Having learned from Doctor Healy the relation between mental conflict and misconduct and the possibility of cure by the freeing of blocked emotion, social workers were somewhat prepared for one of the unusual situations brought about by the war,—namely, the wholesale4 arrests of girls and women on suspicion of venereal disease, with effort on the part of the government not only to cure the physical disease but to rehabilitate5 the individual. The gathering7 of data by the Girls’ Protective Bureau of the United States Interdepartmental Social Hygiene8 Board gave a basis for study which years of private practice or philanthropy could not assemble. One felt about these young prostitutes that mere9 suppression by force would not reach the root of the matter,—that causes and conditions must be studied. With this in mind certain lines of research were undertaken, primarily to gather and interpret data which would lead to less unjust vitreatment than is at present accorded so-called delinquent10 women, by changing public opinion and especially altering procedure in our courts, jails and hospitals. It was hoped that such data might also tend toward a better understanding of human relations and indicate marriage standards based upon biology and psychology rather than on economics.
A profound statement of Mr. Thomas’s is, “Statistics in themselves are nothing more than the symptoms of unknown causal processes. A social institution can be understood and modified only if we do not limit ourselves to the study of its formal organization but analyze12 the way in which it appears in the personal experience of various members of the group and follow the influence it has on their lives.” It was just the sudden knowledge of the effect of our custom, law and court procedure as they influenced the lives of individual girls which brought critical questioning of such justice as had been meted13 out to them. It seemed as if society had been systematically14 wrecking15 women.
The government program acted as a searchlight flashed upon the farce17 of our dual6 system of morality. In the case of a child suffering assault or rape18 she might be detained in an old type of reform school till her majority gave her freedom—a poor preparation for later life—while the man, were he convicted, rarely had a long sentence. Of two parents of a child conceived out of wedlock19, for the girl abortion20 is classed as crime; motherhood brings shame and condemnation21; while the part of the man passes as a biological necessity. Whereas in some hospitals fifty per cent of the women arrested on suspicion of disease were found to be not infected, it was suggested in one city that prophylactic22 stations be established in men’s clubs and even in viiboys’ schools,—the futility23 of fine and jail for the woman, freedom for the man.
This war measure brought hundreds of girls to our courts for whom in some States there was no proper provision. This emergency developed rapid establishment of correctional schools of most approved type, showing marked success in the rehabilitation24 of girls, even with some seeming psychopathic cases. Little girls unfortunate enough to have a sex experience called to the attention of the court, who in the past would have been confined behind bars, are now placed in the country, given good food and opportunity for free happy activity. Formerly25 for the unmarried mothers the psychological values of pregnancy26 were ignored, and in the effort to save the reputation by concealing27 motherhood the mind and character were often weakened.
If fear in soldiers could produce pathological symptoms both mental and physical, curable by psychiatry28, might not some of this apparent feeble-mindedness be a hysteria resulting from shock? Most case histories showed early sex experience treated, especially when pregnancy resulted, with utmost scorn, contempt and condemnation. Surely the world offers to these little unmarried mothers as menacing a front as was faced by the soldiers in France. For girls passing through Juvenile29 Hall in Los Angeles, right environment is provided where they receive friendly care and encouragement. As a psychologist said of the soldiers, “Morale is pumped into them.” The fact that they have shown during pregnancy an advance in intelligence quotient amounting in some cases to ten points demands a reconsideration of opinion till further data give scientific basis for judgment30.
viiiIn the introduction to Kammerer’s study of “The Unmarried Mother”, Doctor Healy questions whether such a constructive31 act as bringing a child into the world should ever be classed as a crime. Life, legal or illegal, must be respected.
One grows to love the incorrigible32 girl. She has many fine qualities. A protective officer was escorting to a State institution a girl thought too bad for a House of the Good Shepherd. A train wreck16 occurred and she thought, “Here is where my girl escapes me.” On the contrary, the “incorrigible” turned to and helped as many as possible of those injured. The biologist tells us it is just this superabundant vitality33 that is necessary for the evolution of higher types.
In the autumn of 1919 at the International Conference of Women Physicians held in New York under the auspices34 of the National Y. W. C. A. for discussion of the physical, mental and social health of women, many valuable contributions were made to our problem. The relation between sex shock and nervous disease was plainly given by the psychoanalysts, and their theory of retarded36 emotion and fixation of infantile affection explained varied37 phases of behavior. Most encouraging of all was Freud’s hypothesis of sublimation38.
Those who, in Freud’s teaching of the danger of sex repression39 to mental health, find merely sanction for license40 miss the point of his wonderful message. This theory that life force, libido41, creative energy, follows the Law of Conservation true of Physical force—that as motion may become heat, light or electricity, so this inner power may be transmuted42 from procreative effort to creative work of hand and brain—would seem to explain much of the modern success in the rehabilitation ixof the young prostitute. This transmutation of sex force into art and religion had been noted43 in the past by Jacob Boehme and James Hinton. Myers hinted it in a line of poetry, “Forge and transform my passion into power”, but it remained for Freud to bring it to common understanding. James Hinton, the English surgeon, said just after our Civil War, “Prostitution will pass as has slavery when it becomes too great a burden for humanity to carry.” That time has come and prostitution must pass. Prostitution and promiscuity44 will be eliminated not by force but through sublimation.
Further analysis of this hypothesis of sublimation shows that life energy or libido may be manifested physically45, psychically48, socially, spiritually:
Physically in motion, eating, drinking and in sex acts;
Psychically in art, science, literature, anything which uses one’s wits;
Socially in service to others;
Spiritually in meditating49 upon Infinite Power or seeking one’s relation to The Whole.
Though these divisions give somewhat roughly general group types, humanity shows infinite variety of expression, and individuals may change from time to time according to influence and environment. Each may be developed through her special abilities. One notes with interest that associated with physical sex expression there is frequently great cleverness in cookery and crochet50. Each must be stabilized51 on her own level.
An interesting report comes from El Retiro, the experimental school for correctional education established by the city and county of Los Angeles during xthe war. Of two hundred girls passing through this institution during the first three years, only two have drifted to the underworld, these being drug addicts52 when they came from the court. One hundred and ninety-eight are functioning socially in the community. These girls were all under twenty-one years. On arriving at El Retiro each girl is studied by a group consisting of the referee53 of the court, the psychologist, the superintendent54, the teacher and the head of student government. So soon as her interests and special abilities are discovered, a project is chosen which will prepare her for constructive living in the community. The girls are stimulated55 to mental expression of energy, not set to hours of dull routine, scrubbing floors or paring potatoes. Not punishment but responsibility develops power and leads to higher expression and achievement. Science is teaching us that man is an epitome56 of the past,—that in each human being is retained the impress of prehuman behavior. As one analyst35 puts it, “Each day is an adjustment between the higher nerve centers and the spinal57 column.” We must study this conservation of life force that we may strengthen those manifestations58 which show ascending59 effort and decrease the tendency to revert60 to action patterns of earlier forms.
A dictum of the percipient mind of the biologist-sociologist, Lester Ward11, should startle us into fresh appraisal61 of life’s values. Shortly before his death he said, “The day will come when society shall be as much shocked at the crime of perpetuating62 the least taint63 of hereditary64 disease, insanity65 or other serious defect, as it is now at the comparatively harmless crime of incest.”
As an equation is solved more simply by algebra66 xithan arithmetic, so any subject carried up into the next higher universe of discourse67 becomes clarified, falls into proper perspective, and is more easily understood. This thought in conjunction with the statement of Lester Ward shows the need of extending our discussion to include women both in and out of wedlock, and instead of differentiating68 the good from the bad by legal definition, the ethics69 of human mating must be based upon those laws of nature which secure the finest human values, the essential aim being an ever better next generation.
The fundamental function of woman being motherhood, this with its secondary manifestations explains much of her behavior. The devotion of the young girl to the cadet who enslaves her reveals the same instinct which holds a wife faithful through difficulties and degradation,—the instinct from which have developed the virtues70 of loyalty71, endurance and self-sacrifice. The period of pregnancy should be (if the imagination be not filled with old wives’ tales) one of health, exhilaration, development of psychic47 values and social consciousness. Any woman experiencing this wonderful functioning should be aided to as complete psycho-biological fulfillment as her personality and the social situation permit. Should the higher love and association of the father of her child be lacking, so much the greater is her need of genuine help and encouragement. Given this, she may be strengthened and stabilized whether the man desert or become disaffected72 before or after a legal ceremony.
Though mating and its resulting responsibilities have evolved our highest virtues, marriage is now under attack. Not only are divorce and illegitimacy evidenced as showing its failure, but intellectual women xiiare demanding freedom and self-expression which they find doubtful in marriage. In Paris one woman who believed the relation of the unmarried mother to her child more ethical73 under French law than that of the married mother, lived out of wedlock for years of monogamous mating, her daughter bearing her name. She and the father of her child were leaders in La Ligue pour le Droit des Femmes, of which Victor Hugo was an early president. Fundamentally this attack is encouraging, indicating effort to bring law up to newer ideals of ethical mating. Man’s marriage law was based upon economics, upon the idea of possession and inheritance of possessions. In Scandinavia, where woman has for some time been voting, there is a tendency to make the law conform to biology. In Norway all births are registered. The father as well as the mother must be held responsible and there are no illegitimate children. Under their law for children born out of wedlock which went into effect in 1915, in only nine out of the first five thousand cases was paternity contested. Here law is conforming to biologic fact. Before science can offer a new marriage law the psychology of mating must be further studied. Women are classifying as prostitution a marriage in which psychical46 values are ignored. They seek chastity in marriage according to the definition given in Doctor S. Herbert’s Fundamentals in Sexual Ethics, “Chastity—true chastity—has reference not so much to actions as to feelings and motives74. It is the quality of the emotion in relation to sexual acts that constitutes a state of purity or impurity75.”
Mr. Thomas’s study quite disproves the former theory of psychologists and criminologists that the prostitute is a type and can live no other way. Girls xiiimay come through a measure of prostitution, marry and make successes of their lives. In China a girl will sometimes earn through prostitution the money which makes marriage possible. In that country, where the seclusion76 of wives necessitates77 the entertainment of men guests at public places, the so-called prostitute may be called to act as hostess at dinner, to provide music or dancing at regular stipulated78 prices, according to the class to which she belongs, this not necessarily including the barter79 of the body. Even dominoes are played at so much a game. It would seem strange to our Y. W. C. A. hostesses at the army camps that their hospitality to the soldiers would in China have been classed as activities of the prostitute.
One of the surprises of the war work was the definite number of married women carrying on not commercial prostitution, but clandestine80 relationships. They were not vicious but immature81. Their husbands being away, they seemed unable to get on without the aid of a friendly man. The need was not money but affectionate companionship. In some cases women were glad to escape from conditions of marital82 cruelty, yet they were so simple-minded as to accept instead most casual relationships.
Few people are able to live without some affectional alliance. An unmarried woman may establish a permanent friendship with another woman; one of less stable personality may pass from one “crush” to another, leaving havoc83 in her wake as does the promiscuous84 male, yet for this she may not be haled into court. If affection be lacking it takes a strong purpose in life to steady either a man or woman.
To claim that a girl need not be ruined or may recover from sex conflict expressed or repressed is not xivadvocating promiscuity. Far from it. Nor in this effort of women to free themselves from the blunders hidden under the sanction of marriage should young people be encouraged to believe that to repeat those same blunders freely is the ideal of mating. Much nervous disease and delinquency are traceable to early emotional shock. Each case requires special study of personality. The results of any conflict are dependent upon previous environment, training, characteristics, interests, ideals. Freud says that if two little girls, one the daughter of intellectual parents, the other the child of the janitor85, should have some sex experience, the former might later suffer neurosis while the latter would probably be unharmed. Cases of disease and of delinquency show the persistence86 of the association of idea, the strange continuance of symptoms fixed87 as conditioned reflexes which hamper88 a human being for years. Recent study of pre-delinquent groups has revealed children “with normal or even superior native endowment who are prevented from showing their ability by factors acting89 upon their feelings.” These illustrate90 the dangers of affectional wound,—the sensitivity of personality to emotional shock. A conflict may make or break an individual.
Just what is it which differentiates91 between two lives of similar asocial behavior or suffering affectional wounds, one becoming disorganized, the other attaining93 higher levels of mental and social integration94? Certain psychoanalytic biographies show struggles of eminent95 men and women who passed through periods of mental strain or moral failure, yet rose superior to and even strengthened by their wrestling with life. Our revered96 Abraham Lincoln not only kept bride and guests waiting on the first date set for his wedding, xvbut disappeared from family and friends for three days. Imagine the frenzy97 of the modern press over such an event.
Psychiatrists98 are interpreting to nervous patients symptoms of strain and sorrow, assisting them to assimilate such emotional experience and to regain99 poise100. It is possible to minimize sexual blunder as unfortunate but not irreparable. One recovers from disease, from disappointment. One lie told may bring from the parent an explanation of the importance of truth and be a milestone101 on the upward path. Such lesson, however, should never be based on condemnation but must be linked with idealism. A wise physician said, “Nature tends toward meliorism.” This accounts for the success of girls who pull themselves up without aid.
That nature has brought us up from the am?ba to man should give us confidence in Life Force. Life is not so simple as to have one “definition of the situation” solve the whole problem. This will take further trial and error. The scientific mind observes, differentiates, finds contrasts and resemblances. Bits of inorganic102 elements may be identical, but in the study of living organisms the higher the type the greater the possibility of variation, till in man no two are identical in finger print, still less so in emotional reaction. Even when a new period of socialization shall have simplified life, each individual must still be considered separately, each personality approached with utmost reverence103, accepted for values and possibilities which when developed displace asocial behavior. The problems of sexual disharmony, retarded emotion, affectional distress104, which send people of wealth to the sanitarium or divorce court, lead the poor to delinquency. The future court of domestic relations may become a clinic for all.
xviOn the whole this period of individualization is more fortunate for women than otherwise. Their struggle for independence is winning higher standards of affectional association in friendships with both sexes, higher psychic and social levels of group co?peration. Though one deplores105 the necessity of divorce one watches its increase with the feeling that consecutive106 marriages are an advance upon simultaneous promiscuity. From marriage based upon possession there is evolving a fine comradeship in which psychic fertilization becomes ever more significant as is seen in the collaboration107 of man and woman in art, science, literature and social service. While marriage within the law may attain92 the highest level of human mating known today, and social sanction is necessary for right environment for children, it is not law which achieves this result but the ever evolving adjustments of fine personality shown by men and women in whom emotion and intellect and will have matured harmoniously108 and in whose lives sublimation begun in childhood has given stability.
Sex has always baffled humanity. Alternately it has been considered sacred and sinful, attached to temple worship or cast beyond the pale. In this day of scientific synthesis we are solving some at least of the fundamentals of this Weltr?tsel.
This present research of William I. Thomas with his trenchant109 sociological analysis is a distinct contribution not only to the study of delinquency but to educational and industrial problems. As his conclusions point toward the practice of the most advanced experimental schools and also conform to the theories of certain leading psychiatrists, this triple concurrence110 of opinion indicates approach to scientific truth. Mr. xviiThomas’s interpretation111 of today’s unrest as a “period of individualization following and preceding periods of socialization” emphasizes our present opportunity to reorganize the administration of justice. Let such reorganization be based upon that emergent truth which Dean Pound has called “the most important change of the century,—the transference of the sense of value from property to humanity.”
Ethel S. Dummer
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1
psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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rehabilitate
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| vt.改造(罪犯)，修复；vi.复兴，(罪犯)经受改造 | |
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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delinquent
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| adj.犯法的，有过失的；n.违法者 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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wrecking
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| 破坏 | |
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wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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farce
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| n.闹剧，笑剧，滑稽戏；胡闹 | |
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rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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wedlock
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| n.婚姻，已婚状态 | |
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abortion
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| n.流产，堕胎 | |
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condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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prophylactic
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| adj.预防疾病的；n.预防疾病 | |
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futility
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| n.无用 | |
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rehabilitation
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| n.康复，悔过自新，修复，复兴，复职，复位 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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pregnancy
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| n.怀孕，怀孕期 | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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psychiatry
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| n.精神病学，精神病疗法 | |
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juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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incorrigible
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| adj.难以纠正的，屡教不改的 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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analyst
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| n.分析家，化验员；心理分析学家 | |
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retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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sublimation
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| n.升华，升华物，高尚化 | |
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repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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libido
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| n.本能的冲动 | |
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transmuted
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| v.使变形，使变质，把…变成…( transmute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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promiscuity
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| n.混杂，混乱；（男女的）乱交 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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psychically
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| adv.精神上 | |
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meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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crochet
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| n.钩针织物；v.用钩针编制 | |
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stabilized
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| v.（使）稳定， （使）稳固( stabilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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addicts
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| 有…瘾的人( addict的名词复数 )； 入迷的人 | |
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referee
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| n.裁判员．仲裁人，代表人，鉴定人 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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epitome
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| n.典型，梗概 | |
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spinal
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| adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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appraisal
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| n.对…作出的评价；评价，鉴定，评估 | |
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perpetuating
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| perpetuate的现在进行式 | |
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taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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algebra
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| n.代数学 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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differentiating
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| [计] 微分的 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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71
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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ethical
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| adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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impurity
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| n.不洁，不纯，杂质 | |
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seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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necessitates
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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clandestine
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| adj.秘密的，暗中从事的 | |
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immature
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| adj.未成熟的，发育未全的，未充分发展的 | |
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marital
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| adj.婚姻的，夫妻的 | |
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havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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promiscuous
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| adj.杂乱的，随便的 | |
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janitor
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| n.看门人，管门人 | |
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persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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hamper
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| vt.妨碍，束缚，限制；n.(有盖的)大篮子 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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differentiates
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| 区分，区别，辨别( differentiate的第三人称单数 )； 区别对待； 表明…间的差别，构成…间差别的特征 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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integration
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| n.一体化，联合，结合 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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psychiatrists
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| n.精神病专家，精神病医生( psychiatrist的名词复数 ) | |
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regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡，保持平衡；n.泰然自若，自信 | |
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milestone
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| n.里程碑；划时代的事件 | |
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inorganic
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| adj.无生物的；无机的 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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deplores
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| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的第三人称单数 ) | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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collaboration
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| n.合作，协作；勾结 | |
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harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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trenchant
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| adj.尖刻的，清晰的 | |
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concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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