra Tabor, and on the anniversary of “our blessed Lady.”
Immediately north of Giddem, betwixt the frontiers of Shoa and Argobba, is the district of Dibbie, under Abba Munsoor, a Wollo Galla of consequence, formerly46 governor of Wofagábel, in the territories of Birroo Lubo, and notorious for his personal valour. Having with a chosen band of followers47 rebelled some years since against the Prince of Argobba, he fortified48 himself at Arikkee, a high table-topped mountain on the Wollo border, where he steadily49 rejected the terms that were offered for his capitulation. A strong force of spearmen, supported by a thousand musketeers and matchlock-men, was at length sent to reduce the insurgents50; but no sooner had the besiegers opened fire from a deep defile51 that environs the stronghold, than five hundred of their number were laid dead by a storm of stones from above; the residue52, as usual on such occasions, retreating in the utmost disorder53. The entire scarp of the precipitous hill had been lined with beams and rafters balancing huge masses of rock; and the leathern thongs55 by which they were lashed56 being simultaneously57 cut away by the garrison58, destruction was carried along the whole extent of the crowded ravine. After this signal victory, Abba Munsoor abandoned his citadel59, and tendering faith to Sáhela Selássie, was placed on the frontier of his former liege, where his valour and trusty services have gained him the highest place in the royal favour.
The dread34 entertained by the Christians60 of the independent Moslem denizens61 of the low country, has been clearly portrayed62 by the personal confessions63 of their monarch64. The destruction of a single individual of the hostile tribes, by the most treacherous65 means, is estimated a feat8 of the greatest valour, and one that entitles the hero to the highest distinctions. His Majesty’s recent allusions66 to his highland67 neighbours, the men of Geshe, “who carry broad shields, and fight hand to hand,” had reference to the receipt of tidings of the defeat of Ayto Amito, one of his principal frontier governors, by Abogáz Gobassie, a brave chieftain in the service of Birroo Lubo, who, with a large detachment, had attacked and routed the Amhára with great slaughter68. This disastrous69 news had been followed by the arrival of Ayto Kalassie from Kaa, on the west of Antzochia, with intelligence that, being unable any longer to stem the inroads of the Wollo, he had been compelled to take flight, leaving the enemy in possession of a fine district across the river Wonchit, pertaining70 to the principality of Zenama Work.
These events caused considerable consternation71 in the kingdom of Shoa; and it being apprehended72 that the Mohammadans would follow up their success in the direction of Giddem, all the Wollo gunmen in the royal service were discharged, and Christians or converted Galla slaves enlisted74 in their room. A large detachment of the body-guard was then ordered to the north for the defence of the frontier; but under the conviction that, as on all former occasions, the Amhára cavalry75 would leave them to dispute the field alone with their brave foes76, they proceeded on the service with the greatest possible reluctance78, although placed under the immediate45 command of Chára, the son of Medóko, who is scarcely less renowned79 for valour than was his rebel father.
Birroo Lubo, the Prince of Argóbba, is descended80 from Lubo the son of Watsooba, who is said to have been a weaver81, and who espoused82 the daughter of Endries, governor of G?f. Amade, the last ruler of Worra Himano, educated Birroo, the fruit of this union, and created him governor of G?f, whereupon he diligently83 occupied himself in the extension of his dominions84, dividing his residence between that town and Ain Amba. His elder son, Ali Birroo, met an untimely death in one of the many border struggles with the troops of Sáhela Selássie; and the only surviving brother, Amade, who is to succeed his now aged85 father, has already obtained a great reputation for personal valour in the field. The term Argóbba is applied86 by the Ada?el to the whole of the border country in which cotton is cultivated. Caravans87 constantly come from Aussa to Dowwé, on the frontier, the road being far more secure than that between Tajúra and Shoa; and with a view still further to facilitate the communication, the Prince, who is extremely advanced in years, has given one of his daughters in marriage to the chieftain of the united tribes Hurruk Boda?to.
The next most influential88 personage on this frontier is Adara Billé, surnamed, from the title of his favourite war-steed, “Abba Daghet,” “the Father of Height.” This chieftain resides at Gatira, (The Cypress89 tree) in the district of Changiet, and presides over the Wollo tribe Gora. As a bribe90 to secure protection to messengers proceeding91 to the northern states, he has received a number of villages from Sáhela Selássie. Birroo Lubo has given him his daughter in marriage, with territory in his own dominions, and affords military aid in time of need as a check upon the western Galla; and Imám Libán, of the powerful Worra tribe, has likewise made considerable grants of land with a similar object. Thus possessed92 of extensive power, and courted on all sides, the treacherous chief avails himself of his position to shift the cloak according to the wind; and, although wedded93 to Birroo’s daughter, has never yet assisted that ruler in his hostilities94 against Shoa.
Although not nominally95 tributary to Gondar, both Birroo and Adara Billé afford military aid whenever called upon, and the Wollo soldiery form the stoutest96 bulwark97 of the decayed empire. Were all these fanatic98 tribes of one accord, they could not fail to endanger the safety of Christian Abyssinia; but they are fortunately divided throughout by the same feuds and private animosities which sever99 the southern Pagans. Hating Christian and heathen with all the dire73 inveteracy100 enjoined101 by their creed102, and slaying103 both without mercy on every opportunity, the Wollo preserve all the superstitions104 of the latter, below whom they are in many respects debased by Mohammadan bigotry106; thus affording a melancholy107 proof of what the whole Galla nation must become, should it ever unfortunately happen that Abyssinia terminated her intestine struggles by falling under the grasp of a Moslem ruler. Intercourse108 with the northern states has imparted to the Wollo a higher degree of cultivation109 than is possessed by their countrymen in the south; and passing nearly the whole of their time in the repetition of prayers, a proverb and general belief prevails, that their country can never be conquered by those who are not followers of the Prophet. This superstition105 is embraced even by the Christians of Shoa, in consequence of Ras Ali being last year defeated by the Wollo cavalry at Korkora, on his march to invade Efát. The vernacular110 language of all this border is Galla, adulterated with Amháric and with the Arabic of the Korán; which two latter may be expected in the course of a few generations entirely to obliterate111 the aboriginal112 tongue.
Ali Marie, the independent Mohammadan prince of Tehooláderee, wherein is the lake Haik, has long been in firm alliance with the King of Shoa, and twice ably assisted him against the Wollo, an important piece of service, for which His Majesty remunerated him handsomely. It is now two years since he was defeated by Birroo Lubo, and driven to seek refuge at the Christian court, until, having mustered113 sufficient reinforcements, he contrived114, after several severely-contested battles, to reinstate himself in his government; and it is said of this warrior115, that on the occasion of his struggle for empire, “he slew116 so many of the foe77 with his own hand, that the clotted117 gore118 could not be effaced119 from his spear blade.”
Again deposed120 by Birroo, he was now a fugitive121 in Mofa, a strong fortress122 to the west of lake Haik. The victor, whose pretext123 for the war was Ali Marie’s refusal to acknowledge allegiance to Ras Ah, has thus, by the subjugation124 of the Tehooláderee Galla, obtained possession of the entire line of road from the frontiers of Shoa to Tigré, and has, moreover, deprived his enemy the Negoos of his staunchest and most powerful ally. It is not a little singular, that Sáhela Selássie, who is on outward terms of friendship with Ras Ali, should have been suffered to afford an asylum125 to Ali Marie, without being called to account. On the occasion in question, the haughty but humbled126 fugitive bared his shoulders to the Christian monarch, according to the Abyssinian mode of evincing respect, remarking, as he did so, “that he gave this token of deference127 for the first time during his life.”
The Túlema Galla are the last to be mentioned on the northern frontier of Shoa, and at their hands the most serious disasters and reverses have uniformly been experienced. A former emperor of Ethiopia is said to have married a female slave, by whom he had three children, Metcha, Karaiyo, and Túlema. These youths were charged with the royal herds44, and being in the wilderness128, and brave young men, they soon drew around them a number of discontented vagabonds, who embraced their language and manners, which were those of their mother, a native of the very centre of Africa. Concerting an attack upon the southern provinces of the empire beyond the Háwash, they defeated the imperial army on the banks of the river Gala in Guráguê, which runs south towards Zingero; but of numerous clans129 and houses into which the rebels became subsequently divided, the twelve tribes of Metcha, the Karaiyo, and the Túlema, have alone retained their aboriginal appellation130.
Attempting to invade the territory of the Abitchu and Ghelán, the Túlema were defeated and driven to the north-west, where they established themselves on the bleakest131 and most lofty highlands, and to the present day have maintained their independence. One portion have become converts to the Mohammadan faith, but the occupants of the mountain Dera adhere to idolatry. Woosen Suggud succeeded in subjugating132 some few of these tribes; but on the accession of Sáhela Selássie, they cast off the yoke133, and being joined by a member of the blood-royal of Shoa, became formidable enemies. Force after force has been sent against Kalála, the capital, on the borders of Morabeitie, and always with the same result. Birroo-Bukiza, and his successor, the brave Abba Damto, have invariably repulsed134 the “soldiers of the cross,” with fearful slaughter, and many governors have been put to a cruel death. In the mind of the superstitious Amhára, fear has gradually given birth to a belief of the existence in these cold mountains of a race of fabulous135 beings called Arita, to whom their reverses are attributed. The lower portion of the body is described to be that of an ass54 or a black dog, whilst the head and shoulders assume the human form, and with the gait, costume, and language of mankind, complete a disguise which enables the monsters to roam undetected over the border districts of Shoa, in prosecution136 of their bloody137 career of cannibalism138.
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1
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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subdivided
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| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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avow
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| v.承认，公开宣称 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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depose
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| vt.免职；宣誓作证 | |
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intestine
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| adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠 | |
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feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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avowing
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| v.公开声明，承认( avow的现在分词 ) | |
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taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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34
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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39
miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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40
pittance
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| n.微薄的薪水，少量 | |
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41
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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43
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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44
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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45
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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46
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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47
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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48
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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49
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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50
insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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51
defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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52
residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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53
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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54
ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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55
thongs
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| 的东西 | |
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56
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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57
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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58
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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59
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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60
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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61
denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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62
portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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65
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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66
allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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67
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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68
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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69
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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70
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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71
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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72
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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73
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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74
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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75
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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76
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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77
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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78
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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79
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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80
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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81
weaver
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| n.织布工；编织者 | |
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82
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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84
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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85
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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86
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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87
caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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88
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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89
cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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90
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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91
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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92
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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93
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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94
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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95
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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96
stoutest
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| 粗壮的( stout的最高级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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97
bulwark
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| n.堡垒，保障，防御 | |
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98
fanatic
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| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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99
sever
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| v.切开，割开；断绝，中断 | |
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100
inveteracy
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| n.根深蒂固，积习 | |
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101
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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103
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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104
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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105
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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106
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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107
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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108
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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109
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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110
vernacular
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| adj.地方的，用地方语写成的；n.白话；行话；本国语；动植物的俗名 | |
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111
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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112
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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113
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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114
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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115
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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116
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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117
clotted
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| adj.凝结的v.凝固( clot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
gore
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| n.凝血，血污；v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破；缝以补裆；顶 | |
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119
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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120
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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121
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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122
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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123
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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124
subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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125
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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126
humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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127
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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128
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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129
clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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130
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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131
bleakest
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| 阴冷的( bleak的最高级 )； （状况）无望的； 没有希望的； 光秃的 | |
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132
subjugating
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的现在分词 ) | |
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133
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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134
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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135
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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136
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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137
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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138
cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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