TOBACCO OFFERINGS.
1808.
It was a beautiful moonlight evening in August. A shadowy haze1 lingered over the river, which glistened2 and sparkled in the moonlight. The Chief and several members of his family were seated on the beach in front of the Wigwam listening to the Honorable Joseph Papineau, who, with his son, Louis Joseph, had come up in a canoe to see the falls. The former had recently purchased from Bishop3 Laval the unsettled seigniory of Petit Nation, and had erected4 an unpretentious cottage, which he occupied during the summer months.
HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission.
HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU.
From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission.
"It was a lovely vision," said Mr. Papineau, who had just performed the feat5 of canoeing to the foot of the Chaudiere Falls for the first time. "On our return we climbed the rugged6 cliff on the south side, and never shall I forget the panorama7 that spread out before us. The sun, sinking slowly behind the Laurentian hills, had clothed himself with a robe of splendor8. The long reflections lay soft on the waters of the river below. The clouds of ascending9 mist from the Chaudiere took a thousand shades of color as the western sky faded slowly from crimson10 into gold and from gold to green and gray, and finally displayed dark shapes, out of which imagination might well have formed a thousand monsters.*
* Louis Joseph, afterwards known as the Demosthenes of Canada, and who almost succeeded in making Canada a Republic, with himself as President, was evidently much impressed with the scene, which he described as follows: "Le soleil etait pret decendre sous l'horison, la mureille tout11 limpide etait d'une transparence vivre, tout penetree de lumiere vaguement prismatiseé."
"As we watched the gathering12 shadows my thoughts went back two hundred years, to the time when Champlain went on his first trip up the 'Riviere des Algoumequins,' as he called it. About two years before he took the trip he sent Nicholas de Vignan, a young Frenchman, up the river with some friendly Indians, and Nicholas had returned with the marvellous story that he had reached the North Sea. He said that the journey could be made in a few days. He also gave an account of having seen the wreck13 of an English ship.
"Champlain was completely taken in, and lost no time in starting off to verify the discovery for which the world had been looking for some time. His fleet consisted of two canoes with two Indians and three Frenchmen, one of whom was De Vignan. It was in May, when the river was at its height. When they reached the Gatineau the Indians told him that their tribe were often compelled to conceal14 themselves amid the hills of the Upper Gatineau from their dreaded15 enemies, the Iroquois. When Champlain beheld16 the twin curtain falls yonder, 'like a slow dropping veil of the thinnest lawn,' he exclaimed, 'Le Rideau! Le Rideau!' The Indians told him that the waters formed an arcade17 under which they delighted to walk, and where they were only wet by the spray. As they rounded the lofty headland opposite he saw the cloud of mist rising from the falls, which the Indians called the 'Asticou,' which means 'Chaudiere' in French, or 'kettle' in English, for the water has worn out a deep basin into which it rushes with a whirling motion which boils up in the midst like a kettle.
"You have probably been close enough to have seen it, Madame?" he said, addressing Mrs. Wright.
"No," she replied, "I have always been too timid to venture so near to it in a canoe."
"Champlain said," continued Mr. Papineau, "that he paddled as near as possible to the falls, when the Indians took the canoes and the Frenchmen and himself carried their arms and provisions. He described with great feeling the sharp and rugged rocks of the portages to pass the falls and rapids until at last, in the afternoon, they embarked18 upon the peaceful waters of a lake where, he said, there were very beautiful islands filled with vines and with walnut19 and other agreeable trees."
"He probably saw a butternut tree," said young Louis Joseph, "and thought it produced walnuts."
"Champlain's journey came to an abrupt21 close a few days afterwards," said Mr. Papineau, "when he reached Allumette Island, about seventy miles farther up the river. There was a large settlement of friendly Algonquins, called 'Les Sauvages de l'Isle,' and Champlain tried to obtain several canoes and guides to proceed farther. They, however, had their own commercial reasons for keeping the French from the upper country, and they warned him of the danger of meeting the terrible tribe of the Sorcerers. Champlain said that De Vignan had passed through all these dangers. The head Chief then said to the impostor:
"'Is it true that you have said that you have been among the Sorcerers?'
"After a long pause he said: 'Yes, I've been there.'
"The Indians at once threw themselves upon him with fierce cries as if they would have torn him to pieces, and the Chief said:
"'You are a bold liar22. You know that every night you slept by my side with my children. How have you the impudence23 to tell your chief such lies?'
"The upshot was that Champlain returned down the Ottawa, followed by an escort of fifty canoes.
"When the party reached the Chaudiere the savages24, he said, performed their mystic rites25. After having carried their canoes to the foot of the Falls, they gathered in a certain spot where one of them, provided with a wooden dish, passed it round, and each one placed in the dish a piece of tobacco.
"The collection finished, the dish was placed in the midst of the band and all danced around it, chanting after their fashion. Then one of the chiefs delivered a harangue26, explaining that from olden times they had always made such an offering, and that by this means they are protected from their enemies and saved from misfortune, for so the devil persuades them. Then the same chief took the dish and proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere, amid the loud shoutings of the band. 'They are so superstitious,' said Champlain, 'that they do not believe that they can make a safe journey if they have not performed this ceremony in this particular place.'
"The Chief proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere."
"The Chief proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere."
"Ah, Monsieur," Mr. Papineau continued, "it stirred my soul as I stood on that rocky cliff and thought of how many canoes of heroic missionaries27, Indian braves and cheery voyageurs have paddled these waters and torn their feet on the rocky shores, going, some of them to death and some to tortures worse than death. As we drifted down with the current in the moonlight the gentle breeze in the pines along the shore seemed to be whispering sad tales of other days."
Mr. Papineau, who had spoken with such animation28 and fluency29, relapsed into silence for several minutes, then, rousing himself, said, with even greater enthusiasm and vigor30:
"Providence31 has crowned our lives with great blessing32 since the heroic Daulac struck the death-blow to the power of the Iroquois in this country, and since the English undertook the responsibility of its government. Though I am proud of the fact that every bone and muscle, nerve and sinew within me is French, though I dearly love my Mother Country and my fellow countrymen, I have no hesitation33 in making the solemn assertion that our country has enjoyed a greater degree of prosperity under the new regime than it ever did under the old. But it must ever be remembered that much of the foundation of that prosperity was laid in the blood of the early French martyrs34 and in the heroic achievements of the early French settlers."
It seemed incredible to the visitors that in a settlement of so recent date their host should have been able to show them a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a vegetable alkali factory, a tannery, a small foundry, a tailor shop, a bakery, a general store, and a hemp35-mill, giving employment to over one hundred men.
Fortunately for the pioneers of the Ottawa, they were not dependent upon the small revenue derived36 from the cultivation37 of the land, but had other resources which afforded them much greater remuneration. The British Navy, which hitherto had been dependent upon Russia for its cordage and lumber38, had to look elsewhere for its supply of hemp and timber, owing to the ports of the Baltic having been closed to British ships.
The price of hemp having risen from ￡25 to ￡118 per ton, they undertook the cultivation of it, and raised over three-fourths of the amount raised in Lower Canada at that time. The exportation of lumber and vegetable alkali, or potash, were also great sources of revenue. In the new clearances39 were tons of wood ashes from which the lye was extracted and boiled till it looked like molten iron, a barrel of which sold at that time for thirty dollars.
Prosperity and success crowned every commercial enterprise upon which they ventured until fire swept every mill, factory and dwelling40 in the thriving little village out of existence, including thousands of dollars in cash in a small safe in the office, quantities of wheat, hemp, sawn lumber, laths and general merchandise.
As there was no compensation in the way of insurance, the loss was much felt.
Philemon Wright was not the man to be deterred41 from climbing the ladder of success, even though he had to mount it by the rungs of adverse42 circumstances. Though the loss sustained was great, almost overwhelming, he rose above it with a courage which yielded not to disappointment or failure.
The cause of the fire long remained a mystery. That it was the work of an incendiary was beyond question. Various theories were advocated by the settlers, but suspicion rested upon Machecawa, who, it was alleged43, had been seen by the bookkeeper at a late hour lingering about the mills, a suspicion which gained no credence44 with the Chief and his family.
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1
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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glistened
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| v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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4
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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5
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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6
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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7
panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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8
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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9
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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10
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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11
tout
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| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
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12
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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13
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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14
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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15
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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16
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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17
arcade
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| n.拱廊；(一侧或两侧有商店的)通道 | |
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18
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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19
walnut
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| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
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20
walnuts
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| 胡桃（树）( walnut的名词复数 )； 胡桃木 | |
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21
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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22
liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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23
impudence
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| n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼 | |
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24
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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25
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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26
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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27
missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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28
animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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29
fluency
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| n.流畅，雄辩，善辩 | |
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30
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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31
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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33
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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34
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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35
hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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36
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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37
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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38
lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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39
clearances
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| 清除( clearance的名词复数 )； 许可； （录用或准许接触机密以前的）审查许可； 净空 | |
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40
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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41
deterred
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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43
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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44
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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