An Interlude.
Appeal of Frontenac ? His Opponents ? His Services ? Rivalry1 and Strife2 ? Bishop3 Saint-Vallier ? Society at the Chateau4 ? Private Theatricals5 ? Alarm of the Clergy6 ? Tartuffe ? A Singular Bargain ? Mareuil and the Bishop ? Mareuil on Trial ? Zeal7 of Saint-Vallier ? Scandals at Montreal ? Appeal to the King ? The Strife composed ? Libel against Frontenac.
While the Canadians hailed Frontenac as a father, he found also some recognition of his services from his masters at the court. The king wrote him a letter with his own hand, to express satisfaction at the defence of Quebec, and sent him a gift of two thousand crowns. He greatly needed the money, but prized the letter still more, and wrote to his relative, the minister Ponchartrain: "The gift you procured9 for me, this year, has helped me very much towards paying the great expenses which the crisis of our affairs and the excessive cost of living here have caused me; but, though I receive this mark of his Majesty10's goodness with the utmost respect and gratitude11, I confess that I feel far more deeply the satisfaction that he has been pleased to express with my services. The raising of the siege of Quebec did not 318 deserve all the attention that I hear he has given it in the midst of so many important events, and therefore I must needs ascribe it to your kindness in commending it to his notice. This leads me to hope that whenever some office, or permanent employment, or some mark of dignity or distinction, may offer itself, you will put me on the list as well as others who have the honor to be as closely connected with you as I am; for it would be very hard to find myself forgotten because I am in a remote country, where it is more difficult and dangerous to serve the king than elsewhere. I have consumed all my property. Nothing is left but what the king gives me; and I have reached an age where, though neither strength nor goodwill12 fail me as yet, and though the latter will last as long as I live, I see myself on the eve of losing the former: so that a post a little more secure and tranquil13 than the government of Canada will soon suit my time of life; and, if I can be assured of your support, I shall not despair of getting such a one. Please then to permit my wife and my friends to refresh your memory now and then on this point." [1] Again, in the following year: "I have been encouraged to believe that the gift of two thousand crowns, which his Majesty made me last year, would be continued; but apparently14 you have not been able to obtain it, for I think that you know the difficulty I have in living here on my salary. I hope that, when you find a better opportunity, you will try to procure8 me this favor. My 319 only trust is in your support; and I am persuaded that, having the honor to be so closely connected with you, you would reproach yourself, if you saw me sink into decrepitude16, without resources and without honors." [2] And still again he appeals to the minister for "some permanent and honorable place attended with the marks of distinction, which are more grateful than all the rest to a heart shaped after the right pattern." [3] In return for these sturdy applications, he got nothing for the present but a continuance of the king's gift of two thousand crowns.
[1] Frontenac au Ministre, 20 Oct., 1691.
[2] Frontenac au Ministre, 15 Sept., 1692.
[3] Ibid., 25 Oct., 1693.
Not every voice in the colony sounded the governor's praise. Now, as always, he had enemies in state and Church. It is true that the quarrels and the bursts of passion that marked his first term of government now rarely occurred, but this was not so much due to a change in Frontenac himself as to a change in the conditions around him. The war made him indispensable. He had gained what he wanted, the consciousness of mastery; and under its soothing17 influence he was less irritable18 and exacting19. He lived with the bishop on terms of mutual20 courtesy, while his relations with his colleague, the intendant, were commonly smooth enough on the surface; for Champigny, warned by the court not to offend him, treated him with studied deference21, and was usually treated in return with urbane22 condescension23. During all this time, the intendant was complaining of him to the 320 minister. "He is spending a great deal of money; but he is master, and does what he pleases. I can only keep the peace by yielding every thing." [4] "He wants to reduce me to a nobody." And, among other similar charges, he says that the governor receives pay for garrisons24 that do not exist, and keeps it for himself. "Do not tell that I said so," adds the prudent25 Champigny, "for it would make great trouble, if he knew it." [5] Frontenac, perfectly26 aware of these covert27 attacks, desires the minister not to heed28 "the falsehoods and impostures uttered against me by persons who meddle29 with what does not concern them." [6] He alludes30 to Champigny's allies, the Jesuits, who, as he thought, had also maligned31 him. "Since I have been here, I have spared no pains to gain the goodwill of Monsieur the intendant, and may God grant that the counsels which he is too ready to receive from certain persons who have never been friends of peace and harmony do not some time make division between us. But I close my eyes to all that, and shall still persevere32." [7] In another letter to Ponchartrain, he says: "I write you this in private, because I have been informed by my wife that charges have been made to you against my conduct since my return to this country. I promise you, Monseigneur, that, whatever my accusers do, they will not make me change conduct towards them, and that I shall still treat them with consideration. I 321 merely ask your leave most humbly34 to represent that, having maintained this colony in full prosperity during the ten years when I formerly35 held the government of it, I nevertheless fell a sacrifice to the artifice36 and fury of those whose encroachments, and whose excessive and unauthorized power, my duty and my passionate37 affection for the service of the king obliged me in conscience to repress. My recall, which made them masters in the conduct of the government, was followed by all the disasters which overwhelmed this unhappy colony. The millions that the king spent here, the troops that he sent out, and the Canadians that he took into pay, all went for nothing. Most of the soldiers, and no small number of brave Canadians, perished in enterprises ill devised and ruinous to the country, which I found on my arrival ravaged38 with unheard-of cruelty by the Iroquois, without resistance, and in sight of the troops and of the forts. The inhabitants were discouraged, and unnerved by want of confidence in their chiefs; while the friendly Indians, seeing our weakness, were ready to join our enemies. I was fortunate enough and diligent39 enough to change this deplorable state of things, and drive away the English, whom my predecessors40 did not have on their hands, and this too with only half as many troops as they had. I am far from wishing to blame their conduct. I leave you to judge it. But I cannot have the tranquillity41 and freedom of mind which I need for the work I have to do here, without feeling entire confidence that the cabal42 which is again 322 forming against me cannot produce impressions which may prevent you from doing me justice. For the rest, if it is thought fit that I should leave the priests to do as they like, I shall be delivered from an infinity44 of troubles and cares, in which I can have no other interest than the good of the colony, the trade of the kingdom, and the peace of the king's subjects, and of which I alone bear the burden, as well as the jealousy45 of sundry46 persons, and the iniquity47 of the ecclesiastics48, who begin to call impious those who are obliged to oppose their passions and their interests." [8]
[4] Champigny au Ministre, 12 Oct., 1691.
[5] Ibid., 4 Nov., 1693.
[6] Frontenac au Ministre, 15 Sept., 1692.
[7] Ibid., 20 Oct., 1691.
[8] "L'iniquité des ecclésiastiques qui commencent à traiter d'impies ceux qui sont obligés de resister à leurs passions et à leurs interêts." Frontenac au Ministre, 20 Oct., 1691.
As Champigny always sided with the Jesuits, his relations with Frontenac grew daily more critical. Open rupture50 at length seemed imminent51, and the king interposed to keep the peace. "There has been discord52 between you under a show of harmony," he wrote to the disputants. [9] Frontenac was exhorted53 to forbearance and calmness; while the intendant was told that he allowed himself to be made an instrument of others, and that his charges against the governor proved nothing but his own ill-temper. [10] The minister wrote in vain. The bickerings that he reproved were but premonitions of a greater strife.
[9] Mémoire du Roy pour Frontenac et Champigny, 1694.
[10] Le Ministre à Frontenac, 8 May, 1694; Le Ministre à Champigny, même date.
Bishop Saint-Vallier was a rigid54, austere55, and contentious56 prelate, who loved power as much as 323 Frontenac himself, and thought that, as the deputy of Christ, it was his duty to exercise it to the utmost. The governor watched him with a jealous eye, well aware that, though the pretensions57 of the Church to supremacy58 over the civil power had suffered a check, Saint-Vallier would revive them the moment he thought he could do so with success. I have shown elsewhere the severity of the ecclesiastical rule at Quebec, where the zealous59 pastors60 watched their flock with unrelenting vigilance, and associations of pious49 women helped them in the work. [11] This naturally produced revolt, and tended to divide the town into two parties, the worldly and the devout61. The love of pleasure was not extinguished, and various influences helped to keep it alive. Perhaps none of these was so potent62 as the presence in winter of a considerable number of officers from France, whose piety63 was often less conspicuous64 than their love of enjoyment65. At the Chateau St. Louis a circle of young men, more or less brilliant and accomplished66, surrounded the governor, and formed a centre of social attraction. Frontenac was not without religion, and he held it becoming a man of his station not to fail in its observances; but he would not have a Jesuit confessor, and placed his conscience in the keeping of the Récollet friars, who were not politically aggressive, and who had been sent to Canada expressly as a foil to the rival order. They found no favor in the eyes of the bishop and his adherents67, and the governor found none for the support he lent them.
[11] Old Régime, chap. xix.
324 The winter that followed the arrival of the furs from the upper lakes was a season of gayety without precedent68 since the war began. All was harmony at Quebec till the carnival69 approached, when Frontenac, whose youthful instincts survived his seventy-four years, introduced a startling novelty which proved the signal of discord. One of his military circle, the sharp-witted La Motte-Cadillac, thus relates this untoward70 event in a letter to a friend: "The winter passed very pleasantly, especially to the officers, who lived together like comrades; and, to contribute to their honest enjoyment, the count caused two plays to be acted, 'Nicomede' and 'Mithridate.'" It was an amateur performance, in which the officers took part along with some of the ladies of Quebec. The success was prodigious71, and so was the storm that followed. Half a century before, the Jesuits had grieved over the first ball in Canada. Private theatricals were still more baneful72. "The clergy," continues La Motte, "beat their alarm drums, armed cap-a-pie, and snatched their bows and arrows. The Sieur Glandelet was first to begin, and preached two sermons, in which he tried to prove that nobody could go to a play without mortal sin. The bishop issued a mandate73, and had it read from the pulpits, in which he speaks of certain impious, impure74, and noxious75 comedies, insinuating76 that those which had been acted were such. The credulous77 and infatuated people, seduced78 by the sermons and the mandate, began already to regard the count as a corrupter79 of morals and a destroyer of religion. 325 The numerous party of the pretended devotees mustered80 in the streets and public places, and presently made their way into the houses, to confirm the weak-minded in their illusion, and tried to make the stronger share it; but, as they failed in this almost completely, they resolved at last to conquer or die, and persuaded the bishop to use a strange device, which was to publish a mandate in the church, whereby the Sieur de Mareuil, a half-pay lieutenant81, was interdicted82 the use of the sacraments." [12]
[12] La Motte-Cadillac à———, 28 Sept., 1694.
This story needs explanation. Not only had the amateur actors at the chateau played two pieces inoffensive enough in themselves, but a report had been spread that they meant next to perform the famous "Tartuffe" of Molière, a satire84 which, while purporting85 to be levelled against falsehood, lust86, greed, and ambition, covered with a mask of religion, was rightly thought by a portion of the clergy to be levelled against themselves. The friends of Frontenac say that the report was a hoax87. Be this as it may, the bishop believed it. "This worthy88 prelate," continues the irreverent La Motte, "was afraid of 'Tartuffe,' and had got it into his head that the count meant to have it played, though he had never thought of such a thing. Monsieur de Saint-Vallier sweated blood and water to stop a torrent89 which existed only in his imagination." It was now that he launched his two mandates90, both on the same day; one denouncing comedies in general and "Tartuffe" in particular, and the other smiting91 326 Mareuil, who, he says, "uses language capable of making Heaven blush," and whom he elsewhere stigmatizes92 as "worse than a Protestant." [13] It was Mareuil who, as reported, was to play the part of Tartuffe; and on him, therefore, the brunt of episcopal indignation fell. He was not a wholly exemplary person. "I mean," says La Motte, "to show you the truth in all its nakedness. The fact is that, about two years ago, when the Sieur de Mareuil first came to Canada, and was carousing93 with his friends, he sang some indecent song or other. The count was told of it, and gave him a severe reprimand. This is the charge against him. After a two years' silence, the pastoral zeal has wakened, because a play is to be acted which the clergy mean to stop at any cost."
[13] Mandement au Sujet des Comédies, 16 Jan., 1694; Mandement au Sujet de certaines Personnes qui tenoient des Discours impies, même date; Registre du Conseil Souverain.
The bishop found another way of stopping it. He met Frontenac, with the intendant, near the Jesuit chapel94, accosted95 him on the subject which filled his thoughts, and offered him a hundred pistoles if he would prevent the playing of "Tartuffe." Frontenac laughed, and closed the bargain. Saint-Vallier wrote his note on the spot; and the governor took it, apparently well pleased to have made the bishop disburse96. "I thought," writes the intendant, "that Monsieur de Frontenac would have given him back the paper." He did no such thing, but drew the money on the next day and gave it to the hospitals. [14]
[14] This incident is mentioned by La Motte-Cadillac; by the intendant, 327 who reports it to the minister; by the minister Ponchartrain, who asks Frontenac for an explanation; by Frontenac, who passes it off as a jest; and by several other contemporary writers.
Mareuil, deprived of the sacraments, and held up to reprobation98, went to see the bishop, who refused to receive him; and it is said that he was taken by the shoulders and put out of doors. He now resolved to bring his case before the council; but the bishop was informed of his purpose, and anticipated it. La Motte says "he went before the council on the first of February, and denounced the Sieur de Mareuil, whom he declared guilty of impiety100 towards God, the Virgin101, and the Saints, and made a fine speech in the absence of the count, interrupted by the effusions of a heart which seemed filled with a profound and infinite charity, but which, as he said, was pushed to extremity102 by the rebellion of an indocile child, who had neglected all his warnings. This was, nevertheless, assumed; I will not say entirely103 false."
The bishop did, in fact, make a vehement104 speech against Mareuil before the council on the day in question; Mareuil stoutly105 defending himself, and entering his appeal against the episcopal mandate. [15] The battle was now fairly joined. Frontenac stood alone for the accused. The intendant tacitly favored his opponents. Auteuil, the attorney-general, and Villeray, the first councillor, owed the governor an old grudge107; and they and their colleagues sided with the bishop, with the outside support of all the clergy, except the Récollets, who, as usual, ranged themselves with their patron. At first, 328 Frontenac showed great moderation, but grew vehement, and then violent, as the dispute proceeded; as did also the attorney-general, who seems to have done his best to exasperate108 him. Frontenac affirmed that, in depriving Mareuil and others of the sacraments, with no proof of guilt99 and no previous warning, and on allegations which, even if true, could not justify109 the act, the bishop exceeded his powers, and trenched on those of the king. The point was delicate. The attorney-general avoided the issue, tried to raise others, and revived the old quarrel about Frontenac's place in the council, which had been settled fourteen years before. Other questions were brought up, and angrily debated. The governor demanded that the debates, along with the papers which introduced them, should be entered on the record, that the king might be informed of every thing; but the demand was refused. The discords110 of the council chamber111 spread into the town. Quebec was divided against itself. Mareuil insulted the bishop; and some of his scapegrace sympathizers broke the prelate's windows at night, and smashed his chamber-door. [16] Mareuil was at last ordered to prison, and the whole affair was referred to the king. [17]
[15] Registre du Conseil Souverain, 1 et 8 Fév., 1694.
[16] Champigny au Ministre, 27 Oct., 1694.
[17] Registre du Conseil Souverain; Requeste du Sieur de Mareuil, Nov., 1694.
These proceedings112 consumed the spring, the summer, and a part of the autumn. Meanwhile, an access of zeal appeared to seize the bishop; and he launched interdictions to the right and left. 329 Even Champigny was startled when he refused the sacraments to all but four or five of the military officers for alleged113 tampering114 with the pay of their soldiers, a matter wholly within the province of the temporal authorities. [18] During a recess115 of the council, he set out on a pastoral tour, and, arriving at Three Rivers, excommunicated an officer named Desjordis for a reputed intrigue116 with the wife of another officer. He next repaired to Sorel, and, being there on a Sunday, was told that two officers had neglected to go to mass. He wrote to Frontenac, complaining of the offence. Frontenac sent for the culprits, and rebuked117 them; but retracted118 his words when they proved by several witnesses that they had been duly present at the rite33. [19] The bishop then went up to Montreal, and discord went with him.
[18] Champigny au Ministre, 24 Oct., 1694. Trouble on this matter had begun some time before. Mémoire du Roy pour Frontenac et Champigny, 1694; Le Ministre à l'évêque, 8 Mai, 1694.
[19] La Motte-Cadillac à———, 28 Sept., 1694; Champigny au Ministre, 27 Oct., 1694.
Except Frontenac alone, Callières, the local governor, was the man in all Canada to whom the country owed most; but, like his chief, he was a friend of the Récollets, and this did not commend him to the bishop. The friars were about to receive two novices119 into their order, and they invited the bishop to officiate at the ceremony. Callières was also present, kneeling at a prie-dieu, or prayer-desk, near the middle of the church. Saint-Vallier, having just said mass, was seating himself in his arm-chair, close to the altar, when he saw Callières 330 at the prie-dieu, with the position of which he had already found fault as being too honorable for a subordinate governor. He now rose, approached the object of his disapproval120, and said, "Monsieur, you are taking a place which belongs only to Monsieur de Frontenac." Callières replied that the place was that which properly belonged to him. The bishop rejoined that, if he did not leave it, he himself would leave the church. "You can do as you please," said Callières; and the prelate withdrew abruptly121 through the sacristy, refusing any farther part in the ceremony. [20] When the services were over, he ordered the friars to remove the obnoxious122 prie-dieu. They obeyed; but an officer of Callières replaced it, and, unwilling123 to offend him, they allowed it to remain. On this, the bishop laid their church under an interdict83; that is, he closed it against the celebration of all the rites97 of religion. [21] He then issued a pastoral mandate, in which he charged Father Joseph Denys, their superior, with offences which he "dared not name for fear of making the paper blush." [22] His tongue was less bashful than his pen; and he gave out publicly that the father superior had acted as go-between in an intrigue of his sister with the 331 Chevalier de Callières. [23] It is said that the accusation124 was groundless, and the character of the woman wholly irreproachable125. The Récollets submitted for two months to the bishop's interdict, then refused to obey longer, and opened their church again.
[20] Procès-verbal du Père Hyacinthe Perrault, Commissaire Provincial126 des Récollets (Archives Nationales); Mémoire touchant le Démeslé entre M. l'évesque de Québec et le Chevalier de Callières (Ibid.).
[21] Mandement ordonnant de fermer l'église des Récollets, 13 Mai, 1694.
[22] "Le Supérieur du dit Couvent estant lié avec le Gouverneur de la dite ville par15 des interests que tout106 le monde scait et qu'on n'oseroit exprimer de peur de faire rougir le papier." Extrait du Mandement de l'évesque de Québec (Archives Nationales). He had before charged Mareuil with language "capable de faire rougir le ciel."
[23] "Mr. l'évesque accuse publiquement le Rev43. Père Joseph, supérieur des Récollets de Montréal, d'être l'entremetteur d'une galanterie entre sa s?ur et le Gouverneur. Cependant Mr. l'évesque sait certainement que le Père Joseph est l'un des meilleurs et des plus saints religieux de son ordre. Ce qu'il allègue du prétendu commerce entre le Gouverneur et la Dame127 de la Naudière (s?ur du Père Joseph) est entièrement faux, et il l'a publié avec scandale, sans preuve et contre toute apparence, la ditte Dame ayant toujours eu une conduite irréprochable." Mémoire touchant le Démeslé, etc. Champigny also says that the bishop has brought this charge, and that Callières declares that he has told a falsehood. Champigny au Ministre, 27 Oct., 1694.
Quebec, Three Rivers, Sorel, and Montreal had all been ruffled128 by the breeze of these dissensions, and the farthest outposts of the wilderness129 were not too remote to feel it. La Motte-Cadillac had been sent to replace Louvigny in the command of Michillimackinac, where he had scarcely arrived, when trouble fell upon him. "Poor Monsieur de la Motte-Cadillac," says Frontenac, "would have sent you a journal to show you the persecutions he has suffered at the post where I placed him, and where he does wonders, having great influence over the Indians, who both love and fear him, but he has had no time to copy it. Means have been found to excite against him three or four officers of the posts dependent on his, who have put upon him such strange and unheard of affronts131, that I was obliged to send them to prison when they came down to the colony. A certain Father Carheil, the Jesuit who wrote me such insolent132 letters a few 332 years ago, has played an amazing part in this affair. I shall write about it to Father La Chaise, that he may set it right. Some remedy must be found; for, if it continues, none of the officers who were sent to Michillimackinac, the Miamis, the Illinois, and other places, can stay there on account of the persecutions to which they are subjected, and the refusal of absolution as soon as they fail to do what is wanted of them. Joined to all this is a shameful133 traffic in influence and money. Monsieur de Tonty could have written to you about it, if he had not been obliged to go off to the Assinneboins, to rid himself of all these torments134." [24] In fact, there was a chronic135 dispute at the forest outposts between the officers and the Jesuits, concerning which matter much might be said on both sides.
[24] Frontenac à M. de Lagny, 2 Nov., 1695
The bishop sailed for France. "He has gone," writes Callières, "after quarrelling with everybody." The various points in dispute were set before the king. An avalanche136 of memorials, letters, and procès-verbaux, descended137 upon the unfortunate monarch138; some concerning Mareuil and the quarrels in the council, others on the excommunication of Desjordis, and others on the troubles at Montreal. They were all referred to the king's privy139 council. [25] An adjustment was effected: order, if not harmony, was restored; and the usual distribution of advice, exhortation140, reproof141, and menace, was made to the parties in the strife. Frontenac was commended for defending the royal prerogative142, 333 censured143 for violence, and admonished144 to avoid future quarrels. [26] Champigny was reproved for not supporting the governor, and told that "his Majesty sees with great pain that, while he is making extraordinary efforts to sustain Canada at a time so critical, all his cares and all his outlays145 are made useless by your misunderstanding with Monsieur de Frontenac." [27] The attorney-general was sharply reprimanded, told that he must mend his ways or lose his place, and ordered to make an apology to the governor. [28] Villeray was not honored by a letter, but the intendant was directed to tell him that his behavior had greatly displeased146 the king. Callières was mildly advised not to take part in the disputes of the bishop and the Récollets. [29] Thus was conjured147 down one of the most bitter as well as the most needless, trivial, and untimely, of the quarrels that enliven the annals of New France.
[25] Arrest qui ordonne que les Procédures faites entre le Sieur évesque de Québec et les Sieurs Mareuil, Desjordis, etc., seront évoquez au Conseil Privé de Sa Majesté, 3 Juillet, 1695.
[26] Le Ministre à Frontenac, 4 Juin, 1695; Ibid., 8 Juin, 1695.
[27] Le Ministre à Champigny, 4 Juin, 1695; Ibid., 8 Juin, 1695.
[28] Le Ministre à d'Auteuil, 8 Juin, 1695.
[29] Le Ministre à Callières, 8 Juin, 1695.
A generation later, when its incidents had faded from memory, a passionate and reckless partisan148, Abbé La Tour, published, and probably invented, a story which later writers have copied, till it now forms an accepted episode of Canadian history. According to him, Frontenac, in order to ridicule149 the clergy, formed an amateur company of comedians150 expressly to play "Tartuffe;" and, after rehearsing at the chateau during three or four months, they acted the piece before a large audience. "He was not satisfied with having it played at the chateau, but wanted the actors and actresses and the dancers, 334 male and female, to go in full costume, with violins, to play it in all the religious communities, except the Récollets. He took them first to the house of the Jesuits, where the crowd entered with him; then to the Hospital, to the hall of the paupers151, whither the nuns152 were ordered to repair; then he went to the Ursuline Convent, assembled the sisterhood, and had the piece played before them. To crown the insult, he wanted next to go to the seminary, and repeat the spectacle there; but, warning having been given, he was met on the way, and begged to refrain. He dared not persist, and withdrew in very ill-humor." [30]
[30] La Tour, Vie de Laval, liv. xii.
Not one of numerous contemporary papers, both official and private, and written in great part by enemies of Frontenac, contains the slightest allusion153 to any such story, and many of them are wholly inconsistent with it. It may safely be set down as a fabrication to blacken the memory of the governor, and exhibit the bishop and his adherents as victims of persecution130. [31]
[31] Had an outrage154, like that with which Frontenac is here charged, actually taken place, the registers of the council, the letters of the intendant and the attorney-general, and the records of the bishopric of Quebec would not have failed to show it. They show nothing beyond a report that "Tartuffe" was to be played, and a payment of money by the bishop in order to prevent it. We are left to infer that it was prevented accordingly. I have the best authority—that of the superior of the convent (1871), herself a diligent investigator155 into the history of her community—for stating that neither record nor tradition of the occurrence exists among the Ursulines of Quebec; and I have been unable to learn that any such exists among the nuns of the Hospital (H?tel-Dieu). The contemporary Récit d'une Religieuse Ursuline speaks of Frontenac with gratitude, as a friend and benefactor156, as does also Mother Juchereau, superior of the H?tel-Dieu.
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rivalry
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strife
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bishop
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chateau
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theatricals
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| n.（业余性的）戏剧演出，舞台表演艺术；职业演员；戏剧的( theatrical的名词复数 )；剧场的；炫耀的；戏剧性的 | |
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clergy
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zeal
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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procured
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majesty
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gratitude
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goodwill
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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15
par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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16
decrepitude
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| n.衰老；破旧 | |
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17
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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18
irritable
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| adj.急躁的；过敏的；易怒的 | |
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19
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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20
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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21
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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22
urbane
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| adj.温文尔雅的，懂礼的 | |
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23
condescension
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| n.自以为高人一等，贬低(别人) | |
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24
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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25
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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26
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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27
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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28
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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29
meddle
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| v.干预，干涉，插手 | |
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30
alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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31
maligned
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| vt.污蔑，诽谤（malign的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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32
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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33
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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34
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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35
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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36
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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37
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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38
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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39
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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40
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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41
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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42
cabal
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| n.政治阴谋小集团 | |
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43
rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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44
infinity
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| n.无限，无穷，大量 | |
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45
jealousy
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|
| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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46
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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47
iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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48
ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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49
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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50
rupture
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| n.破裂；(关系的)决裂；v.(使)破裂 | |
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51
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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52
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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53
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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55
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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56
contentious
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| adj.好辩的，善争吵的 | |
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57
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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58
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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59
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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60
pastors
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| n.（基督教的）牧师( pastor的名词复数 ) | |
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61
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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62
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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63
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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64
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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65
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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66
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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67
adherents
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|
| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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68
precedent
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|
| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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69
carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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70
untoward
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|
| adj.不利的，不幸的，困难重重的 | |
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71
prodigious
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|
| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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72
baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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73
mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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74
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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75
noxious
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|
| adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的 | |
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76
insinuating
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|
| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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77
credulous
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|
| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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78
seduced
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|
| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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79
corrupter
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|
| 堕落的，道德败坏的； 贪污的，腐败的； 腐烂的； （文献等）错误百出的 | |
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80
mustered
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|
| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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81
lieutenant
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|
| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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82
interdicted
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|
| v.禁止（行动）( interdict的过去式和过去分词 )；禁用；限制 | |
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83
interdict
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|
| v.限制；禁止；n.正式禁止；禁令 | |
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84
satire
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|
| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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85
purporting
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|
| v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的现在分词 ) | |
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86
lust
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|
| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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87
hoax
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|
| v.欺骗，哄骗，愚弄；n.愚弄人，恶作剧 | |
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88
worthy
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|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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89
torrent
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|
| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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90
mandates
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| 托管（mandate的第三人称单数形式） | |
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91
smiting
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的现在分词 ) | |
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92
stigmatizes
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的第三人称单数 ) | |
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93
carousing
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| v.痛饮，闹饮欢宴( carouse的现在分词 ) | |
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94
chapel
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|
| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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95
accosted
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|
| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的过去式和过去分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
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96
disburse
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|
| v.支出，拨款 | |
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97
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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98
reprobation
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| n.斥责 | |
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99
guilt
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|
| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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100
impiety
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|
| n.不敬；不孝 | |
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101
virgin
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|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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102
extremity
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|
| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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103
entirely
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|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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104
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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105
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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106
tout
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| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
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107
grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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108
exasperate
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| v.激怒，使（疾病）加剧，使恶化 | |
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109
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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110
discords
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| 不和（discord的复数形式） | |
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111
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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112
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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113
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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114
tampering
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| v.窜改( tamper的现在分词 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄 | |
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115
recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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116
intrigue
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|
| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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117
rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
retracted
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| v.撤回或撤消( retract的过去式和过去分词 )；拒绝执行或遵守；缩回；拉回 | |
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119
novices
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| n.新手( novice的名词复数 )；初学修士（或修女）；（修会等的）初学生；尚未赢过大赛的赛马 | |
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120
disapproval
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| n.反对，不赞成 | |
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121
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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122
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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123
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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124
accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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125
irreproachable
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| adj.不可指责的，无过失的 | |
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126
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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127
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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128
ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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129
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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130
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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131
affronts
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| n.（当众）侮辱，（故意）冒犯( affront的名词复数 )v.勇敢地面对( affront的第三人称单数 )；相遇 | |
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132
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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133
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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134
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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135
chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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136
avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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137
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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138
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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139
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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140
exhortation
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| n.劝告，规劝 | |
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141
reproof
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| n.斥责，责备 | |
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142
prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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143
censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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144
admonished
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| v.劝告( admonish的过去式和过去分词 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责 | |
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145
outlays
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| v.支出，费用( outlay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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146
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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147
conjured
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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148
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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149
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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150
comedians
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| n.喜剧演员，丑角( comedian的名词复数 ) | |
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151
paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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152
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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153
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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154
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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155
investigator
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| n.研究者，调查者，审查者 | |
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156
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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