Of all animals in creation, there is no one we should all of us be so very sorry to lose as the horse. In peace and in war, on burning sands under the equator, or on eternal snow in the frigid2 zone, for pleasure or for business, well fed or starving, he is always not only ready, but eager, to the utmost of his strength, to serve a master, but too often inconsiderate, ungrateful to him, and unjust. As soon as his courage is excited, no fall, bruise3, blow, or wound, that does not paralyse the mechanism4 of his limbs, will stop him; indeed, with his upper and lower jaw5 shot away, and with the skin dangling6 in ribands, we have17 seen him cantering, apparently7 careless and unconscious of his state, alongside of the horse artillery8 gun from which he had just been cut adrift.
But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course, or in harness, a horse will generally, from sheer pluck, go till he drops, yet, whenever he encounters physical strength greater than his own, our hero all of a sudden acts like an arrant9 coward.
For instance, in the mail, it apparently matters not to the spirit of the horses whether there be one passenger or six—light bags or heavy ones; on the contrary, the greater the weight, the more eagerly do they strain to force it to follow them. The faster they are allowed to go, the harder do they pull, until, if the reins10 were to break, they would enjoy the opportunity by running away, not as in the days of Phaeton with the chariot of the sun, but with say a ton and a half, of they know not what, at their heels. And yet, if on the following day the same high-flying, high-spirited, high-mettled horses were to be hooked to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or three ineffectual snatches to move it, no amount of punishment would be sufficient to induce them to go to the end of their traces; in short, to use a well-known expression, they would all "jib." Again, if a horse in harness, however resolutely12 he may be proceeding13, slips upon pavement, and falls heavily on his side, after vainly making18 three or four violent struggles to rise, he becomes all of a sudden so completely cowed, that not only without any resistance does he allow his harness piecemeal14 to be unbuckled, the carriage detached, and pushed away far behind him, but, when lying thus perfectly16 unfettered, it requires kicks, stripes, and a malediction17 or two, to induce him to make the little effort necessary to rise from his prostrate18 state.
Again, in the hunting-field, a noble, high-couraged horse, a rusher at any description of fence, the very sight of which seems to inflame19 his ardour, in most gallant20 style charges a brook21, which when he is in the air he sees is too broad to be cleared. On his chest striking against the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling that he is not a bit hurt, is luxuriously22 rolling over and over on the green grass like a rabbit that at full speed has been shot dead, this gallant steed makes two, three, or four desperate efforts to get to him; and yet, simply because the mud at the bottom of the brook catches hold of his hind15 feet, and the sticky perpendicular23 clay bank grasps his fore1 ones, his courage suddenly fails him, and as nothing will then induce him to make another effort, it becomes necessary to send, often several miles, for cart-horses to drag this high-bred animal out by his neck.
But although this strange mixture of courage and cowardice24 19appears to us at first to be inexplicable25, yet on reflection we must perceive that it is in strict accordance with the beneficent decree that "man should have dominion26 over every beast of the field."
The weight and muscular strength of a horse multiplied into each other, form a momentum27 which, if his courage were as indomitable as that of man, would make him the master instead of the servant of the human race; and accordingly, although, for all the purposes for which man can require them, his energy and endurance are invincible28, yet, to ensure his subjection, his courage has been so curiously29 constituted, that, as it were, by touching30 the small secret spring of a safety valve, the whole of it instantly evaporates; and although Mr. Rarey has not exactly explained this theory, he has, with extraordinary intelligence and success, reduced it to practice as follows:—
When a horse of a sensitive and sensible disposition31 is placed under the care of a man of weak nerves, he very soon finds out that, by the help of his body, teeth, and heels, that is to say by squeezing, crushing, biting, and kicking his groom32, he is able to frighten him; and no sooner is this victory attained33, than the tyrant35 begins to misbehave himself to everybody in every possible way, until, as in the case of Cruiser, it is declared dangerous to approach him, even with food; that no man can ride him;20 in fact, that he is an animal beautiful to look at, but thoroughly36 useless to mankind.
Now, to cure this disorder37, the wild beast, for such he is, with great precaution, by several guy-ropes, is led close to the wheel of a waggon38, under which Mr. Rarey, putting his hands through the spokes39, manages to lift up and gently strap40 up one fore-leg, and to affix41 a long strap to the fetlock of the other, which two simple operations at once ensure the victory he is about to attain34.
As it gives a horse not the slightest pain or inconvenience to stand for a short time on one fore-leg, Cruiser, while "amazed he stares around," is scarcely aware that he is doing so; and as he is totally unconscious of the existence of the other strap, he is perfectly astounded42 to find that no sooner does he attempt to resent Mr. Rarey's bold approach and grasp, than, apparently by the irresistible43 power of man, he is suddenly deprived of the use of both his fore-legs.
The longer and the more violently he can be encouraged to resist, the more deathlike will be the trance in which he is about to lie. He struggles—struggles—struggles—until, as in the three instances we have described, his courage all at once evaporates, and with heaving flank, panting nostrils44, palpitating heart, flabby muscles, and the perspiration45 bursting through every pore21 in the skin, he then allows his conqueror46 to sit on his ribs47, to fiddle48 in his ears, drum to the gaping49 and gasping50 audience: in short, as the Duke of Wellington described Lord Ellenborough's proclamation about the gates of Sumnauth, to sing over his carcase "a song of triumph." And thus as Achilles was mortally wounded in the only vulnerable part of his body—the heel,—so does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before failed him, and which had been the terror of all who approached him, there exists a weak point, discovered by Mr. Rarey, which has caused his complete subjection to man.
"Is this the face that faced ten thousand men,
And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke?"
In old times this conversion51 of the bully52 into the coward could only be effected, at great risk, by courage and physical force, as follows:—
Some years ago Captain ——, the well-known steeple-chase rider, bought at Tattersall's, for a very small sum, a magnificent horse that no stranger in the yard dared approach, and which therefore was "put up" and honestly sold as a "man-killer."
On these propensities53 being explained by the purchaser to his head groom, the resolute11 fellow bluntly replied that he would not at all object to take care of the beast provided he were allowed, "in self-defence, to kill or cure22 him;" and accordingly, as soon as the homicide entered his stable, with a steady step, but avoiding looking into his eye, he walked up to him, and then, not waiting for a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon, striking the inside of his knees, he knocked his fore legs from under him, and the instant he fell, belaboured his head and body until the savage54 proprietor55 of both became so completely terrified, that he ever afterwards seemed almost to quail56 whenever his conqueror walked up to him.
Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane57 and inhuman58, scientific and unscientific, just described, it must be apparent to everybody, that while for the latter a powerful hero must be procured59, all that is requisite60 for the former is calmness, gentleness, and two little straps61 which, in a lower stratum62, physically63 fight a desperate battle, above which man morally and serenely64 presides; the horse, nevertheless, all the while ascribing to him alone the whole credit of the victory eventually attained.
Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers, it requires several weeks before a colt—often broken down as well as in by the operation—surrenders his own will to that of his rider, whereas Mr. Rarey has not only in public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have followed his prescription65 have testified, that a young23 thorough-bred horse, perfectly unbroken, can, in the course of about half-an-hour, be so thoroughly conquered by the two straps which he conceives to be part and parcel of the irresistible strength of his master, that so soon as he is satisfied that his own powers of resistance are of no avail, he subserviently66 allows himself to be bridled68, saddled, mounted, and ridden.
The principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is at this moment curiously exemplified in the little dairy farm-yard of Mr. Roff, residing on the Brighton road, near Croydon.
Some months ago, on approaching these premises69, we observed a lot of children playing with a yearling colt, who, to our surprise, was allowing them to crawl between his legs and fondle him in various ways, just as if he were a dog. On riding into the yard to inquire by what magical means the little quadruped had been made so gentle and tame, we were informed by the old farmer who owned him that his wife, kind to all her beasts,—
"She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer'd to stir:
Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her,"—
had for many years been yearning70 to add to them a pet colt; that accordingly he had lately bought her one, and that she had tamed it: with uxorious71 pride he added "she could tame anything." As, however, we were perfectly convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely,24 honest face, could not fascinate a horse's heart quite as easily as a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a considerable time, until he at last mentioned (as if it had nothing whatever to do with the subject) that when he purchased the yearling (whose mother had just died), not knowing how to bring it to his wife, with the assistance of one or two men he strapped72 together all its four feet, and then, lifting it into his cart, just as if it had been a calf73, he trotted74 away with it, jolting75 it and jumbling76 it till he reached his home, where he uncarted it, and, in due time, with his own hands, restored to it the use of its limbs.
Of course this was a much stronger dose of discipline and subjection than Mr. Rarey has ever found necessary to administer, even to Cruiser; and there can exist no doubt it was this cooling medicine, this soothing77 mixture, which had produced the strange and salutary effects that had attracted us into the little yard. And thus, in every region of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living animals, man especially included, surrender at discretion78 to any authority which, after a fruitless struggle—such a one for instance as induced Napoleon I., on the 15th of July, 1815, to seek for refuge on board H. M. ship Bellerophon from the allied79 armies of Europe—they find it to be utterly80 impossible to resist.
The differences between the character and conduct of25 a wild horse and a tame one are, we believe, not very clearly understood. It is generally conceived that in the difficulty of adhering, technically81 termed sticking to the back of a horse, there exist three degrees of comparison, namely:—
1. That it is rather difficult to ride a horse that has been broken in.
2. That it is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has been petted, patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted.
3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride a wild horse just caught, that has never been touched by a human hand.
We will, however, humbly82 venture to assert that, in certain instances, the three steps of this little ladder might be reversed.
1. In a state of nature the horse is such a zealous83 advocate of our popular principle of "self-government," he is so desirous to maintain his "independence," that although he will allow almost any quadruped, even wolves and lions, to approach within a certain distance, yet the moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinctively84 turns his tail towards him, and, when followed, gallops85 away.
If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct he be caught, or rather by the lasso tumbled head over26 heels, saddled, and if all of a sudden, to his vast astonishment86, he finds sitting astride his back, with a cigar in his mouth, the very human being he has always been avoiding, his first and almost only feeling is that of fear; and accordingly, if he be retained by the bridle67, instantaneously, by a series of jumps on all four legs, he makes impromptu87 his first hurried, untaught, unpractised effort to dislocate a rider. But if, instead of being as it were invited to perform these unsophisticated antics, he be allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled to do what he most ardently88 desires, namely, run away, his power of resistance is over, and his subjection inevitable90. For at the top of his speed, just as when swimming, a horse can neither rear, kick, nor plunge91, and therefore at his best pace he proceeds on his sure road to ruin, until not only all his wind is pumped out of him, but after that, until twisted hide-thong and sharp iron have converted his terror of man into an ardent89 desire to be obedient to his will. In fact, like a small nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a great one, he wishes to put an end to the horrors of war, and to sue for the blessings92 of peace.
If a domestic horse that has been handled, fondled, but never ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the rider has greater difficulties to encounter than those just described: for the animal is not only gifted by nature27 with all the propensities of the wild horse to reject man, but, from being better fed, he has greater strength to indulge in them; besides which he enjoys the immense advantage of being in a civilized93, or, in plainer terms, an enclosed country. Accordingly, instead of being forced to run away, his rider is particularly afraid lest he should do so, simply because he knows that the remedy which would cure the wild horse, would probably kill him. In fact, the difference to the rider between an open and an enclosed field of battle is exactly that which a naval94 officer feels in scudding95 in a gale96 of wind out of sight of land, and in being caught among sandbanks and rocks in a narrow channel.
3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far the most difficult to ride is that young British thorough-bred colt of two or three years old that has been regularly "broken in" by himself, without giving the slightest warning, to jump away sideways, spin round, and at the same moment kick off his rider. The feat97 is a beautiful and well-arranged combination of nature and of art. Like the pugilistic champion of England—Tom Sayers—he is a professional performer, gifted with so much strength and activity, and skilful98 in so many quick, artful tricks and dodges99, that any country practitioner100 who comes to deal with him is no sooner up than down, to rise from his mother earth with a vague, bewildered,28 incoherent idea as to what had befallen him, or "how he got there."
If a horse of this description and a wild one were to be mounted simultaneously101, each by an equally good rider, in an unenclosed, uncultivated region, both the quadrupeds probably at the same moment would be seen to run away: the Briton for ever, to gain his liberty; the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it!
Having now sufficiently102 discussed the character and conduct of the horse, we will presume to offer, or rather to bequeath to our readers, a very few observations as regards his rider.
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1
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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frigid
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| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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bruise
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| n.青肿，挫伤；伤痕；vt.打青；挫伤 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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arrant
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| adj.极端的；最大的 | |
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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piecemeal
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| adj.零碎的；n.片，块；adv.逐渐地；v.弄成碎块 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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malediction
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| n.诅咒 | |
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prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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luxuriously
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| adv.奢侈地，豪华地 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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momentum
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| n.动力，冲力，势头；动量 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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waggon
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| n.运货马车，运货车；敞篷车箱 | |
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spokes
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| n.（车轮的）辐条( spoke的名词复数 )；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 | |
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strap
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| n.皮带，带子；v.用带扣住，束牢；用绷带包扎 | |
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affix
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| n.附件，附录 vt.附贴，盖(章)，签署 | |
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astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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fiddle
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| n.小提琴；vi.拉提琴；不停拨弄，乱动 | |
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gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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stratum
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| n.地层，社会阶层 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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serenely
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| adv.安详地，宁静地，平静地 | |
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prescription
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| n.处方，开药；指示，规定 | |
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subserviently
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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bridled
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| 给…套龙头( bridle的过去式和过去分词 )； 控制； 昂首表示轻蔑（或怨忿等）； 动怒，生气 | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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yearning
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| a.渴望的；向往的；怀念的 | |
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uxorious
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| adj.宠爱妻子的 | |
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72
strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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73
calf
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| n.小牛，犊，幼仔，小牛皮 | |
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74
trotted
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| 小跑，急走( trot的过去分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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jolting
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| adj.令人震惊的 | |
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76
jumbling
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| 混杂( jumble的现在分词 )； （使）混乱； 使混乱； 使杂乱 | |
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77
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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78
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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80
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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82
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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83
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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84
instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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85
gallops
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| （马等）奔驰，骑马奔驰( gallop的名词复数 ) | |
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86
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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87
impromptu
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| adj.即席的，即兴的；adv.即兴的(地)，无准备的(地) | |
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88
ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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89
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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90
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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91
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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92
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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95
scudding
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| n.刮面v.（尤指船、舰或云彩）笔直、高速而平稳地移动( scud的现在分词 ) | |
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96
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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98
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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99
dodges
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| n.闪躲( dodge的名词复数 )；躲避；伎俩；妙计v.闪躲( dodge的第三人称单数 )；回避 | |
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100
practitioner
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| n.实践者，从事者；(医生或律师等)开业者 | |
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101
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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102
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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