His creator has said that he has always conceived and thought of the life of his hero and of the book as a river. So far as the book has a plan, that is its plan. It has no literary artifice4, no "plot." The words of it hang together in defiance5 of syntax, just as the thoughts of it follow one on the other in defiance of every system of philosophy. Every phase of the book is pregnant with the next phase. It is as direct and simple as life itself, for life is simple when the truth of it is known, as it was known instinctively6 by Jean-Christophe. The river is explored as though it were absolutely uncharted. Nothing that has ever been said or thought of life is accepted without being brought to the test of Jean-Christophe's own life. What is not true for him does not exist; and, as there are very few of the processes of human growth or decay which are not analysed, there is disclosed to the reader the most comprehensive survey of modern life which has appeared in literature in this century.
To leave M. Rolland's simile7 of the river, and to take another, the book has seemed to me like a, mighty8 bridge leading from the world of ideas of the nineteenth century to the world of ideas of the twentieth. The whole thought of the nineteenth century seems to be gathered together to make the starting-point for Jean-Christophe's leap into the future. All that was most religious in that thought seems to be concentrated in Jean-Christophe, and when the history of the book is traced, it appears that M. Rolland has it by direct inheritance.
M. Rolland was born in 1866 at Clamecy, in the center of France, of a French family of pure descent, and educated in Paris and Rome. At Rome, in 1890, he met Malwida von Meysenburg, a German lady who had taken refuge in England after the Revolution of 1848, and there knew Kossuth, Mazzini, Herzen, Ledin, Rollin, and Louis Blanc. Later, in Italy, she counted among her friends Wagner, Liszt, Lenbach, Nietzsche, Garibaldi, and Ibsen. She died in 1908. Rolland came to her impregnated with Tolstoyan ideas, and with her wide knowledge of men and movements she helped him to discover his own ideas. In her "Mémoires d'une Idéaliste" she wrote of him: "In this young Frenchman I discovered the same idealism, the same lofty aspiration9, the same profound grasp of every great intellectual manifestation10 that I had already found in the greatest men of other nationalities."
The germ of "Jean-Christophe" was conceived during this period—the "Wanderjahre"—of M. Rolland's life. On his return to Paris he became associated with a movement towards the renascence of the theater as a social machine, and wrote several plays. He has since been a musical critic and a lecturer on music and art at the Sorbonne. He has written Lives of Beethoven, Michael Angelo, and Hugo Wolf. Always his endeavor has been the pursuit of the heroic. To him the great men are the men of absolute truth. Jean-Christophe must have the truth and tell the truth, at all costs, in despite of circumstance, in despite of himself, in despite even of life. It is his law. It is M. Rolland's law. The struggle all through the book is between the pure life of Jean-Christophe and the common acceptance of the second-rate and the second-hand11 by the substitution of civic12 or social morality, which is only a compromise, for individual morality, which demands that every man should be delivered up to the unswerving judgment13 of his own soul. Everywhere Jean-Christophe is hurled14 against compromise and untruth, individual and national. He discovers the German lie very quickly; the French lie grimaces15 at him as soon as he sets foot in Paris.
The book itself breaks down the frontier between France and Germany. If one frontier is broken, all are broken. The truth about anything is universal truth, and the experiences of Jean-Christophe, the adventures of his soul (there are no other adventures), are in a greater or less degree those of every human being who passes through this life from the tyranny of the past to the service of the future.
The book contains a host of characters who become as friends, or, at least, as interesting neighbors, to the reader. Jean-Christophe gathers people in his progress, and as they are all brought to the test of his genius, they appear clearly for what they are. Even the most unpleasant of them is human, and demands sympathy.
The recognition of Jean-Christophe as a book which marks a stage in progress was instantaneous in France. It is hardly possible yet to judge it. It is impossible to deny its vitality16. It exists. Christophe is as real as the gentlemen whose portraits are posted outside the Queen's Hall, and much more real than many of them. The book clears the air. An open mind coming to it cannot fail to be refreshed and strengthened by its voyage down the river of a man's life, and if the book is followed to its end, the voyager will discover with Christophe that there is joy beneath sorrow, joy through sorrow ("Durch Leiden Freude").
Those are the last words of M. Rolland's life of Beethoven; they are words of Beethoven himself: "La devise de tout17 âme héroïque."
In his preface, "To the Friends of Christophe," which precedes the seventh volume, "Dans la Maison," M. Rolland writes:
"I was isolated18: like so many others in France I was stifling19 in a world morally inimical to me: I wanted air: I wanted to react against an unhealthy civilization, against ideas corrupted20 by a sham21 élite: I wanted to say to them: 'You lie! You do not represent France!' To do so I needed a hero with a pure heart and unclouded vision, whose soul would be stainless22 enough for him to have the right to speak; one whose voice would be loud enough for him to gain a hearing, I have patiently begotten23 this hero. The work was in conception for many years before I set myself to write a word of it. Christophe only set out on his journey when I had been able to see the end of it for him."
If M. Rolland's act of faith in writing Jean-Christophe were only concerned with France, if the polemic24 of it were not directed against a universal evil, there would be no reason for translation. But, like Zarathustra, it is a book for all and none. M. Rolland has written what he believes to be the truth, and as Dr. Johnson observed: "Every man has a right to utter what he thinks truth, and every other man has a right to knock him down for it…."
By its truth and its absolute integrity—since Tolstoy I know of no writing so crystal clear—"Jean-Christophe" is the first great book of the twentieth century. In a sense it begins the twentieth century. It bridges transition, and shows us where we stand. It reveals the past and the present, and leaves the future open to us….
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1 creed | |
n.信条;信念,纲领 | |
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2 sincerity | |
n.真诚,诚意;真实 | |
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3 devoted | |
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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4 artifice | |
n.妙计,高明的手段;狡诈,诡计 | |
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5 defiance | |
n.挑战,挑衅,蔑视,违抗 | |
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6 instinctively | |
adv.本能地 | |
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7 simile | |
n.直喻,明喻 | |
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8 mighty | |
adj.强有力的;巨大的 | |
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9 aspiration | |
n.志向,志趣抱负;渴望;(语)送气音;吸出 | |
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10 manifestation | |
n.表现形式;表明;现象 | |
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11 second-hand | |
adj.用过的,旧的,二手的 | |
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12 civic | |
adj.城市的,都市的,市民的,公民的 | |
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13 judgment | |
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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14 hurled | |
v.猛投,用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 );大声叫骂 | |
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15 grimaces | |
n.(表蔑视、厌恶等)面部扭曲,鬼脸( grimace的名词复数 )v.扮鬼相,做鬼脸( grimace的第三人称单数 ) | |
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16 vitality | |
n.活力,生命力,效力 | |
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17 tout | |
v.推销,招徕;兜售;吹捧,劝诱 | |
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18 isolated | |
adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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19 stifling | |
a.令人窒息的 | |
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20 corrupted | |
(使)败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 ); (使)腐化; 引起(计算机文件等的)错误; 破坏 | |
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21 sham | |
n./adj.假冒(的),虚伪(的) | |
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22 stainless | |
adj.无瑕疵的,不锈的 | |
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23 begotten | |
v.为…之生父( beget的过去分词 );产生,引起 | |
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24 polemic | |
n.争论,论战 | |
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