I do not now speak of such gregarious5 fish as compose the great shoals that beneficently visit the shallower waters washing populous6 countries, from whose innumerable multitudes whole nations may be fed without making any appreciable8 diminution9 in their apparently10 infinite numbers; but of those more varied12 and widely scattered13 species that are to be found near the sea-surface all over the ocean. In the ordinary routine of modern passenger traffic no observation of these truly deep-sea fish is possible, for, in the first place, the breathless panting of the propeller14 fills them with dread15 of the swiftly-gliding16 monster whose approach it heralds17; and in the next,[80] the would-be observer has no time to catch even a glimpse of the inhabitants of that teeming18 world beneath him with, perhaps, the exception of a rapidly-passing school of porpoises19 or the hurried vision of a sea-shouldering whale.
No, for the deliberate observation necessary in order to know something of the sea-people a sailing-ship must be chosen, the slower the better, one wherein may be felt to its fullest extent by the mindless, sightless passenger the “intolerable tedium21 of a long voyage.” In such a ship as this the student of marine22 natural history, provided he be not responsible to stern owners for the length of his passage, will welcome with great delight the solemn hush23 of the calm, when the windless dome24 above him is filled with perfect peace, and the shining circle upon which he floats is like the pupil of God’s eye. Then, leaning over the taffrail, looking earnestly down into the crystalline blue, you may see the bottom of the ship without visible support as if poised25 in a sky of deeper blue and more limpid26 atmosphere. The parasitic27 life that has already attached itself to the vessel28 is all busy living. Barnacles with their long, glutinous29 feet-stalks waving in imperceptible motion, are expanding from between their shells delicate fringes of brown, that, all eyes to see and hands to hold, allow nothing that can feed them to pass them by. And as they flex30 themselves inward with the supplies they have drawn31 from the apparently barren water, you can fancy that the pearly whiteness of the shells gleams with a brighter lustre32 as of satisfaction. The dull-hued[81] limpets, like pustules breaking out upon the ship’s sheathing33, may also be discerned, but less easily, because they have such a neutral tint34, and love to nestle amongst a tangle35 of dank, deep-green sea-moss, that, except where the light from above breaks obliquely36 down upon it, looks almost black.
But a little patient watching will reveal a set of tiny arms forth-darting37 from the irregular opening in the apex39 of each limpet-cone. They, too, are busy continually, arresting every morsel40, invisible to feeble human sight, that comes within their reach, and passing it within for the up-keep of the compact, self-contained residence. And there, can it be possible, at all this distance from land? It is not only possible but undeniable that there is a crab41, an impudent42, inquisitive43 little tangle of prying44 claws surrounding a disc about the size of a shilling. He strolls about in leisurely45 fashion, but making a track at all sorts of angles, among the living fixtures46, skirting each barnacle or limpet with a ludicrous air of contempt, as it seems. You can almost imagine him saying: “I never saw such a lot of dead-an’-alive ornaments47 in my life. Say! how d’you like stoppin’ in the same old spot for ever an’ ever?” But, impervious48 to his rudeness, the busy creatures never cease their one set of movements, utterly49 ignoring his very existence. You cannot help but wonder what becomes of that little crab when the ship begins to move, for you know that he can’t possibly hold on against the tremendous brushing past of the water. He isn’t built for that.
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The other parasites50, whether animal or vegetable, have, you notice, been busy for who shall say how long adapting themselves to every condition of their dependent life, so that now, whatever motion be made by the ship, they present to the onrush of the water just the right angle of surface that will allow it to slip over them easily, while at the same time they are always in a position to levy51 contributions. There is a puzzling lead-coloured streak52 along the copper53 near the keel to which your eye returns again and again, for although it will persist in looking like a place whence a strip of sheathing has been torn, there is yet a suggestion of quivering life about it which is certainly not the tremulous outline given to every inanimate object under water. Suddenly your doubts are set at rest—the mystery is solved. The steward54 has cast over the side some fragments of food that settle slowly downwards55, turning over and over as they sink and catching56 the diffused57 light at every point, so that they sparkle like gems58. As they pass the almost motionless keel the leaden-looking streak suddenly detaches itself, and, almost startlingly revealed as a graceful59 fish, intercepts60 and swallows those morsels62 one after the other. You fetch a few more fragments, and, dropping them one by one, entice63 your new acquaintance nearer the surface, so that you may admire the easy grace of every movement, and study at your leisure the result of this creature’s development along certain lines of inventiveness.
It is a Remora, or “sucker,” a species of shark that never exceed a dozen pounds in weight. Having[83] all the shark’s usual qualities of slothfulness, voracity64, and timorousness65, it is prevented from becoming ferocious66 also by its limitations of size and the feebleness of its teeth. And as it would be hopeless for it to attempt to prey67 upon other fish while they are alive, from its lack of the requisite68 speed as well as from the scarcity69 of fish of sufficiently70 small size in the deep waters which are its abiding-place, it has developed a parasitic habit, which saves it a whole world of trouble by insuring its protection, economising exertion71, and keeping it in the midst of a plentiful72 food-supply. All these objects are attained73 in the simplest manner possible, aided by an unfailing instinct guiding the creature in its selection of an involuntary host.
On the top of its head, which is perfectly74 flat, it has developed an arrangement which has, perhaps, the most artificial appearance of anything found in animated75 Nature. It is in plan an oblong oval, with a line running along its middle, to which other diagonal lines, perfectly parallel to each other, extend from the outer edge. The whole thing is curiously76 like the non-slipping tread moulded upon the soles of many lawn-tennis shoes. This strangely patterned contrivance is really an adhesive77 attachment78 of such strength that, when by its means the fish is holding on to any plane surface, it is impossible to drag the body away, except by almost tearing the fish in half. Yet by the flexing79 of some simple muscles the fish can release its body instantly, or as instantly re-attach itself. Of course, it always adheres to its host with its head pointing in the same direction as the host[84] usually travels, because in that manner the pressure of the water assists the grip of the sucker and keeps the whole body lying flatly close to whatever is carrying it along. In this position it can perform all the natural functions. Its wide mouth gapes80; its eyes, set one on either side of its flattened81 head, take in a most comprehensive view of the prospect82, so that nothing having the appearance of edibility83 can pass that way without being seen and, if the speed of its host admits, immediately investigated. Thus its sociability is obviously of the most selfish kind. It sticketh closer than a brother, but affection for its protecting companion forms no part of its programme. Its number is, emphatically, One.
I have used the word “host” intentionally84, because the remora does not by any means limit its company to ships. It is exceedingly fond of attaching itself to the body of a whale, and also to some of the larger sharks. Indeed, it goes a step further than mere85 outward attachment in the latter case, because well-authenticated instances are recorded where several suckers have been found clinging to a huge shark’s palate. This is another stage on the way to perfect parasitism86, because under such circumstances these daring lodgers87 needed not to detach themselves any more. They had only to intercept61 sufficient food for their wants on its way from the front door to the interior departments. I have also seen them clinging to the jaw88 of a sperm89 whale, but that jaw was not in working order. It was bent90 outwards91 at right angles to the body, and afforded harbourage to a most comprehensive collection of parasites, barnacles especially, giving the front elevation92 of that whale an appearance utterly unlike anything with life.
But John Chinaman has outwitted the superlatively lazy remora. By what one must regard as a triumph of ingenuity93 he has succeeded in converting the very means whereby this born-tired fish usually escapes all necessity for energy into an instrument for obtaining gain for other people. The mode is as follows: First catch your remora. No difficulty here. A hook and line of the simplest, a bait of almost anything that looks eatable lowered by the side of a ship, and if there be a sucker hidden there he will be after the lure94 instantly. The only skill necessary is to haul him up swiftly when he bites, because if he be allowed to get hold of the ship again you may pull the hook out of his jaws95, but you will not succeed in detaching him. Having caught a remora, the fisherman fastens a brass96 ring closely round its body, just at its smallest part before the spread of the tail. To this he attaches a long, fine, and strong line. He then departs for the turtle grounds with his prisoner. Arriving there he confines himself to keeping the remora away from the bottom of his boat by means of a bamboo. Of course the captive gets very tired, and no turtle can pass within range of him without his hanging on to that turtle for a rest. The moment he does so the turtle’s fate is sealed. Struggle how he may, he cannot shake loose the tenacious97 grip of the sucker, and the stolid98 yellow man in the sampan has only to haul in upon the line to bring that unwilling99 turtle within range of his hands and lift him into the boat. And this[86] ingenious utilisation of the sucker’s well-known peculiarity100 has also commended itself to the semi-barbarous fishermen of the East African littoral102, who are not otherwise notable for either ingenuity or enterprise.
Before we dismiss the remora to his beloved rest again it is worthy103 of notice that he himself gives unwilling hospitality to another sociable104 creature. It is a little crustacean105, rather like an exaggerated woodlouse, but without the same power of curling itself into a ball. It is of a pearly white colour, very sluggish106 in its movements, but with tenacious hooks upon its many legs it holds on securely to the inside of the sucker’s mouth near the gill-slits, being there provided with all the needs of its existence, without the slightest effort of its own. Its chief interest to naturalists107 lies in its strange likeness109 to the fossil trilobites so plentifully110 scattered among various geological strata111.
But while you have been watching the remora a visitor from the vast openness around has arrived, as if glad of the society afforded by the ship. Yet in this case the idea seems a fond conceit112, because the new-comer is only a “jelly-fish,” or “Medusa.” It is really an abuse of language to use the word “fish” in connection with such an almost impalpable entity113 as the Medusa, because while a fish is an animal high up the scale of the vertebrata, a Medusa is almost at the bottom of the list of created things. When floating in the sea it is an exceedingly pretty object, with its clear, mushroom-shaped disc uppermost, and long fringe of feathery filaments114, sometimes delicately coloured, waving gracefully115 beneath with each pulsation116 of the whole mass. It has no power of independent locomotion117, no—but, there, it is not easy to say what it has got, since if you haul one up in a bucket and lay it on deck in the sun, it will melt entirely118 away, leaving not a trace behind except two or three tiny morsels of foreign matter which did not belong to its organism at all. Yet if one of these masses of jelly comes into contact with your bare skin it stings like a nettle119, for it secretes120, in some mysterious way, an acrid121 fluid that serves it instead of many organs possessed122 by further advanced creatures. As the present subject passes beneath your gaze you notice quite a little cluster of tiny fish smaller even than full-grown tittlebats, perhaps a dozen or so, who look strangely forlorn in the middle of the ocean. It may be that this sense of loneliness leads them to seek the shelter of something larger than themselves, something which will be a sort of rallying-point in such a wide world of waters.
Perhaps the lovely streamers dangling123 have aroused their curiosity, but, whatever the motive124, you see the little group, huddled125 round the Medusa, popping in and out from the edge of the disc, through which you can plainly see them as they pass beneath. It is quite pretty to watch those innocent games of the sportive little fish, but presently you notice that one of them doesn’t play any more. He is entangled126 among those elegant fringes and hangs like a little silver streak, brightening and fading as it is turned by the pulsatory127 movement of the Medusa. And if[88] you could watch it long enough you would see it gradually disappear, absorbed into the jelly-like substance by the solvent128 secreted129 by the Medusa for that purpose. Still unconscious of their companion’s fate, the other little victims continue to play in that treacherous130 neighbourhood, voluntarily supplying the needs of an organism immeasurably beneath them in the sum-total of all those details that go to make up conscious life.
Closely gathered about the rudder and stern-post is another group of larger fish, the several individuals being from 4 in. to 8 in. long, and most elegant in shape and colour. They evidently seek the ship for protection, for they scarcely ever leave her vicinity for more than 2 ft. or 3 ft. If one of them does dart38 away that distance after some, to you, imperceptible morsel of food, it is back again in a flash, sidling up to her sheathing closer than ever, as if dreadfully alarmed at its own temerity131. A small hook baited with a fragment of meat will enable you to catch one if only you can get it to fall close enough to the rudder—no easy matter, because of the great overhang of the stern. In the old-fashioned ships, where the rudder-head moved in a huge cavity called the rudder-trunk, I have often caught them by dropping my hook down there, and very sweet-eating little fish they were. Sailors call them “rudder-fish,” a trivial name derived132 from their well-known habit, but they are really a species of “caranx,” and akin7 to the mackerel tribe, which has so many representatives among deep-water fish. They are, perhaps, the most sociable of all the fish that visit a ship far out at sea; but they present the same problem that the crab did a little while ago: What becomes of them when a breeze springs up and the vessel puts on speed?
I have often watched them at the beginning of a breeze, swimming steadily133 along by the side of the stern-post, so as to be clear of the eddies134 raised by the rudder; but it was always evident that a rate of over three knots would leave them astern very soon. Not less curious is the speculation135 as to whence they come so opportunely136. There seems to be very few of them, yet an hour or two’s calm nearly always shows a little company of them cowering137 in their accustomed place. As you watch them wonderingly, a broad blaze of reflected light draws your attention to the splendid shape of a dolphin gliding past and exposing the silver shield of his side to the sun’s rays, which radiate from it with an almost unbearable138 glare. At that instant every one of the little fish beneath you gather into one compact bunch, so close to the stern-post that they look as if part of it. When they can no longer keep up with the ship’s protecting bulk how do they escape the jaws of such beautiful ravenous139 monsters as that which has just passed? The swift flying-fish cannot do so, even with the swallow-like speed that he possesses and the power of skimming through the air for a thousand yards at a flight. What chance, then, can our shrinking little companions possibly have, or how do they survive amidst so many enemies? It is an unsolvable mystery.
What is this cold grey shadow stealing along[90] through the bright blue water by the keel? A shark, and a big one too. No one doubts the reason for his sociability; in fact, he (or she) is credited by most sailors with a most uncanny knowledge of what is going on aboard any ship he chooses to honour with his company. We need not be so foolish as to believe any of these childish stories, especially when the obvious explanation lies so closely on the surface. Heredity accounts for a great many things that have long been credited with supernatural origins, and the shark’s attachment to the society of ships is so plainly hereditary140 that the slightest thought upon the subject will convince any unbiased person of the reasonableness of the explanation. For many generations the shark, born scavenger141 that he is, has learned to associate the huge shadow cast by a ship with food, not perhaps in such mountainous abundance as that provided by the carcass of a dead whale, but still scattering142 savoury morsels at fairly regular intervals143. From its earliest days—when, darting in and out of its mother’s capacious jaws, it has shared in the spoil descending144 from passing ships—to the end of what is often a very long life, ships and food are inseparably associated in whatever answers to its mind in the shark. Man, alive or dead, always makes a welcome change of diet to a fish that, by reason of his build, is unable to prey upon other fish as do the rest of his neighbours.
As I have said elsewhere, the shark eats man because man is easy to catch, not because he likes man’s flesh better than any other form of food, as many landsmen and even sailors believe. But the shark is only able to gratify his sociable instincts in calms or very light airs. He is far too slothful, too constitutionally averse145 to exertion, to expend146 his energies in the endeavour to keep up with a ship going at even a moderate rate of speed. Let the wind drop, however, and in few parts of the sea will you be without a visit from a shark for many hours. In one vessel that I sailed in the skipper had such a delicate nose that he could not bear the stench of the water in which the day’s allowance of salt meat had been steeped to get some of the pickle147 out of it. So he ordered a strong net to be made of small rope, and into this the meat was put, the net secured to a stout148 line, and hung over the stern just low enough to dip every time the vessel curtsied. The plan answered admirably for some time, until one night the wind fell to a calm, and presently the man at the wheel heard a great splash behind him. He rushed to the taffrail and looked over, just in time to see the darkness beneath all aglow149 with phosphorescence, showing that some unusual agitation150 had recently taken place. He ran to the net-lanyard, and, taking a good pull, fell backward on deck, for there was nothing fast to it. Net and meat were gone. The skipper was much vexed151, of course, that the net hadn’t been hauled up a little higher when it fell calm, for, as he told the mate, anybody ought to know that 30 lbs. of salt pork dangling overboard in a calm was enough to call a shark up from a hundred miles away.
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As this particular shark, now sliding stealthily along the keel towards the stern, becomes more clearly visible, you notice what looks at first like a bright blue patch on top of his head. But, strange to say, it is not fixed152; it shifts from side to side, backwards153 and forwards, until, as the big fish rises higher, you make it out to be the pretty little caranx that shares with the crocodile and buffalo155 birds the reputation of being the closest possible companion and chum of so strangely diverse an animal to himself. And now we are on debatable ground, for this question of the sociability of the pilot-fish with the shark has been most hotly argued. And perhaps, like the cognate156 question of the flight of flying-fish, it is too much to hope that any amount of first-hand testimony157 will avail to settle it now. Still, if a man will but honestly state what he has seen, not once, but many times repeated, his evidence ought to have some weight in the settlement of even the most vexed questions. Does the pilot-fish love the shark? Does it even know that the shark is a shark, a slow, short-sighted, undiscriminating creature whose chief characteristic is that of never-satisfied hunger? In short, does the pilot-fish attach itself to the shark as a pilot, with a definite object in view, or is the attachment merely the result of accident? Let us see.
Here is a big shark-hook, upon which we stick a mass of fat pork two or three pounds in weight. Fastening a stout rope to it, we drop it over the stern with a splash. The eddies have no sooner smoothed away than we see the brilliant little blue and gold[93] pilot-fish coming towards our bait at such speed that we can hardly detect the lateral158 vibrations159 of his tail. Round and round the bait he goes, evidently in a high state of excitement, and next moment he has darted160 off again as rapidly as he came. He reaches the shark, touches him with his head on the nose, and comes whizzing back again to the bait, followed sedately161 by the dull-coloured monster. As if impatient of his huge companion’s slowness he keeps oscillating between him and the bait until the shark has reached it and, without hesitation162, has turned upon his back to seize it, if such a verb can be used to denote the deliberate way in which that gaping163 crescent of a mouth enfolds the lump of pork. Nothing, you think, can increase the excitement of the little attendant now. He seems ubiquitous, flashing all round the shark’s jaws as if there were twenty of him at least. But when half-a-dozen men, “tailing on” to the rope, drag the shark slowly upward out of the sea, the faithful little pilot seems to go frantic164 with—what shall we call it?—dread of losing his protector, affection, anger, who can tell?
The fact remains165 that during the whole time occupied in hauling the huge writhing166 carcass of the shark up out of the water the pilot-fish never ceases its distracted upward leaping against the body of its departing companion. And after the shark has been hauled quite clear of the water the bereaved167 pilot darts168 disconsolately169 to and fro about the rudder as if in utter bewilderment at its great loss. For as long as the calm continues, or until another shark makes his or her appearance, that faithful little fish will still hover170 around, every splash made in the water bringing it at top speed to the spot as if it thought that its friend had just returned.
No doubt there is a mutual171 benefit in the undoubted alliance between pilot-fish and shark, for I have seen a pilot-fish take refuge, along with a female shark’s tiny brood, within the parent’s mouth at the approach of a school of predatory fish, while it is only reasonable to suppose, what has often been proved to be the fact, that in guiding the shark to food the pilot also has its modest share of the feast. It is quite true that the pilot-fish will for a time attach itself to a boat when its companion has been killed. Again and again I have noticed this on a whaling voyage, where more sharks are killed in one day while cutting in a whale than many sailors see during their whole lives.
Hitherto we have only considered those inhabitants of the deep sea that forgather with a ship during a calm. Not that the enumeration172 of them is exhausted173, by any means, for during long-persisting calms, as I have often recorded elsewhere, many queer denizens of the middle depths of ocean are tempted174 by the general stagnation175 to come gradually to the surface and visit the unfamiliar176 light. Considerations of space preclude177 my dealing178 with many of these infrequent visitors to the upper strata of the sea, but I cannot refrain from mention of one or two that have come under my notice at different times. One especially I tried for two days to inveigle179 by various means, for I thought (and still think) that a stranger fish was[95] never bottled in any museum than he was. He was sociable enough, too. I dare say his peculiar101 appearance was dead against his scraping an acquaintance with any ordinary-looking fish, who, in spite of their well-known curiosity, might well be excused from chumming up with any such “sport” as he undoubtedly180 was. He was about 18 in. long, with a head much like a gurnard and a tapering182 body resembling closely in its contour that of a cod154. So that as far as his shape went there was nothing particularly outré in his appearance. But he was bright green in colour—at least, the ground of his colour-scheme was bright green. He was dotted profusely183 with glaring crimson184 spots about the size of a sixpence. And from the centre of each of these spots sprang a brilliant blue tassel185 upon a yellow stalk about an inch long. All his fins186—and he had certainly double the usual allowance—were also fringed extensively with blue filaments, which kept fluttering and waving continually, even when he lay perfectly motionless, as if they were all nerves. His tail was a wonderful organ more than twice as large as his size warranted, and fringed, of course, as all his other fins were, only more so. His eyes were very large and inexpressive, dead-looking in fact, reminding me of eyes that had been boiled. But over each of them protruded187 a sort of horn of bright yellow colour for about two inches, at the end of which dangled188 a copious189 tassel of blue that seemed to obscure the uncanny creature’s vision completely.
To crown all, a dorsal190 ridge191 of crimson rose quite[96] two inches, the whole length of his back being finished off by a long spike192 that stuck out over his nose like a jibboom, and had the largest tassel of all depending from it. So curiously decorated a fish surely never greeted man’s eye before, and when he moved, which he did with dignified193 slowness, the effect of all those waving fringes and tassels194 was dazzling beyond expression. I think he must have been some distant relation of the angler-fish that frequents certain tidal rivers, but he had utilised his leisure for personal decoration upon original lines. This was in the Indian Ocean, near the Line; but some years after, in hauling up a mass of Gulf195 weed in the North Atlantic, I caught, quite by accident, a tiny fish, not two inches long, that strongly reminded me of my tasselled friend, and may have been one of the same species. I tried to preserve the little fellow in a bottle, but had no spirit, and he didn’t keep in salt water.
By far the most numerous class of sociable deep-sea fish, however, are those that delight to accompany a ship that is making good way through the water. They do not like a steamer—the propeller with its tremendous churning scares them effectually away—but the silent gliding motion of the sailing-ship seems just to their taste. As soon as the wind falls and the vessel stops they keep at a distance, only occasionally passing discontentedly, as if they wondered why their big companion was thus idling away the bright day. Foremost among these, both in numbers and the closeness with which they accompany a ship, is the “bonito,” a species of mackerel so named by the Spaniards from their beautiful appearance. They are a “chubby” fish, much more bulky in body in proportion to their length than our mackerel, for one 18 in. long will often tip the scale at 30 lbs. Their vigour196 is tremendous; there is no other word for it. A school of them numbering several hundreds will attach themselves to a ship travelling at the rate of six to eight knots an hour, and keep her company for a couple of days, swimming steadily with her, either alongside, ahead, or astern; but during the daytime continually making short excursions away after flying-fish or leaping-squid scared up or “flushed” by the approach of the ship. Not only so, but as if to work off their surplus energy they will occasionally take vertical197 leaps into the air to a height that, considering their stumpy proportions, is amazing.
The probable reason for their sociability is, I think, that they know how the passing of the ship’s deep keel through the silence immediately underlying198 the sea-surface startles upward their natural prey, the flying-fish and loligo (small cuttle-fish), and affords them ample opportunities for dashing among them unobserved. In any case, to the hungry sailor, this neighbourly habit of theirs is quite providential. For by such simple means as a piece of white rag attached to a hook, and let down from the jibboom end to flutter over the dancing wavelets like a flying-fish, a fine bonito is easily secured, although holding a twenty-pounder just out of the water in one’s arms is calculated to give the captor a profound respect for the energy of his prize. Unlike most other fish, they are warm-blooded. Their flesh is dark and coarse, but if it were ten times darker and coarser than it is it would be welcome as a change from the everlasting199 salt beef and pork.
The dolphin, about which so much confusion arises from the difference in nomenclature between the naturalist108 and the seaman200, has long been celebrated201 by poetic202 writers for its dazzling beauty. But between the sailor’s dolphin, Coryphœna Hippuris (forgive me for the jargon), which is a fish, and the naturalist’s dolphin, Delphinus deductor, which is a mammal, there is far more difference than there is between a greyhound and a pig. Sailors call the latter a porpoise20, and won’t recognise any distinction between the Delphinus and any other small sea mammal (except a seal), calling them all porpoises. But no sailor ever meant anything else by “dolphin” than the beautiful fish of which I must say a few words in the small remaining space at my disposal. For some reason best known to themselves the dolphin do not care to accompany a ship so closely as the bonito. They are by no means so constant in their attention, for when the ship is going at a moderate speed they cannot curb203 their impatience204 and swim soberly along with her, and when she goes faster they seem to dislike the noise she makes, and soon leave her. But, although they do not stick closely to a ship, they like her company, and in light winds will hang about her all day, showing off their glories to the best advantage, and often contributing a welcome mess to the short commons of the fo’c’s’le. Their average weight is about 15 lbs., but from their elegant shape they are a[99] far more imposing205 fish than the bonito. They are deepest at the head, which has a rounded forehead with a sharp front, and they taper181 gradually to the tail, which is of great size. A splendid dorsal fin11 runs the whole length of the back, which, when it is erected206, adds greatly to their appearance of size.
No pen could possibly do justice to the magnificence of their colouring, for, like “shot” silk or the glowing tints207 of the humming-bird, it changes with every turn. And when the fish is disporting208 under a blazing sun its glories are almost too brilliant for the unshaded eye; one feels the need of smoked glass through which to view them. These wonderful tints begin to fade as soon as the fish is caught; and although there is a series of waves of colour that ebb209 and flow about the dying creature, the beauty of the living body is never even remotely approached again, in spite of what numberless writers have said to the contrary. To see the dolphin in full chase after a flying-fish, leaping like a glorious arrow forty feet at each lateral bound through the sunshine, is a vision worth remembering. I know of nothing more gorgeous under heaven.
The giant albacore, biggest mackerel of them all, reaching a weight of a quarter of a ton, does seek the society of a ship sometimes, but not nearly so often as bonito and dolphin. And although I have caught these monsters in the West Indies from boats, I never saw one hauled on board ship. It would not be treating the monarch210 of the finny tribe respectfully to attempt a description of him at the bare end of my article, so I must leave him, as well as the “skipjack,” yellow-tail, and barracouta, for some other occasion. Perhaps enough has now been said to show that sociability is not by any means confined to land animals, although the great subject of the sociability of sea-mammals has not even been touched upon.
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sociability
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| n.好交际，社交性，善于交际 | |
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denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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11
fin
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| n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼 | |
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12
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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13
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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14
propeller
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| n.螺旋桨，推进器 | |
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15
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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16
gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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17
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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18
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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19
porpoises
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| n.鼠海豚( porpoise的名词复数 ) | |
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20
porpoise
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| n.鼠海豚 | |
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21
tedium
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| n.单调；烦闷 | |
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22
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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23
hush
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| int.嘘，别出声；n.沉默，静寂；v.使安静 | |
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24
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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25
poised
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| a.摆好姿势不动的 | |
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26
limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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27
parasitic
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| adj.寄生的 | |
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28
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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29
glutinous
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| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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30
flex
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| n.皮线，花线；vt.弯曲或伸展 | |
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31
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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32
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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33
sheathing
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| n.覆盖物，罩子v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的现在分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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34
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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35
tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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36
obliquely
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| adv.斜； 倾斜； 间接； 不光明正大 | |
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37
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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38
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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39
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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40
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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41
crab
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| n.螃蟹，偏航，脾气乖戾的人，酸苹果；vi.捕蟹，偏航，发牢骚；vt.使偏航，发脾气 | |
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42
impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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43
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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44
prying
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| adj.爱打听的v.打听，刺探（他人的私事）( pry的现在分词 )；撬开 | |
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45
leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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46
fixtures
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| （房屋等的）固定装置( fixture的名词复数 )； 如（浴盆、抽水马桶）； 固定在某位置的人或物； （定期定点举行的）体育活动 | |
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47
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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48
impervious
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|
| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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49
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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50
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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51
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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52
streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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53
copper
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|
| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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54
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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55
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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56
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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57
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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58
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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59
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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60
intercepts
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| （数学）截距( intercept的名词复数 ) | |
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61
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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62
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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63
entice
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| v.诱骗，引诱，怂恿 | |
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64
voracity
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| n.贪食，贪婪 | |
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65
timorousness
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| n.羞怯，胆怯 | |
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66
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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67
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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68
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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69
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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70
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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71
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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72
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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73
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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74
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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75
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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76
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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77
adhesive
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| n.粘合剂；adj.可粘着的，粘性的 | |
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78
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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79
flexing
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| n.挠曲，可挠性v.屈曲( flex的现在分词 )；弯曲；（为准备大干而）显示实力；摩拳擦掌 | |
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80
gapes
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| v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的第三人称单数 )；张开，张大 | |
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81
flattened
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| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
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82
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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83
edibility
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| 适食性，可食性； 可食用性 | |
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84
intentionally
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| ad.故意地，有意地 | |
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85
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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86
parasitism
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| n.寄生状态，寄生病；寄生性 | |
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87
lodgers
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| n.房客，租住者( lodger的名词复数 ) | |
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88
jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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89
sperm
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| n.精子，精液 | |
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90
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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91
outwards
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| adj.外面的，公开的，向外的；adv.向外；n.外形 | |
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92
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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93
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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94
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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95
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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96
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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97
tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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98
stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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99
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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100
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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101
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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102
littoral
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| adj.海岸的；湖岸的；n.沿（海）岸地区 | |
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103
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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104
sociable
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| adj.好交际的，友好的，合群的 | |
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105
crustacean
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| n.甲壳动物；adj.甲壳纲的 | |
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106
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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107
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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108
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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109
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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110
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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111
strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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112
conceit
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| n.自负，自高自大 | |
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113
entity
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| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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114
filaments
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| n.（电灯泡的）灯丝( filament的名词复数 )；丝极；细丝；丝状物 | |
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115
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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116
pulsation
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| n.脉搏，悸动，脉动；搏动性 | |
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117
locomotion
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| n.运动，移动 | |
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118
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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119
nettle
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| n.荨麻；v.烦忧，激恼 | |
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120
secretes
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的第三人称单数 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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121
acrid
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| adj.辛辣的，尖刻的，刻薄的 | |
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122
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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123
dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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124
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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125
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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126
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
pulsatory
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| adj.脉动的，搏动的 | |
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128
solvent
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| n.溶剂；adj.有偿付能力的 | |
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129
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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130
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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131
temerity
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| n.鲁莽，冒失 | |
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132
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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133
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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134
eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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135
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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136
opportunely
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| adv.恰好地，适时地 | |
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137
cowering
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的现在分词 ) | |
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138
unbearable
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| adj.不能容忍的；忍受不住的 | |
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139
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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140
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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141
scavenger
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| n.以腐尸为食的动物，清扫工 | |
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142
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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143
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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144
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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145
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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146
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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147
pickle
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| n.腌汁，泡菜；v.腌，泡 | |
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149
aglow
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| adj.发亮的；发红的；adv.发亮地 | |
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150
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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151
vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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152
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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153
backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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154
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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155
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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156
cognate
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| adj.同类的，同源的，同族的；n.同家族的人，同源词 | |
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157
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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158
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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159
vibrations
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| n.摆动( vibration的名词复数 )；震动；感受；（偏离平衡位置的）一次性往复振动 | |
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160
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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161
sedately
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| adv.镇静地，安详地 | |
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162
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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163
gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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164
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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165
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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166
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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167
bereaved
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| adj.刚刚丧失亲人的v.使失去（希望、生命等）( bereave的过去式和过去分词)；（尤指死亡）使丧失（亲人、朋友等）；使孤寂；抢走（财物） | |
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168
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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169
disconsolately
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| adv.悲伤地，愁闷地；哭丧着脸 | |
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170
hover
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| vi.翱翔，盘旋；徘徊；彷徨，犹豫 | |
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171
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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172
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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173
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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174
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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175
stagnation
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| n. 停滞 | |
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176
unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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177
preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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178
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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179
inveigle
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| v.诱骗 | |
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180
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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181
taper
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| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
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182
tapering
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| adj.尖端细的 | |
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183
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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184
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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185
tassel
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| n.流苏，穗；v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须 | |
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186
fins
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| [医]散热片；鱼鳍；飞边；鸭掌 | |
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187
protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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188
dangled
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| 悬吊着( dangle的过去式和过去分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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189
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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190
dorsal
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| adj.背部的，背脊的 | |
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191
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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192
spike
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| n.长钉，钉鞋；v.以大钉钉牢，使...失效 | |
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193
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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194
tassels
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| n.穗( tassel的名词复数 )；流苏状物；（植物的）穗；玉蜀黍的穗状雄花v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须( tassel的第三人称单数 )；使抽穗， （为了使作物茁壮生长）摘去穗状雄花；用流苏装饰 | |
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195
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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196
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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197
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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198
underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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199
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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200
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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201
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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202
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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203
curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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204
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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205
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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206
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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207
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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208
disporting
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| v.嬉戏，玩乐，自娱( disport的现在分词 ) | |
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209
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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210
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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