I think indeed, that I am the more gratified by the fact that this reception has not been unanimous: because an outcry and an opposition1, even from an unimportant minority, are proofs that I have succeeded in saying, however imperfectly, something that was worth being said. Under the conditions of life as we know it there is no truth worth telling that will not interfere3 with some hearer's comfort. Various objections have been made to A Child of the Jago, and many of them had already been made to Tales of Mean Streets. And it has been the way of the objectors as well as the way of many among the kindest of my critics, to call me a 'realist.' The word has been used sometimes, it would seem, in praise; sometimes in mere4 indifference5 as one uses a phrase of convenient description; sometimes by way of an irremediable reproach. It is natural, then, not merely that I should wish to examine certain among the objections made to my work, but that I should feel some interest in the definition and description of a realist. A matter never made clear to me.
Now it is a fact that I have never called myself a 'realist,' and I have never put forth6 any work as 'realism.' I decline the labels of the schoolmen and the sophisters: being a simple writer of tales, who takes whatever means lie to his hand to present life as he sees it; who insists on no process; and who refuses to be bound by any formula or prescription7 prepared by the cataloguers and the pigeon-holers of literature.
So it happens that when those who use the word 'realist' use it with no unanimity8 of intent and with a loose, inapprehensive application, it is not easy for me, who repudiate9 it altogether, to make a guess at its meaning. Nevertheless, it seems to me that the man who is called a 'realist' is one who, seeing things with his own eyes, discards the conventions of the schools, and presents his matter in individual terms of art. For awhile the schoolmen abuse him as a realist; and in twenty years' time, if his work have life in it, he becomes a classic. Constable10 was called a realist; so was Corot. Who calls these painters realists now? The history of Japanese art affords a continuous illustration. From the day when Iwasa Matahei impudently11 arose and dared to take his subjects from the daily life of the people, to the day when Hiroshigé, casting away the last rag of propriety12, adventurously14 drew a cast shadow, in flat defiance15 of all the canons of Tosa and Kano—in all this time, and through all the crowded history of the School of Ukioyé, no artist bringing something of his own to his art but was damned for a realist. Even the classic Harunobu did not escape. Look now at the work of these men, and the label seems grotesque16 enough. So it goes through the making of all art. A man with the courage of his own vision interprets what he sees in fresh terms, and gives to things a new reality and an immediate17 presence. The schoolmen peer with dulled eyes from amid the heap of precedents19 and prescriptions20 about them, and, distracted by seeing a thing sanctioned neither by precedent18 nor by prescription, dub21 the man realist, and rail against him for that his work fits none of their pigeon-holes. And from without the schools many cry out and complain: for truth is strong meat, and the weakling stomach turns against it, except in minim doses smothered22 in treacle23. Thus we hear the feeble plea that the function of imagination is the distortion of fact: the piteous demand that the artist should be shut up in a flower-garden, and forbidden to peep through the hedge into the world. And they who know nothing of beauty, who are innately24 incapable25 of comprehending it, mistake it for mere prettiness, and call aloud for comfits; and among them that cannot understand, such definitions of the aims of art are bandied, as mean, if they mean anything, that art finds its most perfect expression in pink lollipops26 and gilt27 boxes. But in the end the truth prevails, if it be well set forth; and the schoolmen, groaning28 in their infinite labour, wearily write another prescription, admit another precedent, and make another pigeon-hole.
I have been asked, in print, if I think that there is no phase of life which the artist may not touch. Most certainly I think this. More, I know it. It is the artist's privilege to seek his material where he pleases, and it is no man's privilege to say him nay29. If the community have left horrible places and horrible lives before his eyes, then the fault is the community's; and to picture these places and these lives becomes not merely his privilege, but his duty. It was my fate to encounter a place in Shoreditch, where children were born and reared in circumstances which gave them no reasonable chance of living decent lives: where they were born fore-damned to a criminal or semi-criminal career. It was my experience to learn the ways of this place, to know its inhabitants, to talk with them, eat, drink, and work with them. For the existence of this place, and for the evils it engendered30, the community was, and is, responsible; so that every member of the community was, and is, responsible in his degree. If I had been a rich man I might have attempted to discharge my peculiar31 responsibility in one way; if I had been a statesman I might have tried another. Being neither of these things, but a mere writer of fiction, I sought to do my duty by writing a tale wherein I hoped to bring the conditions of this place within the apprehension32 of others. There are those who say that I should have turned away my eyes and passed by on the other side: on the very respectable precedent of the priest and the Levite in the parable33.
Now, when the tale was written and published it was found, as I have said, to cause discomfort34 to some persons. It is needless to say more of the schoolmen. Needless, too, to say much of the merely genteel: who were shocked to read of low creatures, as Kiddo Cook and Pigeony Poll, and to find my pages nowhere illuminated35 by a marquis. Of such are they who delight to read of two men in velvet36 and feathers perforating each other's stomachs with swords; while Josh Perrott and Billy Leary, punching each other's heads, present a scene too sickening and brutal37 to consider without disgust. And it was in defiance of the maunderings of such as these that Charles Lamb wrote much of his essay On the Genius and Character of Hogarth. But chiefly this book of mine disturbed those who had done nothing, and preferred to do nothing, by way of discharging their responsibility toward the Jago and the people in it. The consciousness of duty neglected is discomforting, and personal comfort is the god of their kind. They firmly believe it to be the sole function of art to minister to their personal comfort—as upholstery does. They find it comfortable to shirk consideration of the fate of the Jago children, to shut their eyes to it, to say that all is well and the whole world virtuous38 and happy. And this mental attitude they nickname optimism, and vaunt it—exult in it as a quality. So that they cry out at the suggestion that it is no more than a selfish vice39; and finding truth where they had looked for the materials of another debauch40 of self-delusion, they moan aloud: they protest, and they demand as their sacred right that the bitter cup be taken from before them. They have moaned and protested at A Child of the Jago, and, craven and bewildered, any protest seemed good enough to them. And herein they have not wanted for allies among them that sit in committee-rooms, and tinker. For your professed41 philanthropist, following his own spirit, and seeing nothing, honestly resents the demonstration42 that his tinkering profits little. There is a story current in the East End of London, of a distracted lady who, being assailed43 with a request for the loan of a saucepan, defended herself in these words:—'Tell yer mother I can't lend 'er the saucepan, consekince o' 'avin' lent it to Mrs Brown, besides which I'm a-usin' of it meself, an' moreover it's gone to be mended, an' what's more I ain't got one.' In a like spirit of lavish44 objection it has been proclaimed in a breath that I transgress:—because (1) I should not have written of the Jago in all the nakedness of truth; (2) my description is not in the least like; (3) moreover, it is exaggerated; (4) though it may be true, it is quite unnecessary, because the Jago was already quite familiar, and everybody knew all about it; (5) the Jago houses have been pulled down; and (6) there never was any such place as the Jago at all.
To objections thus handsomely variegated45 it is not easy to reply with the tripping brevity wherewith they may be stated; and truly it is little reply that they call for, except, perhaps, in so far as they may be taken to impugn46 the sincerity47 of my work and the accuracy of my picture. A few of the objectors have caught up enough of their wits to strive after a war in my own country. They take hold of my technical method, and accuse me of lack of 'sympathy'; they claim that if I write of the Jago I should do so 'even weeping.' Now, my technical method is my own, and is deliberately48 designed to achieve a certain result, as is the method of every man—painter, poet, sculptor49, or novelist—who is not the slave and the plaything of his material. My tale is the tale of my characters, and I have learned better than to thrust myself and my emotions between them and my reader. The cant50 of the charge stares all too plainly from the face of it. It is not that these good people wish me to write 'even weeping': for how do they know whether I weep or not? No: their wish is, not that I shall weep, but that I shall weep obscenely in the public gaze. In other words, that I shall do their weeping for them, as a sort of emotional bedesman: that I shall make public parade of sympathy in their behalf, so that they may keep their own sympathy for themselves, and win comfort from the belief that they are eased of their just responsibility by vicarious snivelling.
But the protest, that my picture of the Jago is untrue, is another thing. For the most part it has found very vague expression, but there are instances of rash excursion into definiteness. Certain passages have been denoted as exaggerations—as impossibilities. Now, I must confess that, foreseeing such adventurous13 indiscretions, I had, for my own diversion, set A Child of the Jago with traps. For certain years I have lived in the East End of London, and have been, not an occasional visitor, but a familiar and equal friend in the house of the East-Ender in all his degrees; for, though the steps between be smaller, there are more social degrees in the East End than ever in the West. In this experience I have seen and I have heard things that persons sitting in committee-rooms would call diabolical51 fable52; nevertheless, I have seen them, and heard them. But it was none of my design to write of extreme instances: typical facts were all I wanted; these, I knew, would be met—or shirked—with incredulity; so that, whenever I saw reason to anticipate a charge of exaggeration—as for instance, in the matter of faction53 fighting—I made my typical incident the cold transcript54 of a simple fact, an ordinary, easy-going fact, a fact notorious in the neighbourhood, and capable of any amount of reasonable proof. If I touched my fact at all, it was to subdue55 it; that and no more. The traps worked well. Not one definite charge of exaggeration has been flung but it has been aimed at one of the normal facts I had provided as a target: not one. Sometimes the effect has had a humour of its own; as when a critic in a literary journal, beginning by selecting two of my norms as instances of 'palpable exaggeration,' went on to assure me that there was no need to describe such life as the life in the Jago, because it was already perfectly2 familiar to everybody.
Luckily I need not vindicate56 my accuracy. That has been done for me publicly by independent and altogether indisputable authority. In particular, the devoted57 vicar of the parish, which I have called the Jago, has testified quite unreservedly to the truth of my presentation. Others also, with special knowledge, have done the same; and though I refer to them, and am grateful for their support, it is with no prejudice to the validity of my own authority. For not only have I lived in the East End of London (which one may do, and yet never see it) but observation is my trade.
I have remarked in more than one place the expression of a foolish fancy that because the houses of the Old Jago have been pulled down, the Jago difficulty has been cleared out of the way. That is far from being the case. The Jago, as mere bricks and mortar58, is gone. But the Jago in flesh and blood still lives, and is crowding into neighbourhoods already densely59 over-populated.
In conclusion: the plan and the intention of my story made it requisite60 that, in telling it, I should largely adhere to fact; and I did so. If I write other tales different in scope and design, I shall adhere to fact or neglect it as may seem good to me: regardless of anybody's classification as a realist, or as anything else. For though I have made a suggestion, right or wrong, as to what a realist may be, whether I am one or not is no concern of mine; but the concern (if it be anybody's) of the tabulators and the watersifters.
A. M.
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1
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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prescription
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| n.处方，开药；指示，规定 | |
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8
unanimity
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| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
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9
repudiate
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| v.拒绝，拒付，拒绝履行 | |
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10
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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impudently
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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adventurously
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| adv.爱冒险地 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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16
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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17
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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18
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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precedents
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| 引用单元； 范例( precedent的名词复数 )； 先前出现的事例； 前例； 先例 | |
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prescriptions
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| 药( prescription的名词复数 )； 处方； 开处方； 计划 | |
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21
dub
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| vt.（以某种称号）授予，给...起绰号，复制 | |
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22
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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23
treacle
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| n.糖蜜 | |
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innately
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| adv.天赋地；内在地，固有地 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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lollipops
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| n.棒糖，棒棒糖( lollipop的名词复数 )；（用交通指挥牌让车辆暂停以便儿童安全通过马路的）交通纠察 | |
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gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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28
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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parable
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| n.寓言，比喻 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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41
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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42
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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43
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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44
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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45
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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46
impugn
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| v.指责，对…表示怀疑 | |
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47
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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48
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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49
sculptor
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| n.雕刻家，雕刻家 | |
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50
cant
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| n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔 | |
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51
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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52
fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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53
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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54
transcript
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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55
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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56
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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57
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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58
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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59
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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60
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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