“To thine own self be true!
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.”
Shakespeare.
“There’s the Mayor sent orders for the streets to be swept clean, and all the mud carted out of the way. You’d best sweep afore your own door, and then maybe you’ll have less rate to pay, Aunt Isel.”
It was Stephen the Watchdog who looked in over the half-door to give this piece of information.
“What’s that for?” asked Isel, stopping in the work of mopping the brick floor.
“The Lady Queen comes through on her way to Woodstock.”
“To-day?” said Flemild and Derette together.
“Or to-morrow. A running footman came in an hour ago, to say she was at Abingdon, and bid my Lord hold himself in readiness to meet her at the East Gate. The vintners have had orders to send in two tuns of Gascon and Poitou wine; and Henry the Mason tells me a new cellar and chimney were made last week in the Queen’s chamber1 at Woodstock. Geoffrey the Sumpter was in town yesterday, buying budgets, coffers, and bottles. So if you girls want to see her, you had better make haste and get your work done, and tidy yourselves up, and be at the East Gate by noon or soon after.”
“Get their work done! Don’t you know better than that, Stephen? A woman’s work never is done. It’s you lazy loons of men that stop working and take your pleasure when night comes. Work done, indeed!”
“But, Isel, I will finish de work for you. Go you and take your pleasure to see de Queen, meine friend. You have not much de pleasure.”
“You’re a good soul, Agnes, and it was a fine day for me when I took you in last winter. But as for pleasure, it and me parted company a smart little while ago. Nay2, let the maids go; I’ll tarry at home. You can go if you will.—Stephen! are you bound elsewhere, or can you come and look after the girls?”
“I can’t, Aunt Isel; I’m on duty in the Bayly in half an hour, and when I shall be free again you must ask my Lord or Master Mayor.”
“Never mind: the boys are safe to be there. Catch them missing a show! Now, Flemild, child, drop that washing; and leave the gavache (Note 1), Ermine, and get yourselves ready. It’s only once in three or four years at most that you’re like to see such a sight. Make haste, girls.”
There was little need to tell the girls to make haste. Flemild hastily wrung3 out the apron4 she was washing, and pinned it on the line; Ermine drew the thread from her needle—the entire household owned but one of those useful and costly5 articles—and put it carefully away; while Derette tumbled up the ladder at imminent7 risk to her limbs, to fling back the lid of the great coffer at the bed-foot, and institute a search, which left every thing in wild confusion, for her sister’s best kerchief and her own. Just as the trio were ready to start, Gerhardt came in.
“Saint Frideswide be our aid! wherever are them boys?” demanded Isel of nobody in particular.
“One on the top of the East Gate,” said Gerhardt, “and the other playing at quarter-staff in Pary’s Mead8.”
Pary’s Mead lay between Holywell Church and the East Gate, on the north of the present Magdalen College.
“Lack-a-daisy! but however are the girls to get down to the gate? I daren’t let ’em go by themselves.”
The girls looked blank: and two big tears filled Derette’s eyes, ready to fall.
“If all you need is an escort, friend, here am I,” said Gerhardt; “but why should the girls go alone? I would fain take you and Agnes too.”
“Take Agnes and welcome,” said Isel with a sigh; “but I’m too old, I reckon, and poor company at best.”
A little friendly altercation9 followed, ended by Gerhardt’s decided10 assertion that Agnes should not go without her hostess.
“But who’s to see to Baby?” said Derette dolefully.
“We will lock up the house, and leave Baby with old Turguia,” suggested Isel.
“Nay, she tramped off to see the show an hour ago.”
“Never mind! I’ll stop with Baby,” said Derette with heroic self-abnegation.
“Indeed you shall not,” said Ermine.
A second war of amiability11 seemed likely to follow, when a voice said at the door—
“Do you all want to go out? I am not going to the show. Will you trust me with the child?”
“I would not hurt it,” pleaded the Jewish maiden13 in a tremulous voice. “Do trust me! I know you reckon us bad people; but indeed we are not so black as you think us. My baby brother died last summer; and my aims are so cold and empty since. Let me have a little child in them once more!”
“But—you will want to see the show,” responded Isel, rather as an excuse to decline the offered help than for any more considerate reason.
“No—I do not care for the show. I care far more for the child. I have stood at the corner and watched you with him, so often, and have longed so to touch him, if it might be but with one finger. Won’t you let me?”
Agnes was looking from the girl to Gerhardt, as if she knew not what to do.
“Will you keep him from harm, and bring him back as soon as we return, if you take him?” asked Gerhardt. “Remember, the God in whom we both believe hears and records your words.”
“Let Him do so to me and more also,” answered Countess solemnly, “if I bring not the child to you unhurt.”
Gerhardt lifted little Rudolph from his mother’s arms and placed him in those of the dark-eyed maiden.
“The Lord watch over thee and him!” he said.
“Amen!” And as Countess carried away the baby close pressed to her bosom14, they saw her stoop down and kiss it almost passionately15.
“Holy Virgin16! what have you done, Gerard?” cried Isel in horror. “Don’t you know there is poison in a Jew’s breath? They’ll as sure cast a spell upon that baby as my name’s Isel.”
“No, I don’t,” said Gerhardt a little drily. “I only know that some men say so. I have placed my child in the hands of the Lord; and He, not I, has laid it in that maiden’s. It may be that this little kindness is a link in the chain of Providence17, whereby He designs to bring her soul to Him. Who am I, if so, that I should put my boy or myself athwart His purpose?”
“Well, you’re mighty18 pious19, I know,” said Isel. “Seems to me you should have been a monk20, by rights. However, what’s done is done. Let’s be going, for there’s no time to waste.”
They went a little way down Fish Street, passing the Jewish synagogue, which stood about where the northernmost tower of Christ Church is now, turned to the left along Civil School Lane—at the south end of Tom Quad21, coming out about Canterbury Gate—pursued their way along Saint John Baptist Street, now Merton Street, and turning again to the left where it ended, skirted the wall till they reached the East Gate. Here a heterogeneous22 crowd was assembled, about the gate, and on the top were perched a number of adventurous23 youths, among whom Haimet was descried24.
“Anything coming?” Gerhardt called to him.
“Yes, a drove of pigs,” Haimet shouted back.
The pigs came grunting25 in, to be sarcastically26 greeted by the crowd, who immediately styled the old sow and her progeny27 by the illustrious names of Queen Eleonore and the royal children. Her Majesty28 was not very popular, the rather since she lived but little in England, and was known greatly to prefer her native province of Aquitaine. Still, a show was always a show, and the British public is rarely indifferent to it.
The pigs having grunted29 themselves up Cat Street—running from the east end of Saint Mary’s to Broad Street—a further half-hour of waiting ensued, beguiled30 by rough joking on the part of the crowd. Then Haimet called down to his friends—
“Here comes Prester John, in his robes of estate!”
The next minute, a running footman in the royal livery—red and gold—bearing a long wand decorated at the top with coloured ribbons, sped in at the gate, and up High Street on his way to the Castle. In ten minutes more, a stir was perceptible at the west end of High Street, and down to the gate, on richly caparisoned horses, came the Earl and Countess of Oxford31, followed by a brilliant crowd of splendidly-dressed officials. It was evident that the Queen must be close at hand.
All eyes were now fixed32 on the London Road, up which the royal cavalcade33 was quickly seen approaching. First marched a division of the guard of honour, followed by the officials of the household, on horseback; then came the Queen in her char34, followed by another bearing her ladies. The remainder of the guard brought up the rear.
The char was not much better than a handsomely-painted cart. It had no springs, and travelling in it must have been a trying process. But the horses bore superb silken housings, and the very bits were gilt35. (Note 2.) Ten strong men in the royal livery walked, five on each side of the char; and their office, which was to keep it upright in the miry tracks—roads they were not—was by no means a sinecure36.
The royal lady, seated on a Gothic chair which made the permanent seat of the char, being fixed to it, was one of the most remarkable37 women who have ever reigned38 in England. If a passage of Scripture40 illustrative of the life and character were to be selected to append to the statue of each of our kings and queens, there would be little difficulty in the choice to be made for Eleonore of Aquitaine. “Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.” She sowed the wind, and she reaped the whirlwind. A youth of the wildest giddiness was succeeded by a middle life of suffering and hardship, and both ended in an old age of desolation.
But when Eleonore rode in that spring noon-day at the East Gate of Oxford, the reaping-time was not yet. The headstrong giddiness was a little toned down, but the terrible retribution had not begun.
The Queen’s contemporaries are eloquent41 as to her wondrous42 loveliness and her marvellous accomplishments43. “Beauty possessed44 both her mind and body,” says one writer who lived in the days of her grandson, while another expatiates45 on her “clairs et verds yeux,” and a third on her “exquisite mouth, and the most splendid eyes in the world.” Her Majesty was attired46 with equal stateliness and simplicity47, for that was not an era of superb or extravagant48 dress. A close gown with tight sleeves was surmounted49 by a pelisse, the sleeves of which were very wide and full, and the fur trimming showed the high rank of the wearer. A long white veil came over her head, and fell around her, kept in its place by a jewelled fillet. The gemmed50 collar of gold at the neck, and the thick leather gloves (with no partitions for the fingers) heavily embroidered51 on the back, were also indicative of regal rank.
The Queen’s char stopped just within the gate, so that our friends had an excellent view of her. She greeted the Earl and Countess of Oxford with a genial52 grace, which she well knew how to assume; gave her hand to be kissed to a small selection of the highest officials, and then the char passed on, and the sight was over.
Isel and her friends turned homewards, not waiting for the after portion of the entertainment. There was to be a bull-baiting in the afternoon on Presthey—Christ Church Meadow—and a magnificent bonfire at night in Gloucester Meadows—Jericho; but these enjoyments53 they left to the boys. There would be plenty of women, however, at the bull-baiting; as many as at a Spanish corrida. The idea of its being a cruel pastime, or even of cruelty being at all objectionable or demoralising, with very few exceptions, had not then dawned on the minds of men.
They returned by the meadows outside the city, entering at the South Gate. As they came up Fish Street, they could see Countess on a low seat at her father’s door, with little Rudolph on her knee, both parties looking very well content with their position. On their reaching the corner, she rose and came to meet them.
“Here is the baby,” she said, smiling rather sadly. “See, I have not done him any harm! And it has done me good. You will let me have him again some day?—some time when you all want to go out, and it will be a convenience to you. Farewell, my pretty bird!”
And she held out the boy to Agnes. Little Rudolph had shown signs of pleasure at the sight of his mother; but it soon appeared that he was not pleased by any means at the prospect54 of parting with his new friend. Countess had kept him well amused, and he had no inclination55 to see an abrupt56 end put to his amusement. He struggled and at last screamed his disapprobation, until it became necessary for Gerhardt to interfere57, and show the young gentleman decidedly that he must not always expect to have his own way.
“I t’ank you”—Agnes began to say, in her best English, which was still imperfect, though Ermine spoke58 it fluently now. But Countess stopped her, rather to her surprise, by a few hurried words in her own tongue.
“Do not thank me,” she said, with a flash of the black eyes. “It is I who should thank you.”
And running quickly across Fish Street, the Jewish maiden disappeared inside her father’s door.
All European nations at that date disliked and despised the hapless sons of Israel: but the little company to whom Gerhardt and Agnes belonged were perhaps a shade less averse59 to them than others. They were to some extent companions in misfortune, being themselves equally despised and detested60 by many; and they were much too familiar with the Word of God not to recognise that His blessing61 still rested on the seed of Abraham His friend, hidden “for a little moment” by a cloud, but one day to burst into a refulgence62 of heavenly sunlight. When, therefore, Flemild asked Ermine, as they were laying aside their out-door garb—“Don’t you hate those horrid63 creatures?” it was not surprising that Ermine paused before replying.
“Don’t you?” repeated Flemild.
“No,” said Ermine, “I do not think I do.”
“Don’t you?” echoed Flemild for the third time, and with emphasis. “Why, Ermine, they crucified our Lord.”
“So did you and I, Flemild; and He bids us love one another.”
Flemild stood struck with astonishment64, her kerchief half off her head.
“I crucified our Lord!” she exclaimed. “Ermine, what can you mean?”
“Sin crucified Him,” said Ermine quietly; “your sins and mine, was it not? If He died not for our sins, we shall have to bear them ourselves. And did He not die for Countess too?”
“I thought He died for those who are in holy Church; and Countess is a wicked heathen Jew.”
“Yes, for holy Church, which means those whom God has chosen out of the world. How can you know that Countess is not some day to be a member of holy Church?”
“Ermine, they are regular wicked people!”
“We are all wicked people, till God renews us by His Holy Spirit.”
“I’m not!” cried Flemild indignantly; “and I don’t believe you are either.”
“Ah, Flemild, that is because you are blind. Sin has darkened our eyes; we cannot see ourselves.”
“Ermine, do you mean to say that you see me a wicked creature like a Jew?”
“By nature, I am as blind as you, Flemild.”
“‘By nature’! What do you mean? Do you see me so?”
“Flemild, dear friend, what if God sees it?”
Ermine had spoken very softly and tenderly, but Flemild was not in a mood to appreciate the tenderness.
“Well!” she said in a hard tone. “If we are so dreadfully wicked, I wonder you like to associate with us.”
“But if I am equally wicked?” suggested Ermine with a smile.
“I wonder how you can hold such an opinion of yourself. I should not like to think myself so bad. I could not bear it.”
Flemild entertained the curious opinion—it is astonishing how many people unwittingly hold it—that a fact becomes annihilated65 by a man shutting his eyes to it. Ermine regarded her with a look of slight amusement.
“What difference would it make if I did not think so?” she asked.
Flemild laughed, only then realising the absurdity66 of her own remark. It augured67 well for her good sense that she could recognise the absurdity when it was pointed68 out to her.
Coming down the ladder, they found Anania seated below.
“Well, girls! did you see the Queen?”
“Oh, we had a charming view of her,” said Flemild.
“Folks say she’s not so charming, seen a bit nearer. You know Veka, the wife of Chembel? She told me she’d heard Dame69 Ediva de Gathacra say the Queen’s a perfect fury when she has her back up. Some of the scenes that are to be seen by nows and thens in Westminster Palace are enough to set your hair on end. And her extravagance! Will you believe it, Dame Ediva said, this last year she gave over twenty pounds for one robe. How many gowns would that buy you and me, Aunt Isel?”
At the present value of money, Her Majesty’s robe cost rather more than 500.
“Bless you, I don’t know,” was Isel’s answer. “Might be worth cracking my head over, if I were to have one of ’em when I’d done. But there’s poor chance of that, I reckon; so I’ll let it be.”
“They say she sings superbly,” said Flemild.
“Oh, very like. Folks may well sing that can afford to give twenty pound for a gown. If she’d her living to earn, and couldn’t put a bit of bread in her mouth, nor in her children’s, till she’d worked for it, she’d sing o’ t’other side her mouth, most likely.”
“Anania, don’t talk so unseemly. I’m sure you’ve a good enough place.”
“Oh, are you? I dress in samite, like the Queen, don’t I?—and eat sturgeon and peacocks to my dinner?—and drive of a gilt char when I come to see folks? I should just like to know why she must have all the good things in life, and I must put up with the hard ones? I’m as good a woman as she is, I’m sure of that.”
“Cousin Anania,” said Derette in a scandalised tone, “you should not tell us you’re a good woman; you should wait till we tell you.”
“Then why didn’t you tell me?” snapped Anania.
“I didn’t tell you so because I don’t think so,” replied Derette with severity, “if you say such things of the Queen.”
“Much anybody cares what you think, child. Why, just look!—tuns and tuns of Gascon wine are sent to Woodstock for her: and here must I make shift with small ale and thin mead that’s half sour. She’s only to ask and have.”
“Well, I don’t know,” said Isel. “I wouldn’t give my quiet home for a sup of Gascon wine—more by reason I don’t like it. ‘Scenes at Westminster Palace’ are not things I covet70. My poor Manning was peaceable enough, and took a many steps to save me, and I doubt if King Henry does even to it. Eh dear! if I did but know what had come of my poor man! I should have thought all them Saracens ’d have been dead and buried by now, when you think what lots of folks has gone off to kill ’em. And as to ‘asking and having’—well, that hangs on what you ask for. There’s a many folks asks for the moon, but I never heard tell as any of ’em had it.”
“Why do folks go to kill the Saracens?” demanded Derette, still unsatisfied on that point.
“Saints know!” said her mother, using her favourite comfortable expletive. “I wish he hadn’t ha’ gone—I do so!”
“It’s a good work, child,” explained Anania.
“Wouldn’t it have been a good work for Father to stay at home, and save steps for Mother?”
“I think it would, my child,” said Gerhardt; “but God knoweth best, and He let thy father go. Sometimes what seems to us the best work is not the work God has appointed for us.”
Had Gerhardt wished to drive away Anania, he could not have taken a surer method than by words which savoured of piety71. She resembled a good many people in the present day, who find the Bread of Life very dry eating, and if they must swallow a little of it, can only be persuaded to do so by a thick coating of worldly butter. They may be coaxed72 to visit the church where the finest anthem73 is sung, but that where the purest Gospel is preached has no attraction for them. The porter’s wife, therefore, suddenly discovered that she had plenty to do at home, and took her departure, much to the relief of the friends on whom she inflicted74 herself. She had not been gone many minutes when Stephen looked in.
“Lads not come in yet?” said he. “Well, have you seen the grand sight? The Queen’s gone again; she only stayed for supper at the Castle, and then off to Woodstock. She’ll not be there above a month, they say. She never tarries long in England at once. But the King’s coming back this autumn—so they say.”
“Who say?” asked Gerhardt.
“Oh, every body,” said Stephen with a laugh, as he leaned over the half-door.
“Every body?” inquired Gerhardt drily.
“Oh, come, you drive things too fine for me. Every body, that is anybody.”
“I thought every body was somebody.”
“Not in this country: maybe in yours,” responded Stephen, still laughing. “But I’m forgetting what I came for. Aunt Isel, do you want either a sheep or a pig?”
“Have you got ’em in that wallet on your back?”
“Not at present, but I can bring you either if you want it.”
“What’s the price, and who’s selling them?”
“Our neighbour Veka wants to sell three or four bacon pigs and half-a-dozen young porkers; Martin le bon Fermier, brother of Henry the Mason, has a couple of hundred sheep to sell.”
“But what’s the cost? Veka’s none so cheap to deal with, though she feeds her pigs well, I know.”
“Well, she wants two shillings a-piece for the bacons, and four for the six porkers.”
“Ay, I knew she’d clap the money on! No, thank you; I’m not made of gold marks, nor silver pennies neither.”
“Well, but the sheep are cheap enough; he only asks twopence halfpenny each.”
“That’s not out of the way. We might salt one or two. I’ll think about it. Not in a hurry to a day or two, is he?”
“Oh, no; I shouldn’t think so.”
“Has he any flour or beans to sell, think you? I could do with both those, if they were reasonable.”
“Ay, he has. Beans a shilling a quarter, and flour fourteen pence a load. (Note 3.) Very good flour, he says it is.”
“Should be, at that price. Well, I’ll see: maybe I shall walk over one of these days and chaffer with him. Any way, I’m obliged to you, Stephen, for letting me know of it.”
“Very good, Aunt Isel; Martin will be glad to see you, and I’ll give Bretta a hint to be at home when you come, if you’ll let me know the day before.”
This was a mischievous75 suggestion on Stephen’s part, as he well knew that Martin’s wife was not much to his aunt’s liking76.
“Don’t, for mercy’s sake!” cried Isel. “She’s a tongue as long as a yard measure, and there isn’t a scrap77 of gossip for ten miles on every side of her that she doesn’t hand on to the first comer. She’d know all I had on afore I’d been there one Paternoster, and every body else ’d know it too, afore the day was out.”
The space of time required to repeat the Lord’s Prayer—of course as fast as possible—was a measure in common use at that day.
“Best put on your holiday clothes, then,” said Stephen with a laugh, and whistling for his dog, which was engaged in the pointing of Countess’s kitten, he turned down Fish Street on his way to the East Gate.
Stephen’s progress was arrested, as he came to the end of Kepeharme Lane, by a long and picturesque78 procession which issued from the western door of Saint Frideswide. Eight priests, fully6 robed, bore under a canopy79 the beautifully-carved coffer which held the venerated80 body of the royal saint, and they were accompanied by the officials of the Cathedral, the choir81 chanting a litany, and a long string of nuns82 bringing up the rear. Saint Frideswide was on her way to the bedside of a paralysed rich man, who had paid an immense sum for her visit, in the hope that he might be restored to the use of his faculties83 by a touch of her miracle-working relics84. As the procession passed up the street, a door opened in the Jewry, and out came a young Jew named Dieulecresse (Note 4), who at once set himself to make fun of Saint Frideswide. Limping up the street as though he could scarcely stir, he suddenly drew himself erect85 and walked down with a free step; clenching86 his hands as if they were rigid87, he then flung his arms open and worked his fingers rapidly.
“O ye men of Oxford, bring me your oblations!” he cried. “See ye not that I am a doer of wonders, like your saint, and that my miracles are quite as good and real as hers?”
The procession passed on, taking no notice of the mockery. But when, the next day, it was known that Dieulecresse had committed suicide in the night, the priests did not spare the publication of the fact, with the comment that Saint Frideswide had taken vengeance88 on her enemy, and that her honour was fully vindicated89 from his aspersions.
“Ah!” said Gerhardt softly, “‘those eighteen, on whom the tower in Siloam fell!’ How ready men are to account them sinners above all men that dwell in Jerusalem! Yet it may be that they who thus judge are the worse sinners of the two, in God’s eyes, however high they stand in the world’s sight.”
“Well, I don’t set up to be better than other folks,” said Stephen lightly. He had brought the news. “I reckon I shall pass muster90, if I’m as good.”
“That would not satisfy me,” said Gerhardt. “I should want to be as good as I could be. I could not pass beyond that. But even then—”
“That’s too much trouble for me,” laughed Stephen. “When you’ve done your work, hand me over the goodness you don’t want.”
“I shall not have any, for it won’t be enough.”
“It would be, if I had to rely on my own goodness.”
Stephen stared. “Why, whose goodness are you going to rely on?”
Gerhardt lifted his cap. “‘There is none good but One,—that is, God.’”
“I reckon that’s aiming a bit too high,” said Stephen, with a shake of his head. “Can’t tell how you’re going to get hold of that.”
“Nor could I, unless the Lord had first laid hold of me. ‘He hath covered me with the robe of righteousness’—I do not put it on myself.”
Gerhardt never made long speeches on religious topics. He said what he had to say, generally, in one pithy92 sentence, and then left it to carry its own weight.
“I say, Gerard, I’ve wondered more than once—”
“Well, Stephen?”
“No offence, friend?”
“Certainly not: pray say all you wish.”
“Whether you were an unfrocked priest.”
“No, I assure you.”
“Can’t tell how you come by all your notions!” said Stephen, scratching his head.
“Notions of all kinds have but two sources,” was the reply: “the Word of God, and the corruption93 of man’s heart.”
“Come, now, that won’t do!” objected Stephen. “You’ve built your door a mile too narrow. I’ve a notion that grass is green, and another that my new boots don’t fit me: whence come they?”
“The first,” said Gerhardt drily, “from the Gospel of Saint Mark; the second from the Fourteenth Psalm94.”
“The Fourteenth Psalm makes mention of my boots!”
“Not in detail. It saith, ‘There is none that doeth good,—no, not one.’”
“What on earth has that to do with it?”
“This: that if sin had never entered the world, both fraud and suffering would have tarried outside with it.”
“Well, I always did reckon Father Adam a sorry fellow, that he had no more sense than to give in to his wife.”
“I rather think he gave in to his own inclination, at least as much. If he had not wanted to taste the apple, she might have coaxed till now.”
“Hold hard there, man! You are taking the woman’s side.”
“I thought I was taking the side of truth. If that be not one’s own, it is quite as well to find it out.”
“You’re too good for me,” said he. “I’ll go home before I’m infected with the complaint.”
“I’d stop and take it if I were you,” retorted Isel. “You’re off the better end, I’ll admit, but you’d do with a bit more, may be.”
“I’ll leave it for you, Aunt Isel,” said Stephen mischievously96. “One shouldn’t want all the good things for one’s self, you know.”
The Queen did not remain for even a month at Woodstock. In less than three weeks she returned to London, this time without passing through Oxford, and took her journey to Harfleur, the passage across the Channel costing the usual price of 7 pounds, 10 shillings equivalent in modern times to 187 pounds, 10 shillings.
Travelling seems to have been an appalling97 item of expense at that time. The carriage of fish from Yarmouth to London cost 9 shillings (11 pounds, 5 shillings); of hay from London to Woodstock, 60 shillings (75 pounds); and of the Queen’s robes from Winchester to Oxford, 8 shillings (10 pounds). Yet the Royal Family were perpetually journeying; the hams were fetched from Yorkshire, the cheeses from Wiltshire, and the pearmain apples from Kent. Exeter was famous for metal and corn; Worcester and London for wheat; Winchester for wine—there were vineyards in England then; Hertford for cattle, and Salisbury for game; York for wood; while the speciality of Oxford was knives.
An old Jew, writing to a younger some thirty years later, in the reign39 of Henry Second, and giving him warning as to what he would find in the chief towns of southern England, thus describes such as he had visited: “London much displeases98 me; Canterbury is a collection of lost souls and idle pilgrims; Rochester and Chichester are but small villages; Oxford scarcely (I say not satisfies, but) sustains its clerks; Exeter refreshes men and beasts with corn; Bath, in a thick air and sulphurous vapour, lies at the gates of Gehenna!”
But if travelling were far more costly than in these days, there were much fewer objects on which money could be squandered99. Chairs were almost as scarce as thrones, being used for little else, and chimneys were not more common. (Note 5.) Diamonds were unknown; lace, velvet100, and satin had no existence, samite and silk being the costly fabrics101; and the regal ermine is not mentioned. Dress, as has been said, was not extravagant, save in the item of jewellery, or of very costly embroidery102; cookery was much simpler than a hundred years later. Plate, it is true, was rich and expensive, but it was only in the hands of the nobles and church dignitaries. On the other hand, fines were among the commonest things in existence. Not only had every breach103 of law its appropriate fine, but breaches104 of etiquette105 were expiated106 in a similar manner. False news was hardly treated: 13 shillings 4 pence was exacted for that (Pipe Roll, 12 Henry Third) and perjury107 (Ibidem, 16 ib) alike, while wounding an uncle cost a sovereign, and a priest might be slain108 for the easy price of 4 shillings 9 pence (Ibidem, 27 ib). The Prior of Newburgh was charged three marks for excess of state; and poor Stephen de Mereflet had to pay 26 shillings 8 pence for “making a stupid reply to the King’s Treasurer”! (Pipe Roll, 16 Henry Third) It was reserved for King John to carry this exaction109 to a ridiculous excess, by taking bribes110 to hold his tongue on inconvenient111 topics, and fining his courtiers for not having reminded him of points which he happened to forget. (Misae Roll, I John.)
Note 1. A long undergarment then worn by men and women alike.
Note 3. Reckoned according to modern value, these prices stand about thus:—Bacon pig, 2 pounds, 10 shillings; porkers, 5 pounds; sheep, 5 shillings 3 pence; quarter of beans, 25 shillings; load of flour, 30 shillings.
Note 4. “Dieu L’encroisse,” a translation of Gedaliah, and a very common name among the English Jews at that time. This incident really occurred about twenty-five years later.
Note 5. Some writers deny the existence of chimneys at this date; but an entry, on the Pipe Roll for 1160, of money expended113 on “the Queen’s chamber and chimney and cellar,” leaves no doubt on the matter.
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1
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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2
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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3
wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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5
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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6
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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7
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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8
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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9
altercation
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| n.争吵，争论 | |
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10
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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13
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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15
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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16
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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17
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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18
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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19
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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20
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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21
quad
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| n.四方院；四胞胎之一；v.在…填补空铅 | |
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22
heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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24
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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25
grunting
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| 咕哝的，呼噜的 | |
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26
sarcastically
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| adv.挖苦地，讽刺地 | |
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27
progeny
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| n.后代，子孙；结果 | |
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28
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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29
grunted
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| （猪等）作呼噜声( grunt的过去式和过去分词 )； （指人）发出类似的哼声； 咕哝着说 | |
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30
beguiled
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| v.欺骗( beguile的过去式和过去分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
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31
Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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32
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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33
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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34
char
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| v.烧焦；使...燃烧成焦炭 | |
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35
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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36
sinecure
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| n.闲差事，挂名职务 | |
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37
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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38
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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40
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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41
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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42
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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43
accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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44
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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45
expatiates
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| v.详述，细说( expatiate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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46
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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47
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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48
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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49
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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50
gemmed
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| 点缀（gem的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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51
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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52
genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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53
enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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54
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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55
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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56
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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57
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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58
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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59
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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60
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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62
refulgence
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| n.辉煌，光亮 | |
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63
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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64
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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65
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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66
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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67
augured
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| v.预示，预兆，预言( augur的过去式和过去分词 )；成为预兆；占卜 | |
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68
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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69
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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70
covet
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| vt.垂涎；贪图(尤指属于他人的东西) | |
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71
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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72
coaxed
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的过去式和过去分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱 | |
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73
anthem
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| n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌 | |
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74
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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75
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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76
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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77
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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78
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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79
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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80
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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82
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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83
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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84
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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85
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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86
clenching
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| v.紧握，抓紧，咬紧( clench的现在分词 ) | |
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87
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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88
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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89
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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90
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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91
lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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92
pithy
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| adj.(讲话或文章)简练的 | |
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93
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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94
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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95
walnut
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| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
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96
mischievously
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| adv.有害地；淘气地 | |
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97
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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98
displeases
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| 冒犯，使生气，使不愉快( displease的第三人称单数 ) | |
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99
squandered
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| v.（指钱，财产等）浪费，乱花( squander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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101
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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102
embroidery
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| n.绣花，刺绣；绣制品 | |
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103
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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104
breaches
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| 破坏( breach的名词复数 )； 破裂； 缺口； 违背 | |
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105
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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106
expiated
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| v.为（所犯罪过）接受惩罚，赎（罪）( expiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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108
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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109
exaction
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| n.强求，强征；杂税 | |
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110
bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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111
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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112
gilding
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| n.贴金箔，镀金 | |
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113
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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