Paddling along the eastern side of the lake in the still of the morning, we soon saw a few sheldrakes, which the Indian called Shecorways, and some peetweets on the rocky shore. We also saw and heard loons. It was inspiriting to hear the regular dip of the paddles, as if they were our fins5 or flippers, and to realize that we were at length fairly embarked6.
Having passed the small rocky isles8 within two or three miles of the foot of the lake, we had a short consultation9 respecting our course, and inclined to the western shore for the sake of its lee; for otherwise, if the wind should rise, it would be impossible for us to reach Mount Kineo, which is about midway up the lake on the east side, but at its narrowest part, where probably we could recross if we took the western side. The wind is the chief obstacle to crossing the lakes, especially in so small a canoe. The Indian remarked several times that he did not like to cross the lakes “in littlum canoe,” but nevertheless, “just as we say, it made no odds10 to him.”
Moosehead Lake is twelve miles wide at the widest place, and thirty miles long in a direct line, but longer as it lies. Paddling near the shore, we frequently heard the pe-pe of the olive-sided flycatcher, also the wood pewee and the kingfisher. The Indian reminding us that he could not work without eating, we stopped to breakfast on the main shore southwest of Deer Island. We took out our bags, and the Indian made a fire under a very large bleached11 log, using white pine bark from[17] a stump12, though he said that hemlock13 was better, and kindling14 with canoe birch bark. Our table was a large piece of freshly peeled birch bark, laid wrong side up, and our breakfast consisted of hard-bread, fried pork, and strong coffee well sweetened, in which we did not miss the milk.
While we were getting breakfast a brood of twelve black dippers,half grown, came paddling by within three or four rods, not at all alarmed; and they loitered about as long as we stayed, now huddled15 close together, now moving off in a long line, very cunningly.
Looking northward16 from this place it appeared as if we were entering a large bay, and we did not know whether we should be obliged to diverge17 from our course and keep outside a point which we saw, or should find a passage between this and the mainland. It was misty18 dog-day weather, and we had already penetrated19 a smaller bay of the same kind, and knocked the bottom out of it, though we had been obliged to pass over a bar between an island and the shore, where there was but just breadth and depth enough to float the canoe, and the Indian had observed, “Very easy makum bridge here,” but now it seemed that if we held on we should be fairly embayed. Presently, however, the mist lifted somewhat and revealed a break in the shore northward. The Indian immediately remarked, “I guess you and I go there.”
This was his common expression instead of saying “we.” He never addressed us by our names, though curious to know how they were spelled and what they meant. We called him Polis. He had already guessed very accurately20 at our ages, and said that he was forty-eight.
After breakfast I emptied the melted pork that was left into the lake, making what the sailors call a “slick,” and watching to see how much it spread over and smoothed the agitated21 surface. The Indian looked at it a moment and said, “That make hard paddlum through; hold ’em canoe. So say old times.”
We hastily reloaded, putting the dishes loose in the bows, that they might be at hand when wanted, and set out again. The western shore, near which we paddled along, rose gently to a considerable height and was everywhere densely23 covered with the forest, in which was a large proportion of hard wood to enliven and relieve the fir and spruce.
The Indian said that the lichen24 which we saw hanging from the trees was called chorchorque. We asked him the names of several birds which we heard this morning. The thrush, which was quite common, and whose note he imitated, he said was called Adelungquamooktum; but sometimes he could not tell the name of some small bird which I heard and knew, but he said, “I tell all the birds about here; can’t tell littlum noise, but I see ’em, then I can tell.”
I observed that I should like to go to school to him to learn his language, living on the Indian island the while; could not that be done?
“Oh, yer,” he replied, “good many do so.”
I asked how long he thought it would take. He said one week. I told him that in this voyage I would tell him all I knew, and he should tell me all he knew, to which he readily agreed.
Mount Kineo, which was generally visible, though occasionally concealed25 by islands or the mainland in front, had a level bar of cloud concealing26 its summit, and all the mountain-tops about the lake were cut off at the same height. Ducks of various kinds were quite common, and ran over the water before us as fast as a horse trots27.
The Indian asked the meaning of reality, as near as I could make out the word, which he said one of us had used; also of interrent, that is, intelligent. I observed that he could rarely sound the letter r, but used l, as also r for l sometimes; as load for road, pickelel for pickerel, Soogle Island for Sugar Island. He generally added the syllable28 um to his words, as paddlum, etc.
On a point on the mainland where we landed to stretch our legs and look at the vegetation, going inland a few steps, I discovered a fire still glowing beneath its ashes, where somebody had breakfasted, and a bed of twigs29 prepared for the following night. So I knew not only that they had just left, but that they designed to return, and by the breadth of the bed that there was more than one in the party. You might have gone within six feet of these signs without seeing them. There grew the beaked30 hazel, rue31 seven feet high, and red osier, whose bark the Indian said was good to smoke, “tobacco before white people came to this country, Indian tobacco.”
The Indian was always very careful in approaching the shore, lest he should injure his canoe on the rocks, letting it swing round slowly sidewise, and was still more particular that we should not step into it on shore, nor till it floated free, and then should step gently lest we should open its seams, or make a hole in the bottom.
After passing Deer Island we saw the little steamer from Greenville, far east in the middle of the lake. Sometimes we could hardly tell her from an island which had a few trees on it. Here we were exposed to the wind from over the whole breadth of the lake, and ran a little risk of being swamped. While I had my eye fixed33 on the spot where a large fish had leaped, we took in a gallon or two of water; but we soon reached the shore and took the canoe over the bar at Sand-bar Island, a few feet wide only, and so saved a considerable distance.
We crossed a broad bay and found the water quite rough. A very little wind on these broad lakes raises a sea which will swamp a canoe. Looking off from the shore, the surface may appear to be almost smooth a mile distant, or if you see a few white crests34 they appear nearly level with the rest of the lake, but when you get out so far, you may find quite a sea running, and ere long, before you think of it, a wave will gently creep up the side of the canoe and fill your lap, like a monster deliberately35 covering you with its slime before it swallows you, or it will strike the canoe violently and break into it. The same thing may happen when the wind rises suddenly, though it were perfectly36 calm and smooth there a few minutes before; so that nothing can save you, unless you can swim ashore37, for it is impossible to get into a canoe when it is upset. Since you sit flat on the bottom, though the danger should not be imminent38, a little water is a great inconvenience, not to mention the wetting of your provisions. We rarely crossed even a bay directly, from point to point, when there was wind, but made a slight curve corresponding somewhat to the shore, that we might the sooner reach it if the wind increased.
When the wind is aft, and not too strong, the Indian makes a spritsail of his blanket. He thus easily skims over the whole length of this lake in a day.
The Indian paddled on one side, and one of us on the other, to keep the canoe steady, and when he wanted to change hands he would say, “T’ other side.” He asserted, in answer to our questions, that he had never upset a canoe himself, though he may have been upset by others.
Think of our little eggshell of a canoe tossing across that great lake, a mere39 black speck40 to the eagle soaring above it!
My companion trailed for trout41 as we paddled along, but, the Indian warning him that a big fish might upset us, for there are some very large ones there, he agreed to pass the line quickly to the stern if he had a bite.
While we were crossing this bay, where Mount Kineo rose dark before us within two or three miles, the Indian repeated the tradition respecting this mountain’s having anciently been a cow moose—how a mighty42 Indian hunter succeeded in killing43 this queen of the moose tribe with great difficulty, while her calf44 was killed somewhere among the islands in Penobscot Bay, and, to his eyes, this mountain had still the form of the moose in a reclining posture45. He told this at some length and with apparent good faith, and asked us how we supposed the hunter could have killed such a mighty moose as that. An Indian tells such a story as if he thought it deserved to have a good deal said about it, only he has not got it to say, and so he makes up for the deficiency by a drawling tone, long-windedness, and a dumb wonder which he hopes will be contagious46.
We approached the land again through pretty rough water, and then steered47 directly across the lake at its narrowest part to the eastern side, and were soon partly under the lee of the mountain, having paddled about twenty miles. It was now about noon.
We designed to stop there that afternoon and night, and spent half an hour looking along the shore northward for a suitable place to camp. At length, by going half a dozen rods into the dense22 spruce and fir wood on the side of the mountain almost as dark as a cellar, we found a place sufficiently48 clear and level to lie down on, after cutting away a few bushes. The Indian cleared a path to it from the shore with his axe49, and we then carried up all our baggage, pitched our tent, and made our bed, in order to be ready for foul50 weather, which then threatened us, and for the night. He gathered a large armful of fir twigs, breaking them off, which he said were the best for our bed, partly, I thought, because they were the largest and could be most rapidly collected. It had been raining more or less for four or five days, and the wood was even damper than usual, but he got dry bark from the under side of a dead leaning hemlock, which he said he could always do.
This noon his mind was occupied with a law question, and I referred him to my companion, who was a lawyer. It appeared that he had been buying land lately—I think it was a hundred acres—but there was probably an incumbrance to it, somebody else claiming to have bought some grass on it for this year. He wished to know to whom the grass belonged, and was told that if the other man could prove that he bought the grass before he, Polis, bought the land, the former could take it whether the latter knew it or not. To which he only answered, “Strange!” He went over this several times, fairly sat down to it, with his back to a tree, as if he meant to confine us to this topic henceforth; but as he made no headway, only reached the jumping-off place of his wonder at white men’s institutions after each explanation, we let the subject die.
He said that he had fifty acres of grass, potatoes, etc., somewhere above Oldtown, besides some about his house; that he hired a good deal of his work, hoeing, etc., and preferred white men to Indians because “they keep steady and know how.”
After dinner we returned southward along the shore, in the canoe, on account of the difficulty of climbing over the rocks and fallen trees, and began to ascend51 the mountain along the edge of the precipice52. But, a smart shower coming up just then, the Indian crept under his canoe, while we, protected by our rubber coats, proceeded to botanize. So we sent him back to the camp for shelter, agreeing that he should come for us with his canoe toward night. It had rained a little in the forenoon, and we trusted that this would be the clearing-up shower, which it proved; but our feet and legs were thoroughly53 wet by the bushes. The clouds breaking away a little, we had a glorious wild view, as we ascended54, of the broad lake with its numerous forest-clad islands extending beyond our sight both north and south, and the boundless55 forest undulating away from its shores on every side, as densely packed as a rye-field and enveloping56 nameless mountains in succession. It was a perfect lake of the woods.
Looking southward, the heavens were completely overcast57, the mountains capped with clouds, and the lake generally wore a dark and stormy appearance, but from its surface six or eight miles distant there was reflected upward through the misty air a bright blue tinge58 from the unseen sky of another latitude59 beyond. They probably had a clear sky then at the south end of the lake.
Again we mistook a little rocky islet seen through the “drisk,” with some taller bare trunks or stumps60 on it, for the steamer with its smoke-pipes, but as it had not changed its position after half an hour we were undeceived. So much do the works of man resemble the works of nature. A moose might mistake a steamer for a floating isle7, and not be scared till he heard its puffing61 or its whistle.
If I wished to see a mountain or other scenery under the most favorable auspices62, I would go to it in foul weather so as to be there when it cleared up. We are then in the most suitable mood, and nature is most fresh and inspiring. There is no serenity63 so fair as that which is just established in a tearful eye.
Jackson, in his “Report on the Geology of Maine,” says: “Hornstone, which will answer for flints, occurs in various parts of the State. The largest mass of this stone known in the world is Mount Kineo, upon Moosehead Lake, which appears to be entirely64 composed of it, and rises seven hundred feet above the lake level. This variety of hornstone I have seen in every part of New England in the form of Indian arrow-heads, hatchets65, chisels66, etc., which were probably obtained from this mountain by the aboriginal67 inhabitants of the country.”
I have myself found hundreds of arrow-heads made of the same material. It is generally slate-colored, with white specks68, becoming a uniform white where exposed to the light and air. I picked up a small thin piece which had so sharp an edge that I used it as a knife, and, to see what I could do, fairly cut off an aspen one inch thick with it, by bending it and making many cuts; though I cut my fingers badly with the back of it in the meanwhile.
From the summit of the precipice which forms the southern and eastern sides of this mountain peninsula, five or six hundred feet high, we probably might have jumped down to the water, or to the seemingly dwarfish69 trees on the narrow neck of land which connects it with the main. It is a dangerous place to try the steadiness of your nerves.
The plants which attracted our attention on this mountain were the mountain cinquefoil, abundant and in bloom still at the very base by the waterside, very beautiful harebells overhanging the precipice, bearberry, the Canada blueberry, wild holly70, the great round-leafed orchis, bunchberry, reddening as we ascended, green at the base of the mountain, red at the top, and the small fern Woodsia ilvensis, growing in tufts, now in fruit. Having explored the wonders of the mountain, and the weather being now cleared up, we commenced the descent. We met the Indian, puffing and panting, about one third of the way up, but thinking that he must be near the top. On reaching the canoe we found that he had caught a lake trout weighing about three pounds, while we were on the mountain.
When we got to the camp, the canoe was taken out and turned over, and a log laid across it to prevent its being blown away. The Indian cut some large logs of damp and rotten wood to smoulder and keep fire through the night. The trout was fried for supper.
Our tent was of thin cotton cloth and quite small, forming with the ground a triangular71 prism closed at the rear end, six feet long, seven wide, and four high, so that we could barely sit up in the middle. It required two forked stakes, a smooth ridgepole, and a dozen or more pins to pitch it. It kept off dew and wind and an ordinary rain, and answered our purpose well enough. We reclined within it till bedtime, each with his baggage at his head, or else sat about the fire, having hung our wet clothes on a pole before the fire for the night.
As we sat there, just before night, looking out through the dusky wood, the Indian heard a noise which he said was made by a snake. He imitated it at my request, making a low whistling note—pheet—pheet—two or three times repeated, somewhat like the peep of the hyla, but not so loud. He said that he had never seen them while making it, but going to the spot he finds the snake. This, he said, was a sign of rain. When I had selected this place for our camp he had remarked that there were snakes there. “But they won’t do any hurt,” I said.
“Oh, no,” he answered, “just as you say; it makes no difference to me.”
He lay on the right side of the tent, because, as he said, he was partly deaf in one ear, and he wanted to lie with his good ear up. As we lay there he inquired if I ever heard “Indian sing.” I replied that I had not often, and asked him if he would not favor us with a song. He readily assented72, and, lying on his back, with his blanket wrapped around him, he commenced a slow, somewhat nasal, yet musical chant, in his own language, which probably was taught his tribe long ago by the Catholic missionaries73. He translated it to us, sentence by sentence, afterward74. It proved to be a very simple religious exercise or hymn75, the burden of which was that there was only one God who ruled all the world.
His singing carried me back to the period of the discovery of America, when Europeans first encountered the simple faith of the Indian. There was, indeed, a beautiful simplicity76 about it; nothing of the dark and savage77, only the mild and infantile. The sentiments of humility78 and reverence79 chiefly were expressed.
It was a dense and damp spruce and fir wood in which we lay, and, except for our fire, perfectly dark; and when I awoke in the night, I either heard an owl32 from deeper in the forest behind us, or a loon4 from a distance over the lake. Getting up some time after midnight to collect the scattered80 brands together, while my companions were sound asleep, I observed, partly in the fire, which had ceased to blaze, a perfectly regular elliptical ring of light, about five inches in its shortest diameter, six or seven in its longer, and from one eighth to one quarter of an inch wide. It was fully81 as bright as the fire, but not reddish or scarlet82 like a coal, but a white and slumbering83 light, like the glowworm’s. I saw at once that it must be phosphorescent wood, which I had often heard of, but never chanced to see. Putting my finger on it, with a little hesitation84, I found that it was a piece of dead moosewood which the Indian had cut off in a slanting85 direction the evening before.
Using my knife, I discovered that the light proceeded from that portion of the sapwood immediately under the bark, and thus presented a regular ring at the end, and when I pared off the bark and cut into the sap, it was all aglow86 along the log. I was surprised to find the wood quite hard and apparently87 sound, though probably decay had commenced in the sap, and I cut out some little triangular chips, and, placing them in the hollow of my hand, carried them into the camp, waked my companion, and showed them to him. They lit up the inside of my hand, revealing the lines and wrinkles, and appearing exactly like coals of fire raised to a white heat.
I noticed that part of a decayed stump within four or five feet of the fire, an inch wide and six inches long, soft and shaking wood, shone with equal brightness.
I neglected to ascertain88 whether our fire had anything to do with this, but the previous day’s rain and long-continued wet weather undoubtedly89 had.
I was exceedingly interested by this phenomenon. It could hardly have thrilled me more if it had taken the form of letters, or of the human face. I little thought that there was such a light shining in the darkness of the wilderness90 for me.
The next day the Indian told me their name for the light—artoosoqu’—and on my inquiring concerning the will-o’-the-wisp he said that his “folks” sometimes saw fires passing along at various heights, even as high as the trees, and making a noise. I was prepared after this to hear of the most startling and unimagined phenomena91 witnessed by “his folks,” they are abroad at all hours and seasons in scenes so unfrequented by white men. Nature must have made a thousand revelations to them which are still secrets to us.
I did not regret my not having seen this before, since I now saw it under circumstances so favorable. I was in just the frame of mind to see something wonderful, and this was a phenomenon adequate to my circumstances and expectation, and it put me on the alert to see more like it. I let science slide, and rejoiced in that light as if it had been a fellow creature. A scientific explanation, as it is called, would have been altogether out of place there. That is for pale daylight. Science with its retorts would have put me to sleep; it was the opportunity to be ignorant that I improved. It made a believer of me more than before. I believed that the woods were not tenantless92, but choke-full of honest spirits as good as myself any day—not an empty chamber93 in which chemistry was left to work alone, but an inhabited house. It suggested, too, that the same experience always gives birth to the same sort of belief or religion. One revelation has been made to the Indian, another to the white man. I have much to learn of the Indian, nothing of the missionary94. I am not sure but all that would tempt95 me to teach the Indian my religion would be his promise to teach me his. Long enough I had heard of irrelevant96 things; now at length I was glad to make acquaintance with the light that dwells in rotten wood.
I kept those little chips and wet them again the next night, but they emitted no light.
点击收听单词发音
1 twilight | |
n.暮光,黄昏;暮年,晚期,衰落时期 | |
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2 compensated | |
补偿,报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 ); 给(某人)赔偿(或赔款) | |
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3 ribs | |
n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 );(船或屋顶等的)肋拱;肋骨状的东西;(织物的)凸条花纹 | |
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4 loon | |
n.狂人 | |
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5 fins | |
[医]散热片;鱼鳍;飞边;鸭掌 | |
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6 embarked | |
乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 ); 装载; 从事 | |
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7 isle | |
n.小岛,岛 | |
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8 isles | |
岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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9 consultation | |
n.咨询;商量;商议;会议 | |
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10 odds | |
n.让步,机率,可能性,比率;胜败优劣之别 | |
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11 bleached | |
漂白的,晒白的,颜色变浅的 | |
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12 stump | |
n.残株,烟蒂,讲演台;v.砍断,蹒跚而走 | |
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13 hemlock | |
n.毒胡萝卜,铁杉 | |
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14 kindling | |
n. 点火, 可燃物 动词kindle的现在分词形式 | |
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15 huddled | |
挤在一起(huddle的过去式与过去分词形式) | |
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16 northward | |
adv.向北;n.北方的地区 | |
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17 diverge | |
v.分叉,分歧,离题,使...岔开,使转向 | |
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18 misty | |
adj.雾蒙蒙的,有雾的 | |
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19 penetrated | |
adj. 击穿的,鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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20 accurately | |
adv.准确地,精确地 | |
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21 agitated | |
adj.被鼓动的,不安的 | |
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22 dense | |
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的 | |
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23 densely | |
ad.密集地;浓厚地 | |
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24 lichen | |
n.地衣, 青苔 | |
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25 concealed | |
a.隐藏的,隐蔽的 | |
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26 concealing | |
v.隐藏,隐瞒,遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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27 trots | |
小跑,急走( trot的名词复数 ); 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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28 syllable | |
n.音节;vt.分音节 | |
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29 twigs | |
细枝,嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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30 beaked | |
adj.有喙的,鸟嘴状的 | |
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31 rue | |
n.懊悔,芸香,后悔;v.后悔,悲伤,懊悔 | |
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32 owl | |
n.猫头鹰,枭 | |
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33 fixed | |
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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34 crests | |
v.到达山顶(或浪峰)( crest的第三人称单数 );到达洪峰,达到顶点 | |
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35 deliberately | |
adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地 | |
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36 perfectly | |
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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37 ashore | |
adv.在(向)岸上,上岸 | |
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38 imminent | |
adj.即将发生的,临近的,逼近的 | |
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39 mere | |
adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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40 speck | |
n.微粒,小污点,小斑点 | |
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41 trout | |
n.鳟鱼;鲑鱼(属) | |
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42 mighty | |
adj.强有力的;巨大的 | |
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43 killing | |
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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44 calf | |
n.小牛,犊,幼仔,小牛皮 | |
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45 posture | |
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度;v.作出某种姿势 | |
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46 contagious | |
adj.传染性的,有感染力的 | |
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47 steered | |
v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 );操纵;控制;引导 | |
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48 sufficiently | |
adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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49 axe | |
n.斧子;v.用斧头砍,削减 | |
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50 foul | |
adj.污秽的;邪恶的;v.弄脏;妨害;犯规;n.犯规 | |
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51 ascend | |
vi.渐渐上升,升高;vt.攀登,登上 | |
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52 precipice | |
n.悬崖,危急的处境 | |
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53 thoroughly | |
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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54 ascended | |
v.上升,攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55 boundless | |
adj.无限的;无边无际的;巨大的 | |
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56 enveloping | |
v.包围,笼罩,包住( envelop的现在分词 ) | |
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57 overcast | |
adj.阴天的,阴暗的,愁闷的;v.遮盖,(使)变暗,包边缝;n.覆盖,阴天 | |
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58 tinge | |
vt.(较淡)着色于,染色;使带有…气息;n.淡淡色彩,些微的气息 | |
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59 latitude | |
n.纬度,行动或言论的自由(范围),(pl.)地区 | |
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60 stumps | |
(被砍下的树的)树桩( stump的名词复数 ); 残肢; (板球三柱门的)柱; 残余部分 | |
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61 puffing | |
v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 );喷着汽(或烟)移动;吹嘘;吹捧 | |
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62 auspices | |
n.资助,赞助 | |
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63 serenity | |
n.宁静,沉着,晴朗 | |
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64 entirely | |
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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65 hatchets | |
n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 );恶毒攻击;诽谤;休战 | |
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66 chisels | |
n.凿子,錾子( chisel的名词复数 );口凿 | |
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67 aboriginal | |
adj.(指动植物)土生的,原产地的,土著的 | |
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68 specks | |
n.眼镜;斑点,微粒,污点( speck的名词复数 ) | |
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69 dwarfish | |
a.像侏儒的,矮小的 | |
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70 holly | |
n.[植]冬青属灌木 | |
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71 triangular | |
adj.三角(形)的,三者间的 | |
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72 assented | |
同意,赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73 missionaries | |
n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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74 afterward | |
adv.后来;以后 | |
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75 hymn | |
n.赞美诗,圣歌,颂歌 | |
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76 simplicity | |
n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯 | |
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77 savage | |
adj.野蛮的;凶恶的,残暴的;n.未开化的人 | |
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78 humility | |
n.谦逊,谦恭 | |
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79 reverence | |
n.敬畏,尊敬,尊严;Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称;v.尊敬,敬畏,崇敬 | |
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80 scattered | |
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的 | |
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81 fully | |
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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82 scarlet | |
n.深红色,绯红色,红衣;adj.绯红色的 | |
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83 slumbering | |
微睡,睡眠(slumber的现在分词形式) | |
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84 hesitation | |
n.犹豫,踌躇 | |
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85 slanting | |
倾斜的,歪斜的 | |
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86 aglow | |
adj.发亮的;发红的;adv.发亮地 | |
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87 apparently | |
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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88 ascertain | |
vt.发现,确定,查明,弄清 | |
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89 undoubtedly | |
adv.确实地,无疑地 | |
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90 wilderness | |
n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等,荒漠 | |
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91 phenomena | |
n.现象 | |
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92 tenantless | |
adj.无人租赁的,无人居住的 | |
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93 chamber | |
n.房间,寝室;会议厅;议院;会所 | |
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94 missionary | |
adj.教会的,传教(士)的;n.传教士 | |
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95 tempt | |
vt.引诱,勾引,吸引,引起…的兴趣 | |
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96 irrelevant | |
adj.不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的 | |
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