John Mason, who never resided in this country, but delegated the management of his plantation15 at Ricataqua and Newichewannock to stewards16, died before realizing any appreciable17 return from his enterprise. He spared no endeavor meanwhile to further its prosperity. In 1632, three years before his death, Mason sent over from Denmark a number of neat cattle, “of a large breed and yellow colour.” The herd18 thrived, and it is said that some of the stock is still extant on farms in the vicinity of Portsmouth. Those old first families had a kind of staying quality!
In May, 1653, the inhabitants of the settlement petitioned the General Court at Boston to grant them a definite township—for the boundaries were doubtful—and the right to give it a proper name. “Whereas the name of this plantation att present being Strabery Banke, accidentlly soe called, by reason of a banke where strawberries was found in this place, now we humbly19 desire to have it called Portsmouth, being a name most suitable for this place, it being the river’s mouth, and good as any in this land, and your petit’rs shall humbly pray,” etc.
Throughout that formative period, and during the intermittent20 French wars, Portsmouth and the outlying districts were the scenes of bloody21 Indian massacres22. No portion of the New England colony suffered more. Famine, fire, pestilence23, and war, each in turn, and sometimes in conjunction, beleaguered24 the little stronghold, and threatened to wipe it out. But that was not to be.
The settlement flourished and increased in spite of all, and as soon as it had leisure to draw breath, it bethought itself of the school-house and the jail—two incontestable signs of budding civilization. At a town meeting in 1662, it was ordered “that a cage be made or some other meanes invented by the selectmen to punish such as sleepe or take tobacco on the Lord’s day out of the meetinge in the time of publique service.” This salutary measure was not, for some reason, carried into effect until nine years later, when Captain John Pickering, who seems to have had as many professions as Michelangelo, undertook to construct a cage twelve feet square and seven feet high, with a pillory25 on top; “the said Pickering to make a good strong dore and make a substantiale payre of stocks and places the same in said cage.” A spot conveniently near the west end on the meeting-house was selected as the site for this ingenious device. It is more than probable that “the said Pickering” indirectly26 furnished an occasional bird for his cage, for in 1672 we find him and one Edward Westwere authorized27 by the selectmen to “keepe houses of publique entertainment.” He was a versatile28 individual, this John Pickering—soldier, miller29, moderator, carpenter, lawyer, and innkeeper. Michelangelo need not blush to be bracketed with him. In the course of a long and variegated30 career he never failed to act according to his lights, which he always kept well trimmed. That Captain Pickering subsequently became the grandfather, at several removes, of the present writer was no fault of the Captain’s, and should not be laid up against him.
Down to 1696, the education of the young appears to have been a rather desultory31 and tentative matter; “the young idea” seems to have been allowed to “shoot” at whatever it wanted to; but in that year it was voted “that care be taken that an abell scollmaster [skullmaster!] be provided for the towen as the law directs, not visious in conversation.” That was perhaps demanding too much; for it was not until “May ye 7” of the following year that the selectmen were fortunate enough to put their finger on this rara avis in the person of Mr. Tho. Phippes, who agreed “to be scollmaster for the the towen this yr insewing for teaching the inhabitants children in such manner as other schollmasters yously doe throughout the countrie: for his soe doinge we the sellectt men in behalfe of ower towen doe ingage to pay him by way of rate twenty pounds and yt he shall and may reserve from every father or master that sends theyer children to school this yeare after ye rate of 16s. for readers, writers and cypherers 20s., Lattiners 24s.”
Modern advocates of phonetic32 spelling need not plume33 themselves on their originality34. The town clerk who wrote that delicious “yously doe” settles the question. It is to be hoped that Mr. Tho. Phippes was not only “not visious in conversation,” but was more conventional in his orthography35. He evidently gave satisfaction, and clearly exerted an influence on the town clerk, Mr. Samuel Keais, who ever after shows a marked improvement in his own methods. In 1704 the town empowered the selectmen “to call and settell a gramer scoll according to ye best of yower judgement and for ye advantag [Keais is obviously dead now] of ye youth of ower town to learn them to read from ye primer, to wright and sypher and to learne ym the tongues and good-manners.” On this occasion it was Mr. William Allen, of Salisbury, who engaged “dilligently to attend ye school for ye present yeare, and tech all childern yt can read in thaire psallters and upward.” From such humble36 beginnings were evolved some of the best public high schools at present in New England.
Portsmouth did not escape the witchcraft37 delusion38, though I believe that no hangings took place within the boundaries of the township. Dwellers39 by the sea are generally superstitious40; sailors always are. There is something in the illimitable expanse of sky and water that dilates41 the imagination. The folk who live along the coast live on the edge of a perpetual mystery; only a strip of yellow sand or gray rock separates them from the unknown; they hear strange voices in the winds at midnight, they are haunted by the spectres of the mirage42. Their minds quickly take the impress of uncanny things. The witches therefore found a sympathetic atmosphere in Newscastle, at the mouth of the Piscataqua—that slender paw of land which reaches out into the ocean and terminates in a spread of sharp, flat rocks, lie the claws of an amorous43 cat. What happened to the good folk of that picturesque44 little fishing-hamlet is worth retelling in brief. In order properly to retell it, a contemporary witness shall be called upon to testify in the case of the Stone-Throwing Devils of Newcastle. It is the Rev45. Cotton Mather who addresses you—“On June 11, 1682, showers of stones were thrown by an invisible hand upon the house of George Walton at Portsmouth [Newcastle was then a part of the town]. Whereupon the people going out found the gate wrung46 off the hinges, and stones flying and falling thick about them, and striking of them seemingly with a great force, but really affecting ‘em no more than if a soft touch were given them. The glass windows were broken by the stones that came not from without, but from within; and other instruments were in a like manner hurled47 about. Nine of the stones they took up, whereof some were as hot as if they came out of the fire; and marking them they laid them on the table; but in a little while they found some of them again flying about. The spit was carried up the chimney, and coming down with the point forward, stuck in the back log, from whence one of the company removing it, it was by an invisible hand thrown out at the window. This disturbance48 continued from day to day; and sometimes a dismal49 hollow whistling would be heard, and sometimes the trotting50 and snorting of a horse, but nothing to be seen. The man went up the Great Bay in a boat on to a farm which he had there; but the stones found him out, and carrying from the house to the boat a stirrup iron the iron came jingling51 after him through the woods as far as his house; and at last went away and was heard no more. The anchor leaped overboard several times and stopt the boat. A cheese was taken out of the press, and crumbled52 all over the floor; a piece of iron stuck into the wall, and a kettle hung thereon. Several cocks of hay, mow’d near the house, were taken up and hung upon the trees, and others made into small whisps, and scattered about the house. A man was much hurt by some of the stones. He was a Quaker, and suspected that a woman, who charged him with injustice53 in detaining some land from here, did, by witchcraft, occasion these preternatural occurrences. However, at last they came to an end.”
Now I have done with thee, O credulous54 and sour Cotton Mather! so get thee back again to thy tomb in the old burying-ground on Copp’s Hill, where, unless thy nature is radically55 changed, thou makest it uncomfortable for those about thee.
Nearly a hundred years afterwards, Portsmouth had another witch—a tangible56 witch in this instance—one Molly Bridget, who cast her malign57 spell on the eleemosynary pigs at the Almshouse, where she chanced to reside at the moment. The pigs were manifestly bewitched, and Mr. Clement58 March, the superintendent59 of the institution, saw only one remedy at hand, and that was to cut off and burn the tips of their tales. But when the tips were cut off they disappeared, and it was in consequence quite impracticable to burn them. Mr. March, who was a gentleman of expedients60, ordered that all the chips and underbrush in the yard should be made into heaps and consumed, hoping thus to catch and do away with the mysterious and provoking extremities61. The fires were no sooner lighted than Molly Bridget rushed from room to room in a state of frenzy62. With the dying flames her own vitality63 subsided64, and she was dead before the ash-piles were cool. I say it seriously when I say that these are facts of which there is authentic65 proof.
If the woman had recovered, she would have fared badly, even at that late period, had she been in Salem; but the death-penalty has never been hastily inflicted66 in Portsmouth. The first execution that ever took place there was that of Sarah Simpson and Penelope Kenny, for the murder of an infant in 1739. The sheriff was Thomas Packer, the same official who, twenty-nine years later, won unenviable notoriety at the hanging of Ruth Blay. The circumstances are set forth67 by the late Albert Laighton in a spirited ballad68, which is too long to quote in full. The following stanzas69, however, give the pith of the story—
“And a voice among them shouted,
“Pause before the deed is done;
For the poor misguided one.’
“But these words of Sheriff Packer
‘Must I wait and lose my dinner?
Draw away the cart, my boys!’
“Nearer came the sound and louder,
Till a steed with panting breath,
Halted at the scene of death;
“And a messenger alighted,
Crying to the crowd, ‘Make way!
This I bear to Sheriff Packer;
‘Tis a pardon for Ruth Blay!’”
But of course he arrived too late—the Law led Mercy about twenty minutes. The crowd dispersed73, horror-stricken; but it assembled again that night before the sheriff’s domicile and expressed its indignation in groans74. His effigy75, hanged on a miniature gallows76, was afterwards paraded through the streets.
“Be the name of Thomas Packer
A reproach forevermore!”
Laighton’s ballad reminds me of that Portsmouth has been prolific77 in poets, one of whom, at least, has left a mouthful of perennial78 rhyme for orators—Jonathan Sewell with his
“No pent-up Utica contracts your powers,
I have somewhere seen a volume with the alliterative title of “Poets of Portsmouth,” in which are embalmed80 no fewer than sixty immortals81!
But to drop into prose again, and have done with this iliad of odds82 and ends. Portsmouth has the honor, I believe, of establishing the first recorded pauper83 workhouse—though not in connection with her poets, as might naturally be supposed. The building was completed and tenanted in 1716. Seven years later, an act was passed in England authorizing84 the establishment of parish workhouses there. The first and only keeper of the Portsmouth almshouse up to 1750 was a woman—Rebecca Austin.
Speaking of first things, we are told by Mr. Nathaniel Adams, in his “Annals of Portsmouth,” that on the 20th of April, 1761, Mr. John Stavers began running a stage from that town to Boston. The carriage was a two-horse curricle, wide enough to accommodate three passengers. The fare was thirteen shillings and sixpence sterling85 per head. The curricle was presently superseded86 by a series of fat yellow coaches, one of which—nearly a century later, and long after that pleasant mode of travel had fallen obsolete—was the cause of much mental tribulation87 (1. Some idle reader here and there may possibly recall the burning of the old stage-coach in The Story of a Bad Boy.) to the writer of this chronicle.
The mail and the newspaper are closely associated factors in civilization, so I mention them together, though in this case the newspaper antedated88 the mail-coach about five years. On October 7, 1756, the first number of “The New Hampshire Gazette and Historical Chronicle” was issued in Portsmouth from the press of Daniel Fowle, who in the previous July had removed from Boston, where he had undergone a brief but uncongenial imprisonment89 on suspicion of having printed a pamphlet entitled “The Monster of Monsters, by Tom Thumb, Esq.,” an essay that contained some uncomplimentary reflections on several official personages. The “Gazette” was the pioneer journal of the province. It was followed at the close of the same year by “The Mercury and Weekly Advertiser,” published by a former apprentice90 of Fowle, a certain Thomas Furber, backed by a number of restless Whigs, who considered the “Gazette” not sufficiently91 outspoken92 in the cause of liberty. Mr. Fowle, however, contrived93 to hold his own until the day of his death. Fowle had for pressman a faithful negro named Primus, a full-blooded African. Whether Primus was a freeman or a slave I am unable to state. He lived to a great age, and was a prominent figure among the people of his own color.
Negro slavery was common in New England at that period. In 1767, Portsmouth numbered in its population a hundred and eighty-eight slaves, male and female. Their bondage94, happily, was nearly always of a light sort, if any bondage can be light. They were allowed to have a kind of government of their own; indeed, were encouraged to do so, and no unreasonable95 restrictions96 were placed on their social enjoyment97. They annually98 elected a king and counselors99, and celebrated100 the event with a procession. The aristocratic feeling was highly developed in them. The rank of the master was the slave’s rank. There was a great deal of ebony standing101 around on its dignity in those days. For example, Governor Langdon’s manservant, Cyrus Bruce, was a person who insisted on his distinction, and it was recognized. His massive gold chain and seals, his cherry-colored small-clothes and silk stockings, his ruffles102 and silver shoe-buckles, were a tradition long after Cyrus himself was pulverized103.
In cases of minor104 misdemeanor among them, the negros themselves were permitted to be judge and jury. Their administration of justice was often characteristically naive105. Mr. Brewster gives an amusing sketch106 of one of their sessions. King Nero is on the bench, and one Cato—we are nothing if not classical—is the prosecuting107 attorney. The name of the prisoner and the nature of his offense108 are not disclosed to posterity109. In the midst of the proceedings110 the hour of noon is clanged from the neighboring belfry of the Old North Church. “The evidence was not gone through with, but the servants could stay no longer from their home duties. They all wanted to see the whipping, but could not conveniently be present again after dinner. Cato ventured to address the King: Please you Honor, best let the fellow have his whipping now, and finish the trial after dinner. The request seemed to be the general wish of the company: so Nero ordered ten lashes111, for justice so far as the trial went, and ten more at the close of the trial, should he be found guilty!”
Slavery in New Hampshire was never legally abolished, unless Abraham Lincoln did it. The State itself has not ever pronounced any emancipation112 edict. During the Revolutionary War the slaves were generally emancipated113 by their masters. That many of the negros, who had grown gray in service, refused their freedom, and elected to spend the rest of their lives as pensioners114 in the families of their late owners, is a circumstance that illustrates115 the kindly116 ties which held between slave and master in the old colonial days in New England.
The institution was accidental and superficial, and never had any real root in the Granite117 State. If the Puritans could have found in the Scriptures118 any direct sanction of slavery, perhaps it would have continued awhile longer, for the Puritan carried his religion into the business affairs of life; he was not even able to keep it out of his bills of lading. I cannot close this rambling119 chapter more appropriately and solemnly than by quoting from one of those same pious120 bills of landing. It is dated June, 1726, and reads: “Shipped by the grace of God in good order and well conditioned, by Wm. Pepperills on there own acct. and risque, in and upon the good Briga called the William, whereof is master under God for this present voyage George King, now riding at anchor in the river Piscataqua and by God’s grace bound to Barbadoes.” Here follows a catalogue of the miscellaneous cargo121, rounded off with: “And so God send the good Briga to her desired port in safety. Amen.”
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1
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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withering
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| 使人畏缩的，使人害羞的，使人难堪的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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memoranda
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| n. 备忘录, 便条 名词memorandum的复数形式 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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sickle
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| n.镰刀 | |
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stockades
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| n.（防御用的）栅栏，围桩( stockade的名词复数 ) | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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belie
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| v.掩饰，证明为假 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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ware
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| n.(常用复数)商品，货物 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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stewards
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| （轮船、飞机等的）乘务员( steward的名词复数 )； （俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的）管理员； （大型活动的）组织者； （私人家中的）管家 | |
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appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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intermittent
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| adj.间歇的，断断续续的 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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beleaguered
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| adj.受到围困[围攻]的；包围的v.围攻( beleaguer的过去式和过去分词)；困扰；骚扰 | |
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pillory
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| n.嘲弄；v.使受公众嘲笑；将…示众 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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versatile
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| adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的 | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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32
phonetic
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| adj.语言的，语言上的，表示语音的 | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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orthography
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| n.拼字法，拼字式 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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witchcraft
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| n.魔法，巫术 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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dilates
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| v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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mirage
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| n.海市蜃楼，幻景 | |
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amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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jingling
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| 叮当声 | |
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crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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tangible
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| adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的 | |
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malign
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| adj.有害的；恶性的；恶意的；v.诽谤，诬蔑 | |
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clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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expedients
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| n.应急有效的，权宜之计的( expedient的名词复数 ) | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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ballad
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| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
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stanzas
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| 节，段( stanza的名词复数 ) | |
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reprieve
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| n.暂缓执行（死刑）；v.缓期执行；给…带来缓解 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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immortals
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| 不朽的人物( immortal的名词复数 )； 永生不朽者 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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tribulation
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| n.苦难，灾难 | |
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antedated
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| v.（在历史上）比…为早( antedate的过去式和过去分词 )；先于；早于；（在信、支票等上）填写比实际日期早的日期 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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outspoken
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| adj.直言无讳的，坦率的，坦白无隐的 | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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counselors
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| n.顾问( counselor的名词复数 )；律师；（使馆等的）参赞；（协助学生解决问题的）指导老师 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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ruffles
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| 褶裥花边( ruffle的名词复数 ) | |
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pulverized
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| adj.[医]雾化的，粉末状的v.将…弄碎( pulverize的过去式和过去分词 )；将…弄成粉末或尘埃；摧毁；粉碎 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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naive
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| adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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emancipated
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| adj.被解放的，不受约束的v.解放某人（尤指摆脱政治、法律或社会的束缚）( emancipate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
pensioners
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| n.领取退休、养老金或抚恤金的人( pensioner的名词复数 ) | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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116
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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117
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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118
scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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119
rambling
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| adj.[建]凌乱的，杂乱的 | |
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120
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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121
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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