RUIN OF FRENCH ACADIA.
"Praised be God, behold1 two thirds of our company safe in France, telling their strange adventures to their relatives and friends. And now you will wish to know what befell the rest of us." Thus writes Father Biard, who with his companions in misfortune, fourteen in all, prisoners on board Argall's ship and the prize, were borne captive to Virginia. Old Point Comfort was reached at length, the site of Fortress2 Monroe; Hampton Roads, renowned3 in our day for the sea-fight of the Titans; Sewell's Point; the Rip Raps; Newport News,—all household words in the ears of this generation. Now, far on their right, buried in the damp shade of immemorial verdure, lay, untrodden and voiceless, the fields where stretched the leaguering lines of Washington where the lilies of France floated beside the banners of the new-born republic, and where in later years embattled treason confronted the manhood of an outraged5 nation. And now before them they could descry6 the mast of small craft at anchor, a cluster of rude dwellings7 fresh from the axe8, scattered9 tenements10, and fields green with tobacco.
Throughout the voyage the prisoners had been soothed11 with flattering tales of the benignity12 of the Governor of Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale; of his love of the French, and his respect for the memory of Henry the Fourth, to whom, they were told, he was much beholden for countenance13 and favor. On their landing at Jamestown, this consoling picture was reversed. The Governor fumed14 and blustered15, talked of halter and gallows16, and declared that he would hang them all. In vain Argall remonstrated17, urging that he had pledged his word for their lives. Dale, outraged by their invasion of British territory, was deaf to all appeals; till Argall, driven to extremity18, displayed the stolen commissions, and proclaimed his stratagem19, of which the French themselves had to that moment been ignorant. As they were accredited20 by their government, their lives at least were safe. Yet the wrath21 of Sir Thomas Dale still burned high. He summoned his council, and they resolved promptly22 to wipe off all stain of French intrusion from shores which King James claimed as his own.
Their action was utterly23 unauthorized. The two kingdoms were at peace. James the First, by the patents of 1606, had granted all North America, from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth degree of latitude24, to the two companies of London and Plymouth,—Virginia being assigned to the former, while to the latter were given Maine and Acadia, with adjacent regions. Over these, though as yet the claimants had not taken possession of them, the authorities of Virginia had no color of jurisdiction25. England claimed all North America, in virtue26 of the discovery of Cabot; and Sir Thomas Dale became the self-constituted champion of British rights, not the less zealous28 that his championship promised a harvest of booty.
Argall's ship, the captured ship of La Saussaye, and another smaller vessel29, were at once equipped and despatched on their errand of havoc30. Argall commanded; and Biard, with Quentin and several others of the prisoners, were embarked31 with him. They shaped their course first for Mount Desert. Here they landed, levelled La Saussaye's unfinished defences, cut down the French cross, and planted one of their own in its place. Next they sought out the island of St. Croix, seized a quantity of salt, and razed32 to the ground all that remained of the dilapidated buildings of De Monts. They crossed the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, guided, says Biard, by an Indian chief,—an improbable assertion, since the natives of these coasts hated the English as much as they loved the French, and now well knew the designs of the former. The unfortunate settlement was tenantless33. Biencourt, with some of his men, was on a visit to neighboring bands of Indians, while the rest were reaping in the fields on the river, two leagues above the fort. Succor34 from Poutrincourt had arrived during the summer. The magazines were by no means empty, and there were cattle, horses, and hogs35 in adjacent fields and enclosures. Exulting36 at their good fortune, Argall's men butchered or carried off the animals, ransacked37 the buildings, plundered38 them even to the locks and bolts of the doors, and then laid the whole in ashes; "and may it please the Lord," adds the pious39 Biard, "that the sins therein committed may likewise have been consumed in that burning."
Having demolished40 Port Royal, the marauders went in boats up the river to the fields where the reapers41 were at work. These fled, and took refuge behind the ridge42 of a hill, whence they gazed helplessly on the destruction of their harvest. Biard approached them, and, according to the declaration of Poutrincourt made and attested43 before the Admiralty of Guienne, tried to persuade them to desert his son, Biencourt, and take service with Argall. The reply of one of the men gave little encouragement for further parley:—
There is flat contradiction here between the narrative45 of the Jesuit and the accounts of Poutrincourt and contemporary English writers, who agree in affirming that Biard, "out of indigestible malice46 that he had conceived against Biencourt," encouraged the attack on the settlements of St. Croix and Port Royal, and guided the English thither47. The priest himself admits that both French and English regarded him as a traitor48, and that his life was in danger. While Argall's ship was at anchor, a Frenchman shouted to the English from a distance that they would do well to kill him. The master of the ship, a Puritan, in his abomination of priests, and above all of Jesuits, was at the same time urging his commander to set Biard ashore49 and leave him to the mercy of his countrymen. In this pass he was saved, to adopt his own account, by what he calls his simplicity50; for he tells us, that, while—instigated, like the rest of his enemies, by the Devil—the robber and the robbed were joining hands to ruin him, he was on his knees before Argall, begging him to take pity on the French, and leave them a boat, together with provisions to sustain their miserable51 lives through the winter. This spectacle of charity, he further says, so moved the noble heart of the commander, that he closed his ears to all the promptings of foreign and domestic malice.
The English had scarcely re-embarked, when Biencourt arrived with his followers52, and beheld53 the scene of destruction. Hopelessly outnumbered, he tried to lure54 Argall and some of his officers into an ambuscade, but they would not be entrapped55. Biencourt now asked for an interview. The word of honor was mutually given, and the two chiefs met in a meadow not far from the demolished dwellings. An anonymous56 English writer says that Biencourt offered to transfer his allegiance to King James, on condition of being permitted to remain at Port Royal and carry on the fur-trade under a guaranty of English protection, but that Argall would not listen to his overtures57. The interview proved a stormy one. Biard says that the Frenchmen vomited58 against him every species of malignant59 abuse. "In the mean time," he adds, "you will considerately observe to what madness the evil spirit exciteth those who sell themselves to him."
According to Pontrincourt, Argall admitted that the priest had urged him to attack Port Royal. Certain it is that Biencourt demanded his surrender, frankly60 declaring that he meant to hang him. "Whilest they were discoursing61 together," says the old English writer above mentioned, "one of the savages62, rushing suddenly forth63 from the Woods, and licentiated to come neere, did after his manner, with such broken French as he had, earnestly mediate64 a peace, wondring why they that seemed to be of one Country should vse others with such hostilitie, and that with such a forme of habit and gesture as made them both to laugh."
His work done, and, as he thought, the French settlements of Acadia effectually blotted65 out, Argall set sail for Virginia on the thirteenth of November. Scarcely was he at sea when a storm scattered the vessels66. Of the smallest of the three nothing was ever heard. Argall, severely67 buffeted68, reached his port in safety, having first, it is said, compelled the Dutch at Manhattan to acknowledge for a time the sovereignty of King James. The captured ship of La Saussaye, with Biard and his colleague Quentin on board, was forced to yield to the fury of the western gales69 and bear away for the Azores. To Biard the change of destination was not unwelcome. He stood in fear of the truculent70 Governor of Virginia, and his tempest-rocked slumbers71 were haunted with unpleasant visions of a rope's end. It seems that some of the French at Port Royal, disappointed in their hope of hanging him, had commended him to Sir Thomas Dale as a proper subject for the gallows drawing up a paper, signed by six of them, and containing allegations of a nature well fitted to kindle72 the wrath of that vehement73 official. The vessel was commanded by Turnel, Argall's lieutenant74, apparently75 an officer of merit, a scholar and linguist76. He had treated his prisoner with great kindness, because, says the latter, "he esteemed77 and loved him for his naive78 simplicity and ingenuous79 candor80." But of late, thinking his kindness misplaced, he had changed it for an extreme coldness, preferring, in the words of Biard himself, "to think that the Jesuit had lied, rather than so many who accused him."
Water ran low, provisions began to fail, and they eked81 out their meagre supply by butchering the horses taken at Port Royal. At length they came within sight of Fayal, when a new terror seized the minds of the two Jesuits. Might not the Englishmen fear that their prisoners would denounce them to the fervent82 Catholics of that island as pirates and sacrilegious kidnappers83 of priests? From such hazard the escape was obvious. What more simple than to drop the priests into the sea? In truth, the English had no little dread84 of the results of conference between the Jesuits and the Portuguese85 authorities of Fayal; but the conscience or humanity of Turnel revolted at the expedient86 which awakened87 such apprehension88 in the troubled mind of Biard. He contented89 himself with requiring that the two priests should remain hidden while the ship lay off the port: Biard does not say that he enforced the demand either by threats or by the imposition of oaths. He and his companion, however, rigidly90 complied with it, lying close in the hold or under the boats, while suspicious officials searched the ship, a proof, he triumphantly91 declares, of the audacious malice which has asserted it as a tenet of Rome that no faith need be kept with heretics.
Once more at sea, Turnel shaped his course for home, having, with some difficulty, gained a supply of water and provisions at Fayal. All was now harmony between him and his prisoners. When he reached Pembroke, in Wales, the appearance of the vessel—a French craft in English hands—again drew upon him the suspicion of piracy92. The Jesuits, dangerous witnesses among the Catholics of Fayal, could at the worst do little harm with the Vice-Admiral at Pembroke. To him, therefore, he led the prisoners, in the sable93 garb94 of their order, now much the worse for wear, and commended them as persons without reproach, "wherein," adds the modest father, "he spoke95 the truth." The result of their evidence was, we are told, that Turnel was henceforth treated, not as a pirate, but, according to his deserts, as an honorable gentleman. This interview led to a meeting with certain dignitaries of the Anglican Church, who, much interested in an encounter with Jesuits in their robes, were filled, says Biard, with wonder and admiration96 at what they were told of their conduct. He explains that these churchmen differ widely in form and doctrine97 from the English Calvinists, who, he says, are called Puritans; and he adds that they are superior in every respect to these, whom they detest98 as an execrable pest.
Biard was sent to Dover and thence to Calais, returning, perhaps, to the tranquil99 honors of his chair of theology at Lyons. La Saussaye, La Motte, Fleury, and other prisoners were at various times sent from Virginia to England, and ultimately to France. Madame de Guercheville, her pious designs crushed in the bud, seems to have gained no further satisfaction than the restoration of the vessel. The French ambassador complained of the outrage4, but answer was postponed100; and, in the troubled state of France, the matter appears to have been dropped.
Argall, whose violent and crafty101 character was offset102 by a gallant103 bearing and various traits of martial104 virtue, became Deputy-Governor of Virginia, and, under a military code, ruled the colony with a rod of iron. He enforced the observance of Sunday with an edifying105 rigor106. Those who absented themselves from church were, for the first offence, imprisoned107 for the night, and reduced to slavery for a week; for the second offence, enslaved a month and for the third, a year. Nor was he less strenuous108 in his devotion to mammon. He enriched himself by extortion and wholesale109 peculation110; and his audacious dexterity111, aided by the countenance of the Earl of Warwick, who is said to have had a trading connection with him, thwarted112 all the efforts of the company to bring him to account. In 1623, he was knighted by the hand of King James.
Early in the spring following the English attack, Pontrincourt came to Port Royal. He found the place in ashes, and his unfortunate son, with the men under his command, wandering houseless in the forests. They had passed a winter of extreme misery113, sustaining their wretched existence with roots, the buds of trees, and lichens114 peeled from the rocks.
Despairing of his enterprise, Poutrincourt returned to France. In the next year, 1615, during the civil disturbances115 which followed the marriage of the King, command was given him of the royal forces destined116 for the attack on Mery; and here, happier in his death than in his life, he fell, sword in hand.
In spite of their reverses, the French kept hold on Acadia. Biencourt, partially117 at least, rebuilt Port Royal; while winter after winter the smoke of fur traders' huts curled into the still, sharp air of these frosty wilds, till at length, with happier auspices118, plans of settlement were resumed.
Rude hands strangled the "Northern Paraguay" in its birth. Its beginnings had been feeble, but behind were the forces of a mighty119 organization, at once devoted120 and ambitious, enthusiastic and calculating. Seven years later the "Mayflower" landed her emigrants121 at Plymouth. What would have been the issues had the zeal27 of the pious lady of honor preoccupied122 New England with a Jesuit colony?
In an obscure stroke of lawless violence began the strife123 of France and England, Protestantism and Rome, which for a century and a half shook the struggling communities of North America, and closed at last in the memorable124 triumph on the Plains of Abraham.
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1
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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descry
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| v.远远看到；发现；责备 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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tenements
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| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
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soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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benignity
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| n.仁慈 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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fumed
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| 愤怒( fume的过去式和过去分词 )； 大怒； 发怒； 冒烟 | |
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blustered
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| v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的过去式和过去分词 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tenantless
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| adj.无人租赁的，无人居住的 | |
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succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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reapers
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| n.收割者，收获者( reaper的名词复数 )；收割机 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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vomited
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malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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discoursing
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| 演说（discourse的现在分词形式） | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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mediate
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| vi.调解，斡旋；vt.经调解解决；经斡旋促成 | |
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blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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buffeted
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| 反复敲打( buffet的过去式和过去分词 )； 连续猛击； 打来打去； 推来搡去 | |
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gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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truculent
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| adj.野蛮的，粗野的 | |
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slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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72
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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73
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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74
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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75
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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76
linguist
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| n.语言学家；精通数种外国语言者 | |
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77
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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naive
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| adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的 | |
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ingenuous
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| adj.纯朴的，单纯的；天真的；坦率的 | |
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80
candor
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| n.坦白，率真 | |
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81
eked
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| v.（靠节省用量）使…的供应持久( eke的过去式和过去分词 )；节约使用；竭力维持生计；勉强度日 | |
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82
fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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83
kidnappers
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| n.拐子，绑匪( kidnapper的名词复数 ) | |
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84
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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85
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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86
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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87
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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88
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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89
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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90
rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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93
sable
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| n.黑貂；adj.黑色的 | |
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94
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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95
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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97
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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98
detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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99
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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101
crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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102
offset
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| n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿 | |
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103
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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105
edifying
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| adj.有教训意味的，教训性的，有益的v.开导，启发( edify的现在分词 ) | |
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106
rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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107
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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peculation
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| n.侵吞公款[公物] | |
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111
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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112
thwarted
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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113
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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114
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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115
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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116
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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117
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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118
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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119
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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120
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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121
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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122
preoccupied
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| adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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123
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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124
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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