As I turned to follow Norton I spoke3 to West. “Mr. West,” I said, “you and Mr. Jay will place Lieutenant4 Commander Orthis in irons immediately. If he resists, kill him.”
As I hurried after Norton I heard a volley of oaths from Orthis and a burst of almost maniacal5 laughter. When I reached the pilot house I found Norton working very quietly with the controls. There was nothing hysterical6 in his movements, but his face was absolutely ashen7.
“What is wrong, Mr. Norton?” I asked. But as I looked at the compass simultaneously8 I read my answer there before he spoke. We were moving at right angles to our proper course.
“We are falling toward the Moon, sir,” he said, “and she does not respond to her control.”
“Shut down the engines,” I ordered, “they are only accelerating our fall.”
“Aye, aye, sir,” he replied.
“The Lunar Eighth Ray tank is of sufficient capacity to keep us off the Moon,” I said. “If it has not been tampered9 with, we should be in no danger of falling to the Moon’s surface.”
“If it has not been tampered with, sir; yes, sir, that is what I have been thinking.”
“I know, sir,” he replied, “but if it were full to capacity, we should not be falling so rapidly.”
Immediately I fell to examining the gauge, almost at once discovering that it had been tampered with and the needle set permanently11 to indicate a maximum supply. I turned to my companion.
“Mr. Norton,” I said, “please go forward and investigate the Lunar Eighth Ray tank, and report back to me immediately.”
The young man saluted12 and departed. As he approached the tank it was necessary for him to crawl through a very restricted place beneath the deck.
In about five minutes Norton returned. He was not so pale as he had been, but he looked very haggard.
“Well?” I inquired as he halted before me.
“The exterior13 intake14 valve has been opened, sir,” he said, “the rays were escaping into space. I have closed it, sir.”
The valve to which he referred was used only when the ship was in dry dock, for the purpose of refilling the buoyancy tank, and, because it was so seldom used and as a further precaution against accident, the valve was placed in an inaccessible15 part of the hull where there was absolutely no likelihood of its being accidentally opened.
Norton glanced at the instrument. “We are not falling quite so rapidly now,” he said.
“Yes,” I replied, “I had noted16 that, and I have also been able to adjust the Lunar Eighth Ray gauge—it shows that we have about half the original pressure.”
“Not enough to keep us from going aground,” he commented.
“No, not here, where there is no atmosphere. If the Moon had an atmosphere we could at least keep off the surface if we wished to. As it is, however, I imagine that we will be able to make a safe landing, though, of course that will do us little good. You understand, I suppose, Mr. Norton, that this is practically the end.”
He nodded. “It will be a sad blow to the inhabitants of two worlds,” he remarked, his entire forgetfulness of self indicating the true nobility of his character.
“It is a sad report to broadcast,” I remarked, “but it must be done, and at once. You will, please, send the following message to the Secretary of Peace:
“U.S.S. The Barsoom, January 6, 2026, about twenty thousand miles off the Moon. Lieutenant Commander Orthis, while under the influence of liquor, has destroyed auxiliary17 engine and opened exterior intake valve Lunar Eighth Ray buoyancy tank. Ship sinking rapidly. Will keep you—”
Norton who had seated himself at the radio desk leaped suddenly to his feet and turned toward me. “My God, sir,” he cried, “he has destroyed the radio outfit18 also. We can neither send nor receive.”
A careful examination revealed the fact that Orthis had so cleverly and completely destroyed the instruments that there was no hope of repairing them. I turned to Norton.
“We are not only dead, Norton, but we are buried, as well.”
I smiled as I spoke and he answered me with a smile that betokened19 his utter fearlessness of death.
“I have but one regret, sir,” he said, “and that is that the world will never know that our failure was not due to any weakness of our machinery20, ship or equipment.”
“That is, indeed, too bad,” I replied, “for it will retard21 transportation between the two worlds possibly a hundred years—maybe forever.”
I called to West and Jay who by this time had placed Orthis in irons and confined him to his stateroom. When they came I told them what had happened, and they took it as coolly as did Norton. Nor was I surprised, for these were fine types selected from the best of that splendid organization which officered the International Peace Fleet.
Together we immediately made a careful inspection22 of the ship, which revealed no further damage than that which we had already discovered, but which was sufficient as we well knew, to preclude23 any possibility of our escaping from the pull of the Moon.
“You gentlemen realize our position as well as I,” I told them. “Could we repair the auxiliary generator24 we might isolate25 the Lunar Eighth Ray, refill our tank, and resume our voyage. But the diabolical26 cleverness with which Lieutenant Commander Orthis has wrecked27 the machine renders this impossible. We might fight away from the surface of the Moon for a considerable period, but in the end it would avail us nothing. It is my plan, therefore, to make a landing. In so far as the actual lunar conditions are concerned, we are confronted only by a mass of theories, many of which are conflicting. It will, therefore, be at least a matter of consuming interest to us to make a landing upon this dead world where we may observe it closely, but there is also the possibility, remote, I grant you, that we may discover conditions there which may in some manner alleviate28 our position. At least we can be no worse off. To live for fifteen years cooped in the hull of this dead ship is unthinkable. I may speak only for myself, but to me it would be highly preferable to die immediately than to live on thus, knowing that there was no hope of rescue. Had Orthis not destroyed the radio outfit we could have communicated with Earth and another ship been outfitted29 and sent to our rescue inside a year. But now we cannot tell them, and they will never know our fate. The emergency that has arisen has, however, so altered conditions that I do not feel warranted in taking this step without consulting you gentlemen. It is a matter now largely of the duration of our lives. I cannot proceed upon the mission upon which I have been dispatched, nor can I return to Earth. I wish, therefore, that you would express yourselves freely concerning the plan which I have outlined.”
West, who was the senior among them, was naturally the one to reply first. He told me that he was content to go wherever I led, and Jay and Norton in turn signified a similar willingness to abide30 by whatever decision I might reach. They also assured me that they were as keen to explore the surface of the Moon at close range as I, and that they could think of no better way of spending the remainder of their lives than in the acquisition of new experiences and the observation of new scenes.
“Very well, Mr. Norton,” I said, “you will set your course directly toward the Moon.”
Aided by lunar gravity our descent was rapid.
As we plunged31 through space at a terrific speed, the satellite seemed to be leaping madly toward us, and at the end of fifteen hours I gave orders to slack off and brought the ship almost to a stop about nine thousand feet above the summit of the higher lunar peaks. Never before had I gazed upon a more awe-inspiring scene than that presented by those terrific peaks towering five miles above the broad valleys at their feet. Sheer cliffs of three and four thousand feet were nothing uncommon32, and all was rendered weirdly33 beautiful by the variegated35 colors of the rocks and the strange prismatic hues36 of the rapidly-growing vegetation upon the valley floors. From our lofty elevation37 above the peaks we could see many craters39 of various dimensions, some of which were huge chasms40, three and four miles in diameter. As we descended41 slowly we drifted directly over one of these abysses, into the impenetrable depths of which we sought to strain our eyesight. Some of us believed that we detected a faint luminosity far below, but of that we could not be certain. Jay thought it might be the reflected light from the molten interior. I was confident that had this been the case there would have been a considerable rise of temperature as we passed low across the mouth of the crater38.
At this altitude we made an interesting discovery. There is an atmosphere surrounding the Moon. It is extremely tenuous43, but yet it was recorded by our barometer44 at an altitude of about fifteen hundred feet above the highest peak we crossed. Doubtless in the valleys and deep ravines, where the vegetation thrived, it is denser45, but that I do not know, since we never landed upon the surface of the Moon. As the ship drifted we presently noted that it was taking a circular course paralleling the rim46 of the huge volcanic47 crater above which we were descending48. I immediately gave orders to alter our course since, as we were descending constantly, we should presently be below the rim of the crater and, being unable to rise, be hopelessly lost in its huge maw.
It was my plan to drift slowly over one of the larger valleys as we descended, and make a landing amidst the vegetation which we perceived growing in riotous49 profusion50 and movement beneath us. But when West, whose watch it now was, attempted to alter the course of the ship, he found that it did not respond. Instead it continued to move slowly in a great circle around the inside rim of the crater. At the moment of this discovery we were not much more than five hundred feet above the summit of the volcano, and we were constantly, though slowly, dropping. West looked up at us, smiled, and shook his head.
“It is no use, sir,” he said, addressing me. “It is about all over, sir, and there won’t even be any shouting. We seem to be caught in what one might call a lunar whirlpool, for you will have noticed, sir, that our circles are constantly growing smaller.”
“Our speed does not seem to be increasing,” I remarked, “as would follow were we approaching the vortex of a true whirlpool.”
“I think I can explain it, sir,” said Norton. “It is merely due to the action of the Lunar Eighth Ray which still remains51 in the forward buoyancy tank. Its natural tendency is to push itself away from the Moon, which, as far as we are concerned, is represented by the rim of this enormous crater. As each portion of the surface repels52 us in its turn we are pushed gently along in a lessening53 circle, because, as we drop nearer the summit of the peak the greater the reaction of the Eighth Lunar Ray. If I am not mistaken in my theory our circle will cease to narrow after we have dropped beneath the rim of the crater.”
“I guess you are right, Norton,” I said. “At least it is a far more tenable theory than that we are being sucked into the vortex of an enormous whirlpool. There is scarcely enough atmosphere for that, it seems to me.”
As we dropped slowly below the rim of the crater the tenability of Norton’s theory became more and more apparent, for presently, though our speed increased slightly, the diameter of our circular course remained constant, and, at a little greater depth, our speed as well. We were descending now at the rate of a little over ten miles an hour, the barometer recording54 a constantly increasing atmospheric55 pressure, though nothing approximating that necessary to the support of life upon Earth. The temperature rose slightly, but not alarmingly. From a range of twenty-five or thirty below zero, immediately after we had entered the shadow of the crater’s interior, it rose gradually to zero at a point some one hundred and twenty-five miles below the summit of the giant extinct volcano that had engulfed56 us.
During the next ten miles our speed diminished rapidly, until we suddenly realized that we were no longer falling, but that our motion had been reversed and we were rising. Up we went for approximately eight miles, when suddenly we began to fall again. Again we fell, but this time for only six miles, when our motion was reversed and we rose again a distance of about four miles. This see-sawing was continued until we finally came to rest at about what we estimated was a distance of some one hundred and thirty miles below the summit of the crater. It was quite dark, and we had only our instruments to tell us of what was happening to the ship, the interior of which was, of course, brilliantly illuminated57 and comfortably warm.
Now below us, and now above us, for the ship had rolled completely over each time we had passed the point at which we came finally to rest, we had noted the luminosity that Norton had first observed from above the mouth of the crater. Each of us had been doing considerable thinking, and at last young Norton could contain himself no longer.
“I beg your pardon, sir,” he said deferentially58, “but won’t you tell us what you think of it; what your theory is as to where we are and why we hang here in mid-air, and why the ship rolled over every time we passed this point?”
“I can only account for it,” I replied, “upon a single and rather preposterous59 hypothesis, which is that the Moon is a hollow sphere, with a solid crust some two hundred and fifty miles in thickness. Gravity is preventing us from rising above the point where we now are, while centrifugal force keeps us from falling.”
The others nodded. They too had been forced to accept the same apparently60 ridiculous theory, since there was none other that could explain our predicament. Norton had walked across the room to read the barometer which he had rather neglected while the ship had been performing her eccentric antics far below the surface of the Moon. I saw his brows knit as he glanced at it, and then I saw him studying it carefully, as though to assure himself that he had made no mistake in the reading. Then he turned toward us.
“There must be something wrong with this instrument, sir,” he said. “It is registering pressure equivalent to that at the Earth’s surface.”
I walked over and looked at the instrument. It certainly was registering the pressure that Norton had read, nor did there seem to be anything wrong with the instrument.
“There is a way to find out,” I said. “We can shut down the insulating generator and open an air cock momentarily. It won’t take five seconds to determine whether the barometer is correct or not.” It was, of course, in some respects a risky61 proceeding62, but with West at the generator, Jay at the air cock and Norton at the pump I knew that we would be reasonably safe, even if there proved to be no atmosphere without. The only danger lay in the chance that we were hanging in a poisonous gas of the same density63 as the earthly atmosphere, but as there was no particular incentive64 to live in the situation in which we were, we each felt that no matter what chance we might take it would make little difference in the eventual65 outcome of our expedition.
I tell you that it was a very tense moment as the three men took their posts to await my word of command. If we had indeed discovered a true atmosphere beneath the surface of the Moon, what more might we not discover? If it were an atmosphere, we could propel the ship in it, and we could, if nothing more, go out on deck to breathe fresh air. It was arranged that at my word of command West was to shut off the generator, Jay to open the air cock, and Norton to start the pump. If fresh air failed to enter through the tube Jay was to give the signal, whereupon Norton would reverse the pump, West start the generator, and immediately Jay would close the air cock again.
As Jay was the only man who was to take a greater chance than the others, I walked over and stood beside him, placing my nostrils66 as close to the air cock as his. Then I gave the word of command. Everything worked perfectly67 and an instant later a rush of fresh, cold air was pouring into the hull of The Barsoom. West and Norton had been watching the effects upon our faces closely, so that they knew almost as soon as we did that the result of our test had been satisfactory. We were all smiles, though just why we were so happy I am sure none of us could have told. Possibly it was just because we had found a condition that was identical with an earthly condition, and though we might never see our world again we could at least breathe air similar to hers.
I had them start the motors again then, and presently we were moving in a great spiral upward toward the interior of the Moon. Our progress was very slow, but as we rose the temperature rose slowly, too, while the barometer showed a very-slightly-decreasing atmospheric pressure. The luminosity, now above us, increased as we ascended68, until finally the sides of the great well through which we were passing became slightly illuminated.
All this time Orthis had remained in irons in his stateroom. I had given instructions that he was to be furnished food and water, but no one was to speak to him, and I had taken Norton into my stateroom with me. Knowing Orthis to be a drunkard, a traitor69 and a potential murderer I had no sympathy whatsoever70 for him. I had determined71 to court-martial him and did not intend to spend the few remaining hours or years of my life cooped up in a small ship with him, and I knew that the verdict of any court, whether composed of the remaining crew of The Barsoom, or appointed by the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, could result in but one thing, and that was death for Orthis. I had left the matter, however, until we were not pressed with other matters of greater importance, and so he still lived, though he shared neither in our fears, our hopes, nor our joys.
About twenty-six hours after we entered the mouth of the crater at the surface of the Moon we suddenly emerged from its opposite end to look upon a scene that was as marvelous and weird34, by comparison with the landscape upon the surface of the Moon, as the latter was in comparison with that of our own Earth. A soft, diffused72 light revealed to us in turn mountains, valleys and sea, the details of which were more slowly encompassed74 by our minds. The mountains were as rugged75 as those upon the surface of the satellite, and appeared equally as lofty. They were, however, clothed with verdure almost to their summits, at least a few that were within our range of vision. And there were forests, too—strange forests, of strange trees, so unearthly in appearance as to suggest the weird phantasmagoria of a dream.
We did not rise much above five hundred feet from the opening of the well through which we had come from outer space when I descried76 an excellent landing place and determined to descend42. This was readily accomplished77, and we made a safe landing close to a large forest and near the bank of a small stream. Then we opened the forward hatch and stepped out upon the deck of The Barsoom, the first Earth Men to breathe the air of Luna. It was, according to Earth time, eleven a.m., January 8, 2026.
I think that the first thing which engaged our interest and attention was the strange, and then, to us, unaccountable luminosity which pervaded78 the interior of the Moon. Above us were banks of fleecy clouds, the undersurfaces of which appeared to be lighted from beneath, while, through breaks in the cloud banks we could discern a luminous79 firmament80 beyond, though nowhere was there any suggestion of a central incandescent81 orb82 radiating light and heat as does our sun. The clouds themselves cast no shadows upon the ground, nor, in fact, were there any well-defined shadows even directly beneath the hull of the ship or surrounding the forest trees which grew close at hand. The shadows were vague and nebulous, blending off into nothingnesses at their edges. We ourselves cast no more shadows upon the deck of The Barsoom than would have been true upon a cloudy day on Earth. Yet the general illumination surrounding us approximated that of a very slightly hazy83 Earth day. This peculiar84 lunar light interested us profoundly, but it was some time before we discovered the true explanation of its origin. It was of two kinds, emanating85 from widely different sources, the chief of which was due to the considerable radium content of the internal lunar soil, and principally of the rock forming the loftier mountain ranges, the radium being so combined as to diffuse73 a gentle perpetual light which pervaded the entire interior of the Moon. The secondary source was sunlight, which penetrated86 to the interior of the Moon through the hundreds of thousands of huge craters penetrating87 the lunar crust. It was this sunlight which carried heat to the inner world, maintaining a constant temperature of about eighty degrees Fahrenheit88.
Centrifugal force, in combination with the gravity of the Moon’s crust, confined the internal lunar atmosphere to a blanket which we estimated at about fifty miles in thickness over the inner surface of this buried world. This atmosphere rarefies rapidly as one ascends89 the higher peaks, with the result that these are constantly covered with perpetual snow and ice, sending great glaciers90 down mighty91 gorges92 toward the central seas. It is this condition which has probably prevented the atmosphere, confined as it is within an almost solid sphere, from becoming superheated, through the unthinkable ages that this condition must have existed. The Earth seasons are reflected but slightly in the Moon, there being but a few degrees difference between summer and winter. There are, however, periodic wind-storms, which recur93 with greater or less regularity94 once each sidereal95 month, due, I imagine, to the unequal distribution of crater openings through the crust of the Moon, a fact which must produce an unequal absorption of heat at various times and in certain localities. The natural circulation of the lunar atmosphere, affected96 as it is by the constantly-changing volume and direction of the sun’s rays, as well as the great range of temperature between the valleys and the ice-clad mountain peaks, produces frequent storms of greater or less violence. High winds are accompanied by violent rains upon the lower levels and blinding snowstorms among the barren heights above the vegetation line. Rains which fall from low-hanging clouds are warm and pleasant; those which come from high clouds are cold and disagreeable, yet however violent or protracted97 the storm, the illumination remains practically constant—there are never any dark, lowering days within the Moon, nor is there any night.
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1
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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3
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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4
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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5
maniacal
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| adj.发疯的 | |
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6
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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7
ashen
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| adj.灰的 | |
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8
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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9
tampered
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| v.窜改( tamper的过去式 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄 | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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12
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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13
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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intake
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| n.吸入，纳入；进气口，入口 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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auxiliary
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| adj.辅助的，备用的 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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betokened
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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generator
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| n.发电机，发生器 | |
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isolate
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| vt.使孤立，隔离 | |
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diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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alleviate
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| v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等) | |
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outfitted
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| v.装备，配置设备，供给服装( outfit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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weirdly
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| 古怪地 | |
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weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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craters
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| n.火山口( crater的名词复数 )；弹坑等 | |
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chasms
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| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
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41
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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42
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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43
tenuous
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| adj.细薄的，稀薄的，空洞的 | |
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44
barometer
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| n.气压表，睛雨表，反应指标 | |
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45
denser
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| adj. 不易看透的, 密集的, 浓厚的, 愚钝的 | |
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46
rim
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| n.(圆物的)边，轮缘；边界 | |
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47
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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48
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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49
riotous
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| adj.骚乱的；狂欢的 | |
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50
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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51
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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repels
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| v.击退( repel的第三人称单数 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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lessening
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| 减轻，减少，变小 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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engulfed
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| v.吞没，包住( engulf的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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deferentially
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| adv.表示敬意地，谦恭地 | |
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preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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risky
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| adj.有风险的，冒险的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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density
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| n.密集，密度，浓度 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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eventual
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| adj.最后的，结局的，最终的 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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firmament
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| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
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incandescent
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| adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的 | |
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orb
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| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
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hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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emanating
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的现在分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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Fahrenheit
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| n./adj.华氏温度；华氏温度计(的) | |
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ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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recur
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| vi.复发，重现，再发生 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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sidereal
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| adj.恒星的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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