Nevertheless, a rule laid down by the author in his first volume sensibly limits the work he has undertaken. 'The history of one of the greatest revolutions that has ever been accomplished3 in human affairs, and not the history of a mere4 party, is the object of the present undertaking5. The history of the Reformation is distinct from that of Protestantism.' One or two volumes coming, God willing, after this one will bring it to a conclusion. The author divided the history into two series for the convenience of the public, but he does not separate them. Together they form a single work.
The course that he will probably pursue in future will better express the unity6 of the great event which
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has made the sixteenth century famous. Streams at first flow apart; they afterwards unite with each other in succession and form a single river. There comes a moment when the waters undergo the law of concentration: the same phenomenon is manifested in a history like ours. After following up successively the facts of the Reformation in Germany, German Switzerland, France, England, Western Switzerland and elsewhere, we shall concentrate our narrative7 a little, and present the progress of the great transformation8 in a single picture.
New countries and new men will come before us. In our next volume we shall travel through Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Hungary, and other parts of Europe, retracing9 the great features of their religious history. We shall even return to Luther and Melanchthon, whose society is at once so healthy and so pleasant; and also see Calvin at his work in Geneva.
One circumstance, besides that already indicated, warns the author to restrict his labor10, and might suddenly interrupt it. Time is growing short for him, and he cannot complete his work without the aid of Him who is the master of our days.
This volume begins with England. A faithful history of the Reformation is now perhaps more necessary to that country than to any other. The general opinion on the Continent, excepting that of the blind partisans11 of popery, is that the cause of Reform is won, and that there is no need to defend it. Strange to say this is not entirely12 true with regard to England—a country so dear to the friends of truth and liberty. Nay13, even among Anglican ministers, a party has been formed enthusiastic in behalf of rites14, sacerdotal vestments, and superstitious15
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Roman doctrines17, and violent in their attacks upon the Reformation. The excesses in which some of its members have indulged are unprecedented18. One of them has instituted a comparison between the Reformers and the leaders during the Reign19 of Terror—Danton, Marat, and Robespierre, for instance—and declares the superiority of the latter.[1] 'The Reformation,' says this Anglican priest in another place, 'was not a Pentecost; I regard it as a Deluge20, an act of divine vengeance21.' In the presence of such opinions and of others which, though less marked, are not less fatal, the history of the Reformation may furnish some wholesome22 lessons.
The history of England is succeeded in this volume by a narrative of the events which led to the triumph of the Reformation in Geneva. That history ought to interest the Protestants of every country, the little city having afterwards played so considerable a part in the propagation of evangelical truth and in the struggles of Protestantism with Popery.
For the purpose of his narrative, the author has continued to consult the most authentic23 sources: original documents, letters written by the persons of whom this history speaks or by their contemporaries, and the chronicles, annals, and books published at that epoch. He has made use of such collections of documents as have been printed; frequently he has had recourse to MSS. of the period which have not yet been published.
We live in a literary age when criticism sways the sceptre. Criticism is good and necessary: it purifies history and clears the paths to the palace of truth. But if dogmatic epochs have their excesses, critical
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epochs have theirs also. It was said a long while ago that 'those who run too hastily after truth shoot beyond it.' The men who desire to renovate24 history are like those who desire to renovate cities. The latter begin by pulling down a few ugly houses which disfigure the neighborhood and impede25 the traffic; but at last they lay their hands on solid and useful edifices27, buildings whose destruction is regretted by every one. Wise men will, in critical ages, take moderation and equity28 for their rule. These have often been wanting in recent days. There is a criticism called by the Germans hypercriticism, which not only denies what is false, but even what is true. The Holy Scriptures29 have been the special object of its attack. It has denied the authenticity30 of the writings of St. John, St. Paul, Isaiah and other sacred writers, and the truth of many of the facts which they record. If the sacred books have not been spared by this criticism, writings purely31 human, the facts of history, have not escaped unassailed. There have been numerous instances of this in Germany and elsewhere.
Several facts which belong to the history of the Reformation of France and French Switzerland have been recently called in question both in reviews and pamphlets. The author has felt it his duty to prove the historical reality of his statements, not only in the Preface to the French edition of this volume, but in the February Number of the Revue Chrétienne (1869) published in Paris by M. Meyrueis. He has not thought it necessary to give these details in the English edition, because the statements which called them forth32 are unknown in England. It will be sufficient to indicate the principal points which have been denied with too much precipitancy, and the
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correctness of which the author has proved by the soundest demonstration33.
The first fact relates to Le Fèvre of Etaples. The author stated in his History that that theologian, the writer of a remarkable34 translation of the Holy Scriptures into French, had taught the great doctrine16 of the Reformation—justification by faith through grace—as early as 1512, that is to say, four or five years before Luther. This having been disputed, the author proved it by the existence of Le Fèvre's Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul published in 1512, in which that doctrine is distinctly taught, and which is preserved in the Bibliothèque Impériale at Paris. He added other proofs derived35 from the writings of Farel and Beza, as also from the learned critic Richard Simon, Bayle, &c.
The second fact concerns William Farel. The author said in his History that this Reformer, the most zealous36 evangelist of that period, had imbibed37 the evangelical doctrines at Paris from the lessons of his master, Le Fèvre of Etaples, and that he was converted between 1512 and 1514—before the beginning of the Reformation properly so called. That point having been denied, the author proved it by the positive declarations of Le Fèvre and Farel. The latter says pointedly38: 'This took place in the time of Louis the Twelfth.' Now Louis XII. died in 1515.
The third fact relates to Thomas ab Hofen, the friend of Zwingle, and deputy from Berne to Geneva in 1527. The author wrote in his History that this layman39 was, properly speaking, the first who labored40 to spread the Gospel in Geneva. As that statement had been impugned41, the author proved it by the German and Latin letters of Zwingle and of Ab Hofen himself.
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The fourth fact concerns Robert Olivetan, Calvin's cousin, and author of the first translation of the Bible into French. It has been doubted whether he was tutor in the family of a Genevese councillor in 1532, and whether he 'evangelized' at that time in Geneva. The author proved his statement by the positive testimony42 of the reformer Froment, in his Actes et Gestes de Genève, and by extracts from the official records of the Genevese Council. He has demonstrated that Olivetan preceded in Geneva as a preacher of the Gospel, not only Calvin but Farel and Froment.
Lastly, the fifth fact relates to Calvin. A Genevese writer denied a few years back that Calvin, when returning from Italy, passed through Aosta, where there exists, however, a monument erected43 to commemorate44 his flight. The author hopes he has proved that the universal opinion, which makes the Reformer pass through that city, is well founded, and that the contrary opinion has no weight.
This last point is discussed in the Preface to the French edition of this volume: the four others are examined at length in an article entitled Critique d'une Critique, published in the Revue Chrétienne of Paris.
There are individuals who, when they meet with facts in a history that have not been previously45 discussed in an archæological dissertation46, or with circumstances that had hitherto been unknown, immediately imagine that such facts have no foundation. This is a curious aberration47. If an historian writes—not according to second-hand48 authorities, but after original materials—it is quite natural that he should come upon things that have not been noticed before. This has happened to the author of the History of the
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Reformation. True history, no doubt, possesses coloring and life; but it describes such events only as are founded on the firm basis of truth.
There are writers at this day who carry their archæological predilections49 further still and would like to substitute chronicles for history, giving us a body without a soul. But authors of distinguished50 merit have protested against such an error.
A great critic, M. Sainte Beuve, says: 'There is one kind of history founded on documentary evidence, state papers, diplomatic transactions, and the correspondence of ambassadors; and there is another kind with quite a different aspect—moral history, written by the actors and the eye-witnesses.'
An eminent51 man (Le Comte d'Haussonville) who by his last work, L'Eglise Romaine et le premier52 Empire, has taken an honorable position among historians, indorses this judgment53. 'M. Sainte Beuve is right,' he says; 'the latter kind of history is the best, by which I mean the most instructive, the most profitable, the only one which serves to unseal the eyes, open the understanding, combat deplorable credulity, and avoid disagreeable mystifications. What concerns us, is to know men, "by lifting the curtain which hides them," according to the happy expression of Saint-Simon.'
Another celebrated54 writer has said: 'Real history appears only when the historian begins to distinguish, across the gulf55 of time, the living and acting56 man—the man endued57 with passions, the creature of habit—with voice and physiognomy, with gestures and dress, distinct and complete, like the one from whom we have just parted in the street. Language, Legislation, Catechisms, are abstract things; the complete thing is the man acting,
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the visible corporeal58 man, who walks, fights, toils59, hates, and loves.
'Why is not history studied more closely? In it men would find human life, domestic life with its varied60 and dramatic scenes; the human heart with its fiercest as well as its tenderest passions, and moreover a sovereign charm—the charm of reality.'
Lastly, we read in the studies of M. Daunou, one of the most accredited61 masters of historical composition, that 'history which is naturally picturesque62 and dramatic has become in modern times dull and cold, and no longer presents those living images of men and things which ancient genius loved to trace.'
History had freed herself from the restraint which the Middle Ages had imposed on her, to prevent her from speaking naturally and with life, as men speak; and perhaps the lessons of the illustrious academician and peer of France, whom we have just quoted, may have contributed to this change. But for some time observers have been asking whether there is not reason to fear a return of the Middle Ages; whether men are not again attempting to fasten a gag on history. One might at times be led to say that archæologists are of opinion that history might be suppressed as a matter of luxury, a useless ornament63, and be replaced by documents, diplomas, and extracts from registers strung together.
Is it just that an historian should have the antiquaries crying out against him from every side, because, while keeping faithfully to documents, he draws something from them that has life or light? Is it just that when a character feels, moves, and
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speaks, rejoices or grieves, the Areopagus should declare him to be a fictitious65 being who could never have existed, and a pure product of the imagination? You believe that our ancestors were people like ourselves, with hearts that beat with passion and grief.—By no means; they were icy shades like those wandering on the banks of the Styx. Hitherto men had said: This being feels and moves, therefore he lives; but according to the new school, life is a fable66. Nothing is authentic but what is wearisome. A man and a history are not looked upon as real living beings, unless they are colorless, stark67, and cold.
Of this we have had many instances. One time we incurred68 this reproach: Your imagination, we were told, invents features which give animation69 to the subject, but about which you could know nothing. The following passage was quoted: 'When Fryth the reformer,' wrote the critic, 'was taken as a prisoner on foot to the episcopal court at Croydon, you say that "he had a calm and cheerful look, and the rest of the journey was accomplished in pious70 and agreeable conversation." How could you know that?' the objector went on. 'Were you of the party to see the appearance of his face?' We immediately took down the eighth volume of Foxe's Acts and Monuments, the appendix to which contains an account of Fryth's journey written by an eye-witness. We opened the book and found these words: 'And so with a cheerful and merry countenance71, he went with them, spending the time in pleasant and godly communication.' What we were charged with having invented, was an almost literal transcript72 of a document more than three hundred years old.
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If archæology were to be substituted for history, we do not think the public would be overpleased with the authors of the transformation. The investigations73 of palæographers are not the edifice26, but the materials prepared for its construction. History is above archæology, as the house is above its foundations. The building raised by the architect is the end. In it men find a pleasant dwelling-place, sheltered from the inclemency74 of the seasons. But it is a good thing to excavate75, to dig out fragments of rock from the bosom76 of the earth; it is advantageous77, when you build, to have stones, and good stones too. The historian who sets little store by archæology betrays a superficial mind; the archæologist who sets little store by history betrays a mind whose cultivation78 is still incomplete. But we need not fear this movement; it has no chance of success. Real history will never perish.
We insert this protest in the present volume, not because of anything that may concern us personally; but as this history has been favorably received, we feel bound to prove that we have always followed the most respectable authorities, and although liable to error, we have conscientiously79 endeavored to give a truthful80 narrative—true in its facts and in the spirit by which it is animated81.
When will debates and contests cease? Happily there is something in the world which the attacks of men can neither batter82 down nor even shake, and which is sufficient to give peace to the soul. The holy words which the prophets of God have written will exist for ever, because the Light of Life is in them, and because from age to age many hearts, longing83 for the highest blessings84, have found, and
{xiii}
still find, in them everlasting85 life. They delight us, not only on account of their divine origin, but because they fully64 satisfy all the wants of our existence. We say to this heavenly and living truth, which the divine words reveal to us: I was naked and thou didst clothe me. I was thirsty, and thou didst give me to drink. I was hungry, and thou gavest me meat. How is it that so many men, perishing with thirst, do not come to these waters? Writers of great power in pagan antiquity86, such as Celsus, Porphyry, and Julian, attacked Christianity in the early ages, employing the same idle objections as are still used in our days. They knew not that it contained an imperishable strength. For eighteen hundred years it has withstood all attacks, and since our glorious Reformation it has received a new impulse. The nations who cover the most distant seas with their ships have scattered87 everywhere the seed of God. Their footsteps have reached to the ends of the world, and the crouching88 nations rise up at their approach. Perhaps unbelief was never more common in Europe among the lower strata89 of society; but at the same time believers were never so numerous throughout the world. It is a great multitude which no man can number.
And even were infidelity and atheism90 to increase more and more, that should not lead us to forsake91 Thee, thou Saviour92 of the world! If earthly wisdom gives its votaries93 a light which scorches94 and wastes the soul, Thou givest a light which uplifts, vivifies, and delights. In the midst of struggles Thou implantest peace in our hearts. In the depths of sorrows Thou givest a powerful and living consolation95. At the approach of that death which is the terror of men, Thou fillest our souls with the firm
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and lively hope of reaching, by the path of Thy cross, life with Thee in the glorious and invisible world. To whom should we go, O Christ? Thou hast the words of eternal life, and we have believed and have known, that Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.
Geneva: March, 1869.
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1
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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retracing
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| v.折回( retrace的现在分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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renovate
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| vt.更新，革新，刷新 | |
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impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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authenticity
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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pointedly
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| adv.尖地，明显地 | |
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layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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impugned
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| v.非难，指谪( impugn的过去式和过去分词 )；对…有怀疑 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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dissertation
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| n.（博士学位）论文，学术演讲，专题论文 | |
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aberration
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| n.离开正路，脱离常规，色差 | |
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second-hand
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| adj.用过的，旧的，二手的 | |
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predilections
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| n.偏爱，偏好，嗜好( predilection的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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endued
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| v.授予，赋予（特性、才能等）( endue的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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corporeal
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| adj.肉体的，身体的；物质的 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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fictitious
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| adj.虚构的，假设的；空头的 | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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transcript
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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inclemency
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| n.险恶，严酷 | |
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excavate
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| vt.挖掘，挖出 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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conscientiously
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| adv.凭良心地；认真地，负责尽职地；老老实实 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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82
batter
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| v.接连重击；磨损；n.牛奶面糊；击球员 | |
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longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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84
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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89
strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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atheism
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| n.无神论，不信神 | |
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forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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scorches
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的第三人称单数 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶 | |
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consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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