Rise, honest man, and sing the Man of Ross.
Pope
Having, in the tale of the Heart of Mid-Lothian, succeeded in some degree in awakening2 an interest in behalf of one devoid3 of those accomplishments4 which belong to a heroine almost by right, I was next tempted5 to choose a hero upon the same unpromising plan; and as worth of character, goodness of heart, and rectitude of principle, were necessary to one who laid no claim to high birth, romantic sensibility, or any of the usual accomplishments of those who strut6 through the pages of this sort of composition, I made free with the name of a person who has left the most magnificent proofs of his benevolence7 and charity that the capital of Scotland has to display.
To the Scottish reader little more need be said than that the man alluded8 to is George Heriot. But for those south of the Tweed, it may be necessary to add, that the person so named was a wealthy citizen of Edinburgh, and the King's goldsmith, who followed James to the English capital, and was so successful in his profession, as to die, in 1624, extremely wealthy for that period. He had no children; and after making a full provision for such relations as might have claims upon him, he left the residue9 of his fortune to establish an hospital, in which the sons of Edinburgh freemen are gratuitously10 brought up and educated for the station to which their talents may recommend them, and are finally enabled to enter life under respectable auspices11. The hospital in which this charity is maintained is a noble quadrangle of the Gothic order, and as ornamental12 to the city as a building, as the manner in which the youths are provided for and educated, renders it useful to the community as an institution. To the honour of those who have the management, (the Magistrates13 and Clergy14 of Edinburgh), the funds of the Hospital have increased so much under their care, that it now supports and educates one hundred and thirty youths annually15, many of whom have done honour to their country in different situations.
The founder16 of such a charity as this may be reasonably supposed to have walked through life with a steady pace, and an observant eye, neglecting no opportunity of assisting those who were not possessed17 of the experience necessary for their own guidance. In supposing his efforts directed to the benefit of a young nobleman, misguided by the aristocratic haughtiness18 of his own time, and the prevailing19 tone of selfish luxury which seems more peculiar20 to ours, as well as the seductions of pleasure which are predominant in all, some amusement, or even some advantage, might, I thought, be derived21 from the manner in which I might bring the exertions22 of this civic23 Mentor24 to bear in his pupil's behalf. I am, I own, no great believer in the moral utility to be derived from fictitious25 compositions; yet, if in any case a word spoken in season may be of advantage to a young person, it must surely be when it calls upon him to attend to the voice of principle and self-denial, instead of that of precipitate26 passion. I could not, indeed, hope or expect to represent my prudent27 and benevolent28 citizen in a point of view so interesting as that of the peasant girl, who nobly sacrificed her family affections to the integrity of her moral character. Still however, something I hoped might be done not altogether unworthy the fame which George Heriot has secured by the lasting29 benefits he has bestowed30 on his country.
It appeared likely, that out of this simple plot I might weave something attractive; because the reign31 of James I., in which George Heriot flourished, gave unbounded scope to invention in the fable32, while at the same time it afforded greater variety and discrimination of character than could, with historical consistency33, have been introduced, if the scene had been laid a century earlier. Lady Mary Wortley Montague has said, with equal truth and taste, that the most romantic region of every country is that where the mountains unite themselves with the plains or lowlands. For similiar reasons, it may be in like manner said, that the most picturesque34 period of history is that when the ancient rough and wild manners of a barbarous age are just becoming innovated35 upon, and contrasted, by the illumination of increased or revived learning, and the instructions of renewed or reformed religion. The strong contrast produced by the opposition36 of ancient manners to those which are gradually subduing37 them, affords the lights and shadows necessary to give effect to a fictitious narrative38; and while such a period entitles the author to introduce incidents of a marvellous and improbable character, as arising out of the turbulent independence and ferocity, belonging to old habits of violence, still influencing the manners of a people who had been so lately in a barbarous state; yet, on the other hand, the characters and sentiments of many of the actors may, with the utmost probability, be described with great variety of shading and delineation40, which belongs to the newer and more improved period, of which the world has but lately received the light.
The reign of James I. of England possessed this advantage in a peculiar degree. Some beams of chivalry41, although its planet had been for some time set, continued to animate42 and gild43 the horizon, and although probably no one acted precisely44 on its Quixotic dictates45, men and women still talked the chivalrous46 language of Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia; and the ceremonial of the tilt-yard was yet exhibited, though it now only flourished as a Place de Carrousel. Here and there a high-spirited Knight47 of the Bath, witness the too scrupulous48 Lord Herbert of Cherbury, was found devoted49 enough to the vows50 he had taken, to imagine himself obliged to compel, by the sword's-point, a fellow-knight or squire51 to restore the top-knot of ribbon which he had stolen from a fair damsel;[Footnote: See Lord Herbert of Cherbury's Memoirs52.] but yet, while men were taking each other's lives on such punctilios of honour, the hour was already arrived when Bacon was about to teach the world that they were no longer to reason from authority to fact, but to establish truth by advancing from fact to fact, till they fixed53 an indisputable authority, not from hypothesis, but from experiment.
The state of society in the reign of James I. was also strangely disturbed, and the license54 of a part of the community was perpetually giving rise to acts of blood and violence. The bravo of the Queen's day, of whom Shakspeare has given us so many varieties, as Bardolph, Nym, Pistol, Peto, and the other companions of Falstaff, men who had their humours, or their particular turn of extravaganza, had, since the commencement of the Low Country wars, given way to a race of sworders, who used the rapier and dagger55, instead of the far less dangerous sword and buckler; so that a historian says on this subject, “that private quarrels were nourished, but especially between the Scots and English; and duels56 in every street maintained; divers57 sects59 and peculiar titles passed unpunished and unregarded, as the sect58 of the Roaring Boys, Bonaventors, Bravadors, Quarterors, and such like, being persons prodigal60, and of great expense, who, having run themselves into debt, were constrained61 to run next into factions62, to defend themselves from danger of the law. These received countenance63 from divers of the nobility; and the citizens, through lasciviousness65 consuming their estates, it was like that the number [of these desperadoes] would rather increase than diminish; and under these pretences66 they entered into many desperate enterprizes, and scarce any durst walk in the street after nine at night."[Footnote: history of the First Fourteen Years of King James's Reign. See Somers's Tracts67, edited by Scott, vol. ii. p.266.]
The same authority assures us farther, that “ancient gentlemen, who had left their inheritance whole and well furnished with goods and chattels68 (having thereupon kept good houses) unto their sons, lived to see part consumed in riot and excess, and the rest in possibility to be utterly69 lost; the holy state of matrimony made but a May-game, by which divers families had been subverted70; brothel houses much frequented, and even great persons, prostituting their bodies to the intent to satisfy their lusts71, consumed their substance in lascivious64 appetites. And of all sorts, such knights72 and gentlemen, as either through pride or prodigality—had consumed their substance, repairing to the city, and to the intent to consume their virtue73 also, lived dissolute lives; many of their ladies and daughters, to the intent to maintain themselves according to their dignity, prostituting their bodies in shameful74 manner. Ale-houses, dicing-houses, taverns75, and places of iniquity76, beyond manner abounding78 in most places.”
Nor is it only in the pages of a puritanical79, perhaps a satirical writer, that we find so shocking and disgusting a picture of the coarseness of the beginning of the seventeenth century. On the contrary, in all the comedies of the age, the principal character for gaiety and wit is a young heir, who has totally altered the establishment of the father to whom he has succeeded, and, to use the old simile80, who resembles a fountain, which plays off in idleness and extravagance the wealth which its careful parents painfully had assembled in hidden reservoirs.
And yet, while that spirit of general extravagance seemed at work over a whole kingdom, another and very different sort of men were gradually forming the staid and resolved characters, which afterwards displayed themselves during the civil wars, and powerfully regulated and affected81 the character of the whole English nation, until, rushing from one extreme to another, they sunk in a gloomy fanaticism82 the splendid traces of the reviving fine arts.
From the quotations83 which I have produced, the selfish and disgusting conduct of Lord Dalgarno will not perhaps appear overstrained; nor will the scenes in Whitefriars and places of similar resort seem too highly coloured. This indeed is far from being the case. It was in James I.'s reign that vice84 first appeared affecting the better classes in its gross and undisguised depravity. The entertainments and amusements of Elizabeth's time had an air of that decent restraint which became the court of a maiden85 sovereign; and, in that earlier period, to use the words of Burke, vice lost half its evil by being deprived of all its grossness. In James's reign, on the contrary, the coarsest pleasures were publicly and unlimitedly86 indulged, since, according to Sir John Harrington, the men wallowed in beastly delights; and even ladies abandoned their delicacy87 and rolled about in intoxication88. After a ludicrous account of a mask, in which the actors had got drunk, and behaved themselves accordingly, he adds, “I have much marvelled89 at these strange pageantries, and they do bring to my recollection what passed of this sort in our Queen's days, in which I was sometimes an assistant and partaker: but never did I see such lack of good order and sobriety as I have now done. The gunpowder90 fright is got out of all our heads, and we are going on hereabout as if the devil was contriving91 every man should blow up himself by wild riot, excess, and devastation92 of time and temperance. The great ladies do go well masqued; and indeed, it be the only show of their modesty93 to conceal94 their countenance, but alack, they meet with such countenance to uphold their strange doings, that I marvel39 not at aught that happens."[Footnote: Harrington's Nugae Antique, vol. ii. p. 352. For the gross debauchery of the period, too much encouraged by the example of the monarch95, who was, in other respects, neither without talent nor a good-natured disposition96, see Winwood's Memorials, Howell's Letters, and other Memorials of the time; but particularly, consult the Private Letters and Correspondence of Steenie, alias97 Buckingham, with his reverend Dad and Gossip, King James, which abound77 with the grossest as well as the most childish language. The learned Mr. D'Israeli, in an attempt to vindicate98 the character of James, has only succeeded in obtaining for himself the character of a skilful99 and ingenious advocate, without much advantage to his royal client]
Such being the state of the court, coarse sensuality brought along with it its ordinary companion, a brutal100 degree of undisguised selfishness, destructive alike of philanthropy and good breeding; both of which, in their several spheres, depend upon the regard paid by each individual to the interest as well as the feelings of others. It is in such a time that the heartless and shameless man of wealth and power may, like the supposed Lord Dalgarno, brazen101 out the shame of his villainies, and affect to triumph in their consequences, so long as they were personally advantageous102 to his own pleasures or profit.
Alsatia is elsewhere explained as a cant103 name for Whitefriars, which, possessing certain privileges of sanctuary104, became for that reason a nest of those mischievous105 characters who were generally obnoxious106 to the law. These privileges were derived from its having been an establishment of the Carmelites, or White Friars, founded says Stow, in his Survey of London, by Sir Patrick Grey, in 1241. Edward I. gave them a plot of ground in Fleet Street, to build their church upon. The edifice107 then erected108 was rebuilt by Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, in the reign of Edward. In the time of the Reformation the place retained its immunities109 as a sanctuary, and James I. confirmed and added to them by a charter in 1608. Shadwell was the first author who made some literary use of Whitefriars, in his play of the Squire of Alsatia, which turns upon the plot of the Adelphi of Terence.
In this old play, two men of fortune, brothers, educate two young men, (sons to the one and nephews to the other,) each under his own separate system of rigour and indulgence. The elder of the subjects of this experiment, who has been very rigidly110 brought up, falls at once into all the vices111 of the town, is debauched by the cheats and bullies112 of Whitefriars, and, in a word, becomes the Squire of Alsatia. The poet gives, as the natural and congenial inhabitants of the place, such characters as the reader will find in the note. [Footnote: “Cheatly, a rascal113, who by reason of debts dares not stir out of Whitefriars, but there inveigles114 young heirs of entail115, and helps them to goods and money upon great disadvantages, is bound for them, and shares with them till he undoes116 them. A lewd117, impudent118, debauched fellow, very expert in the cant about town.
“Shamwell, cousin to the Belfords, who, being ruined by Cheatly, is made a decoy-duck for others, not daring to stir out of Alsatia, where he lives. Is bound with Cheatly for heirs, and lives upon them a dissolute debauched life.
“Captain Hackum, a blockheaded bully119 of Alsatia, a cowardly, impudent, blustering120 fellow, formerly121 a sergeant122 in Flanders, who has run from his colours, and retreated into Whitefriars for a very small debt, where by the Alsatians he is dubb'd a captain, marries one that lets lodgings123, sells cherry-brandy, and is a bawd.
“Scrapeall a hypocritical, repeating, praying, psalm-singing, precise fellow, pretending to great piety124; a godly knave125, who joins with Cheatly, and supplies young heirs with goods, and money.”—Dramatis Personae to the Squire of Alsatia, SHADWELL'S Works, vol. iv.] The play, as we learn from the dedication126 to the Earl of Dorset and Middlesex, was successful above the author's expectations, “no comedy these many years having filled the theatre so long together. And I had the great honour,” continues Shadwell, “to find so many friends, that the house was never so full since it was built as upon the third day of this play, and vast numbers went away that could not be admitted.” [Footnote: Dedication to the Squire of Alsatia, Shadwell's Works, vol. iv.] From the Squire of Alsatia the author derived some few hints, and learned the footing on which the bullies and thieves of the Sanctuary stood with their neighbours, the fiery127 young students of the Temple, of which some intimation is given in the dramatic piece.
Such are the materials to which the author stands indebted for the composition of the Fortunes of Nigel, a novel, which may be perhaps one of those that are more amusing on a second perusal128, than when read a first time for the sake of the story, the incidents of which are few and meagre.
The Introductory Epistle is written, in Lucio's phrase, “according to the trick,” and would never have appeared had the writer meditated129 making his avowal130 of the work. As it is the privilege of a masque or incognito131 to speak in a feigned132 voice and assumed character, the author attempted, while in disguise, some liberties of the same sort; and while he continues to plead upon the various excuses which the introduction contains, the present acknowledgment must serve as an apology for a species of “hoity toity, whisky frisky” pertness of manner, which, in his avowed133 character, the author should have considered as a departure from the rules of civility and good taste.
ABBOTSFORD.
1st July, 1831.
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engross
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| v.使全神贯注 | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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strut
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| v.肿胀，鼓起；大摇大摆地走；炫耀；支撑；撑开；n.高视阔步；支柱，撑杆 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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residue
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gratuitously
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auspices
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ornamental
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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annually
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Founder
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possessed
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haughtiness
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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peculiar
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derived
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exertions
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civic
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mentor
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fictitious
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precipitate
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prudent
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benevolent
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lasting
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bestowed
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reign
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fable
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consistency
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picturesque
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innovated
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opposition
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subduing
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narrative
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marvel
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delineation
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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animate
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gild
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precisely
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dictates
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chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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knight
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scrupulous
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devoted
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vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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squire
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memoirs
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fixed
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license
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dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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duels
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divers
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sect
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sects
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prodigal
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constrained
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factions
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countenance
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lascivious
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lasciviousness
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pretences
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67
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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68
chattels
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| n.动产，奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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69
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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70
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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71
lusts
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| 贪求（lust的第三人称单数形式） | |
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72
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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73
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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74
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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75
taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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76
iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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77
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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79
puritanical
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| adj.极端拘谨的；道德严格的 | |
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80
simile
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| n.直喻，明喻 | |
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81
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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82
fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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83
quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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84
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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85
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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86
unlimitedly
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| 无限地，无例外地 | |
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87
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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88
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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89
marvelled
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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91
contriving
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的现在分词 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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92
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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94
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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95
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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97
alias
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| n.化名；别名；adv.又名 | |
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98
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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100
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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101
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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102
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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103
cant
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| n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔 | |
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104
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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105
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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106
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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107
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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108
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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109
immunities
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| 免除，豁免( immunity的名词复数 )； 免疫力 | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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111
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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112
bullies
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| n.欺凌弱小者, 开球 vt.恐吓, 威胁, 欺负 | |
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113
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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114
inveigles
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| v.诱骗，引诱( inveigle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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115
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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116
undoes
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| 松开( undo的第三人称单数 )； 解开； 毁灭； 败坏 | |
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117
lewd
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| adj.淫荡的 | |
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118
impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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119
bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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120
blustering
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| adj.狂风大作的，狂暴的v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的现在分词 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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121
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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122
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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123
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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124
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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125
knave
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| n.流氓；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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126
dedication
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| n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞 | |
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127
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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128
perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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129
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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130
avowal
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| n.公开宣称，坦白承认 | |
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131
incognito
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| adv.匿名地；n.隐姓埋名；adj.化装的，用假名的，隐匿姓名身份的 | |
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132
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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133
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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