HARDIHOOD OF LA SALLE.
The Winter Journey.—The Deserted1 Town.—Starved Rock.—Lake Michigan.—The Wilderness2.—War Parties.—La Salle's Men give out.—Ill Tidings.—Mutiny.—Chastisement3 of the Mutineers.
La Salle well knew what was before him, and nothing but necessity spurred him to this desperate journey. He says that he could trust nobody else to go in his stead, and that unless the articles lost in the "Griffin" were replaced without delay, the expedition would be retarded4 a full year, and he and his associates consumed by its expenses. "Therefore," he writes to one of them, "though the thaws6 of approaching spring greatly increased the difficulty of the way, interrupted as it was everywhere by marshes8 and rivers, to say nothing of the length of the journey, which is about five hundred leagues in a direct line, and the danger of meeting Indians of four or five different nations through whose country we were to pass, as well as an Iroquois army which we knew was coming that way; though we must suffer all the [Pg 190] time from hunger; sleep on the open ground, and often without food; watch by night and march by day, loaded with baggage, such as blanket, clothing, kettle, hatchet9, gun, powder, lead, and skins to make moccasins; sometimes pushing through thickets10, sometimes climbing rocks covered with ice and snow, sometimes wading11 whole days through marshes where the water was waist-deep or even more, at a season when the snow was not entirely12 melted,—though I knew all this, it did not prevent me from resolving to go on foot to Fort Frontenac, to learn for myself what had become of my vessel13, and bring back the things we needed."[163]
The winter had been a severe one; and when, an hour after leaving the fort, he and his companions reached the still water of Peoria Lake, they found it sheeted with ice from shore to shore. They carried their canoes up the bank, made two rude sledges14, placed the light vessels15 upon them, and dragged them to the upper end of the lake, where they encamped. In the morning they found the river still covered with ice, too weak to bear them and too strong to permit them to break a way for the canoes. They spent the whole day in carrying them through the woods, toiling17 knee-deep in saturated18 snow. Rain fell in floods, and they took shelter at night in a deserted Indian hut.
In the morning, the third of March, they dragged [Pg 191] their canoes half a league farther; then launched them, and, breaking the ice with clubs and hatchets19, forced their way slowly up the stream. Again their progress was barred, and again they took to the woods, toiling onward20 till a tempest of moist, half-liquid snow forced them to bivouac for the night. A sharp frost followed, and in the morning the white waste around them was glazed21 with a dazzling crust. Now, for the first time, they could use their snow-shoes. Bending to their work, dragging their canoes, which glided22 smoothly23 over the polished surface, they journeyed on hour after hour and league after league, till they reached at length the great town of the Illinois, still void of its inhabitants.[164]
THE DESERTED TOWN.
It was a desolate24 and lonely scene,—the river gliding25 dark and cold between its banks of rushes; the empty lodges26, covered with crusted snow; the vast white meadows; the distant cliffs, bearded with shining icicles; and the hills wrapped in forests, which glittered from afar with the icy incrustations that cased each frozen twig27. Yet there was life in the savage28 landscape. The men saw buffalo29 wading in the snow, and they killed one of them. More than this: they discovered the tracks of moccasins. They cut rushes by the edge of the river, piled them on the bank, and set them on fire, that the smoke might attract the eyes of savages31 roaming near.
[Pg 192]
On the following day, while the hunters were smoking the meat of the buffalo, La Salle went out to reconnoitre, and presently met three Indians, one of whom proved to be Chassagoac, the principal chief of the Illinois.[165] La Salle brought them to his bivouac, feasted them, gave them a red blanket, a kettle, and some knives and hatchets, made friends with them, promised to restrain the Iroquois from attacking them, told them that he was on his way to the settlements to bring arms and ammunition32 to defend them against their enemies, and, as the result of these advances, gained from the chief a promise that he would send provisions to Tonty's party at Fort Crèvec?ur.
After several days spent at the deserted town, La Salle prepared to resume his journey. Before his departure, his attention was attracted to the remarkable33 cliff of yellow sandstone, now called Starved Rock, a mile or more above the village,—a natural fortress34, which a score of resolute35 white men might make good against a host of savages; and he soon afterwards sent Tonty an order to examine it, and make it his stronghold in case of need.[166]
On the fifteenth the party set out again, carried [Pg 193] their canoes along the bank of the river as far as the rapids above Ottawa, then launched them and pushed their way upward, battling with the floating ice, which, loosened by a warm rain, drove down the swollen36 current in sheets. On the eighteenth they reached a point some miles below the site of Joliet, and here found the river once more completely closed. Despairing of farther progress by water, they hid their canoes on an island, and struck across the country for Lake Michigan.
LA SALLE'S JOURNEY.
It was the worst of all seasons for such a journey. The nights were cold, but the sun was warm at noon, and the half-thawed prairie was one vast tract30 of mud, water, and discolored, half-liquid snow. On the twenty-second they crossed marshes and inundated37 meadows, wading to the knee, till at noon they were stopped by a river, perhaps the Calumet. They made a raft of hard-wood timber, for there was no other, and shoved themselves across. On the next day they could see Lake Michigan dimly glimmering38 beyond the waste of woods; and, after crossing three swollen streams, they reached it at evening. On the twenty-fourth they followed its shore, till, at nightfall, they arrived at the fort which they had built in the autumn at the mouth of the St. Joseph. Here La Salle found Chapelle and Leblanc, the two men whom he had sent from hence to Michilimackinac, in search of the "Griffin."[167] They reported that they had made the circuit of the lake, and had neither [Pg 194] seen her nor heard tidings of her. Assured of her fate, he ordered them to rejoin Tonty at Fort Crèvec?ur; while he pushed onward with his party through the unknown wild of Southern Michigan.
"The rain," says La Salle, "which lasted all day, and the raft we were obliged to make to cross the river, stopped us till noon of the twenty-fifth, when we continued our march through the woods, which was so interlaced with thorns and brambles that in two days and a half our clothes were all torn, and our faces so covered with blood that we hardly knew each other. On the twenty-eighth we found the woods more open, and began to fare better, meeting a good deal of game, which after this rarely failed us; so that we no longer carried provisions with us, but made a meal of roast meat wherever we happened to kill a deer, bear, or turkey. These are the choicest feasts on a journey like this; and till now we had generally gone without them, so that we had often walked all day without breakfast.
INDIAN ALARMS.
"The Indians do not hunt in this region, which is debatable ground between five or six nations who are at war, and, being afraid of each other, do not venture into these parts except to surprise each other, and always with the greatest precaution and all possible secrecy39. The reports of our guns and the carcasses of the animals we killed soon led some of them to find our trail. In fact, on the evening of the twenty-eighth, having made our fire by the edge of a prairie, we were surrounded by them; but as the [Pg 195] man on guard waked us, and we posted ourselves behind trees with our guns, these savages, who are called Wapoos, took us for Iroquois, and thinking that there must be a great many of us because we did not travel secretly, as they do when in small bands, they ran off without shooting their arrows, and gave the alarm to their comrades, so that we were two days without meeting anybody."
La Salle guessed the cause of their fright; and, in order to confirm their delusion40, he drew with charcoal41, on the trunks of trees from which he had stripped the bark, the usual marks of an Iroquois war-party, with signs for prisoners and for scalps, after the custom of those dreaded42 warriors43. This ingenious artifice44, as will soon appear, was near proving the destruction of the whole party. He also set fire to the dry grass of the prairies over which he and his men had just passed, thus destroying the traces of their passage. "We practised this device every night, and it answered very well so long as we were passing over an open country; but on the thirtieth we got into great marshes, flooded by the thaws, and were obliged to cross them in mud or water up to the waist; so that our tracks betrayed us to a band of Mascoutins who were out after Iroquois. They followed us through these marshes during the three days we were crossing them; but we made no fire at night, contenting ourselves with taking off our wet clothes and wrapping ourselves in our blankets on some dry knoll45, where we slept till morning. At [Pg 196] last, on the night of the second of April, there came a hard frost, and our clothes, which were drenched46 when we took them off, froze stiff as sticks, so that we could not put them on in the morning without making a fire to thaw5 them. The fire betrayed us to the Indians, who were encamped across the marsh7; and they ran towards us with loud cries, till they were stopped halfway47 by a stream so deep that they could not get over, the ice which had formed in the night not being strong enough to bear them. We went to meet them, within gun-shot; and whether our fire-arms frightened them, or whether they thought us more numerous than we were, or whether they really meant us no harm, they called out, in the Illinois language, that they had taken us for Iroquois, but now saw that we were friends and brothers; whereupon, they went off as they came, and we kept on our way till the fourth, when two of my men fell ill and could not walk."
In this emergency, La Salle went in search of some watercourse by which they might reach Lake Erie, and soon came upon a small river, which was probably the Huron. Here, while the sick men rested, their companions made a canoe. There were no birch-trees; and they were forced to use elm-bark, which at that early season would not slip freely from the wood until they loosened it with hot water. Their canoe being made, they embarked48 in it, and for a time floated prosperously down the stream, when at length the way was barred by a matted [Pg 197] barricade49 of trees fallen across the water. The sick men could now walk again, and, pushing eastward50 through the forest, the party soon reached the banks of the Detroit.
THE JOURNEY'S END.
La Salle directed two of the men to make a canoe, and go to Michilimackinac, the nearest harborage. With the remaining two, he crossed the Detroit on a raft, and, striking a direct line across the country, reached Lake Erie not far from Point Pelée. Snow, sleet51, and rain pelted52 them with little intermission: and when, after a walk of about thirty miles, they gained the lake, the Mohegan and one of the Frenchmen were attacked with fever and spitting of blood. Only one man now remained in health. With his aid, La Salle made another canoe, and, embarking53 the invalids54, pushed for Niagara. It was Easter Monday when they landed at a cabin of logs above the cataract55, probably on the spot where the "Griffin" was built. Here several of La Salle's men had been left the year before, and here they still remained. They told him woful news. Not only had he lost the "Griffin," and her lading of ten thousand crowns in value, but a ship from France, freighted with his goods, valued at more than twenty-two thousand livres, had been totally wrecked56 at the mouth of the St. Lawrence; and of twenty hired men on their way from Europe to join him, some had been detained by his enemy, the Intendant Duchesneau, while all but four of the remainder, being told that he was dead, had found means to return home.
[Pg 198]
His three followers57 were all unfit for travel: he alone retained his strength and spirit. Taking with him three fresh men at Niagara, he resumed his journey, and on the sixth of May descried58, looming59 through floods of rain, the familiar shores of his seigniory and the bastioned walls of Fort Frontenac. During sixty-five days he had toiled60 almost incessantly61, travelling, by the course he took, about a thousand miles through a country beset62 with every form of peril63 and obstruction,—"the most arduous64 journey," says the chronicler, "ever made by Frenchmen in America."
Such was Cavelier de la Salle. In him, an unconquerable mind held at its service a frame of iron, and tasked it to the utmost of its endurance. The pioneer of western pioneers was no rude son of toil16, but a man of thought, trained amid arts and letters.[168] He had reached his goal; but for him there was neither rest nor peace. Man and Nature seemed in arms against him. His agents had plundered65 him; his creditors66 had seized his property; and several of his canoes, richly laden67, had been lost in the rapids of the St. Lawrence.[169] He hastened to Montreal, where [Pg 199] his sudden advent68 caused great astonishment69; and where, despite his crippled resources and damaged credit, he succeeded, within a week, in gaining the supplies which he required and the needful succors70 for the forlorn band on the Illinois. He had returned to Fort Frontenac, and was on the point of embarking for their relief, when a blow fell upon him more disheartening than any that had preceded.
THE MUTINEERS.
On the twenty-second of July, two voyageurs, Messier and Laurent, came to him with a letter from Tonty, who wrote that soon after La Salle's departure nearly all the men had deserted, after destroying Fort Crèvec?ur, plundering71 the magazine, and throwing into the river all the arms, goods, and stores which they could not carry off. The messengers who brought this letter were speedily followed by two of the habitants of Fort Frontenac, who had been trading on the lakes, and who, with a fidelity72 which the unhappy La Salle rarely knew how to inspire, had travelled day and night to bring him their tidings. They reported that they had met the deserters, and that, having been reinforced by recruits gained at Michilimackinac and Niagara, they now numbered twenty men.[170] They had destroyed the fort on the [Pg 200] St. Joseph, seized a quantity of furs belonging to La Salle at Michilimackinac, and plundered the magazine at Niagara. Here they had separated, eight of them coasting the south side of Lake Ontario to find harborage at Albany, a common refuge at that time of this class of scoundrels; while the remaining twelve, in three canoes, made for Fort Frontenac along the north shore, intending to kill La Salle as the surest means of escaping punishment.
CHASTISEMENT.
He lost no time in lamentation73. Of the few men at his command he chose nine of the trustiest, embarked with them in canoes, and went to meet the marauders. After passing the Bay of Quinté, he took his station with five of his party at a point of land suited to his purpose, and detached the remaining four to keep watch. In the morning, two canoes were discovered approaching without suspicion, one of them far in advance of the other. As the foremost drew near, La Salle's canoe darted74 out from under the leafy shore,—two of the men handling the paddles, while he, with the remaining two, levelled their guns at the deserters, and called on them to surrender. Astonished and dismayed, they yielded at once; while two more, who were in the second canoe, hastened to follow their example. La Salle now returned to the fort with his prisoners, placed [Pg 201] them in custody75, and again set forth76. He met the third canoe upon the lake at about six o'clock in the evening. His men vainly plied77 their paddles in pursuit. The mutineers reached the shore, took post among rocks and trees, levelled their guns, and showed fight. Four of La Salle's men made a circuit to gain their rear and dislodge them, on which they stole back to their canoe and tried to escape in the darkness. They were pursued, and summoned to yield; but they replied by aiming their guns at their pursuers, who instantly gave them a volley, killed two of them, and captured the remaining three. Like their companions, they were placed in custody at the fort, to await the arrival of Count Frontenac.[171]
FOOTNOTES:
[163] Lettre de La Salle à un de ses associés (Thouret?), 29 Sept., 1680 (Margry, ii. 50).
[164] Membré says that he was in the town at the time; but this could hardly have been the case. He was, in all probability, among the Illinois, in their camp near Fort Crèvec?ur.
[165] The same whom Hennepin calls Chassagouasse. He was brother of the chief, Nicanopé, who, in his absence, had feasted the French on the day after the nocturnal council with Monso. Chassagoac was afterwards baptized by Membré or Ribourde, but soon relapsed into the superstitions78 of his people, and died, as the former tells us, "doubly a child of perdition." See Le Clerc, ii. 181.
[166] Tonty, Mémoire. The order was sent by two Frenchmen, whom La Salle met on Lake Michigan.
[167] Déclaration de Moyse Hillaret; Relation des Découvertes.
[168] A Rocky Mountain trapper, being complimented on the hardihood of himself and his companions, once said to the writer, "That's so; but a gentleman of the right sort will stand hardship better than anybody else." The history of Arctic and African travel and the military records of all time are a standing79 evidence that a trained and developed mind is not the enemy, but the active and powerful ally, of constitutional hardihood. The culture that enervates80 instead of strengthening is always a false or a partial one.
[169] Zenobe Membré in Le Clerc, ii. 202.
[170] When La Salle was at Niagara, in April, he had ordered Dautray, the best of the men who had accompanied him from the Illinois, to return thither81 as soon as he was able. Four men from Niagara were to go with him and he was to rejoin Tonty with such supplies as that post could furnish. Dautray set out accordingly, but was met on the lakes by the deserters, who told him that Tonty was dead, and seduced82 his men. (Relation des Découvertes.) Dautray himself seems to have remained true; at least, he was in La Salle's service immediately after, and was one of his most trusted followers. He was of good birth, being the son of Jean Bourdon, a conspicuous83 personage in the early period of the colony; and his name appears on official records as Jean Bourdon, Sieur d'Autray.
[171] La Salle's long letter, written apparently84 to his associate Thouret, and dated 29 Sept., 1680, is the chief authority for the above. The greater part of this letter is incorporated, almost verbatim, in the official narrative85 called Relation des Découvertes. Hennepin, Membré, and Tonty also speak of the journey from Fort Crèvec?ur. The death of the two mutineers was used by La Salle's enemies as the basis of a charge of murder.
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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thaw
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| v.（使）融化，（使）变得友善；n.融化，缓和 | |
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thaws
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| n.（足以解冻的）暖和天气( thaw的名词复数 )；（敌对国家之间）关系缓和v.（气候）解冻( thaw的第三人称单数 )；（态度、感情等）缓和；（冰、雪及冷冻食物）溶化；软化 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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sledges
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| n.雪橇，雪车( sledge的名词复数 )v.乘雪橇( sledge的第三人称单数 )；用雪橇运载 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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charcoal
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| n.炭，木炭，生物炭 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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barricade
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| n.路障，栅栏，障碍；vt.设路障挡住 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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sleet
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| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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pelted
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| （连续地）投掷( pelt的过去式和过去分词 )； 连续抨击； 攻击； 剥去…的皮 | |
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53
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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looming
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| n.上现蜃景（光通过低层大气发生异常折射形成的一种海市蜃楼）v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的现在分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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60
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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succors
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| n.救助，帮助（尤指需要时）( succor的名词复数 )v.给予帮助( succor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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lamentation
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| n.悲叹，哀悼 | |
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darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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enervates
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| v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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83
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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84
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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