Book 13 Chapter 18

FROM THAT TIME up to the end of the campaign, all Kutuzov's activity was limited to trying by the exercise of authority, by guile¹ and by entreaties², to hold his army back from useless attacks, man?uvres, and skirmishes with the perishing enemy. Dohturov marched to Maley Yaroslavets, but Kutuzov lingered with the main army, and gave orders for the clearing of the Kaluga, retreat beyond which seemed to Kutuzov quite possible.

Everywhere Kutuzov retreated, but the enemy, without waiting for him to retire, fled back in the opposite direction.

Napoleon's historians describe to us his skilful³ man?uvres at Tarutino, and at Maley Yaroslavets, and discuss what would have happened if Napoleon had succeeded in making his way to the wealthy provinces of the south.

But to say nothing of the fact that nothing hindered Napoleon from marching into these southern provinces (since the Russian army left the road open), the historians forget that nothing could have saved Napoleon's army, because it carried within itself at that time the inevitable⁴ germs of ruin. Why should that army, which found abundant provisions in Moscow and could not keep them, but trampled⁵ them underfoot, that army which could not store supplies on entering Smolensk, but plundered⁶ at random⁷, why should that army have mended its ways in the Kaluga province, where the inhabitants were of the same Russian race as in Moscow, and where fire had the same aptitude⁸ for destroying whatever they set fire to.

The army could not have recovered itself any way. From the battle of Borodino and the sacking of Moscow it bore within itself, as it were, the chemical elements of dissolution.

The men of what had been an army fled with their leaders, not knowing whither they went, Napoleon and every soldier with him filled with one desire: to make his own escape as quickly as might be from the hopeless position of which all were dimly aware.

At the council in Maley Yaroslavets, when the French generals, affecting to be deliberating, gave various opinions as to what was to be done, the opinion of the blunt soldier, Mouton, who said what all were thinking, that the only thing to do was to get away as quickly as possible, closed every one's mouth; and no one, not even Napoleon, could say anything in opposition⁹ to this truth that all recognised.

But though everybody knew that they must go, there was still a feeling of shame left at acknowledging they must fly. And some external shock was necessary to overcome that shame. And that shock came when it was needed. It was le Hourra de l'Empereur, as the French called it.

On the day after the council, Napoleon, on the pretext¹⁰ of inspecting the troops and the field of a past and of a future battle, rode out early in the morning in the midst of the lines of his army with a suite¹¹ of marshals and an escort. The Cossacks, who were in search of booty, swept down on the Emperor, and all but took him prisoner. What saved Napoleon from the Cossacks that day was just what was the ruin of the French army, the booty, which here as well as at Tarutino tempted¹² the Cossacks to let their prey¹³ slip. Without taking any notice of Napoleon, they dashed at the booty, and Napoleon succeeded in getting away.

When les enfants du Don might positively¹⁴ capture the Emperor himself in the middle of his army, it was evident that there was nothing else to do but to fly with all possible haste by the nearest and the familiar road. Napoleon, with his forty years and his corpulence, had not all his old resourcefulness and courage, and he quite took the hint; and under the influence of the fright the Cossacks had given him, he agreed at once with Mouton, and gave, as the historians tell us, the order to retreat along the Smolensk road.

The fact that Napoleon agreed with Mouton, and that the army did not retreat in that direction, does not prove that his command decided¹⁵ that retreat, but that the forces acting¹⁶ on the whole army and driving it along the Mozhaisk road were simultaneously¹⁷ acting upon Napoleon too.

自从获悉法国人撤出莫斯科直至战役结束，库图佐夫的全部活动是：用权力、计谋、劝告来阻止军队打无益的进攻、运动战、与行将灭亡的敌人冲突。多赫图罗夫去小雅罗斯拉维茨，库图佐夫率全军按兵不动，并下令撤离卡卢加，他觉得退出卡卢加是可行的。

库图佐夫到处都在退却，但是敌人不等他退却，就向相反的方向逃跑。

拿破仑的史学家向我们描绘他向塔鲁丁诺和小雅罗斯拉维茨巧妙的运动，并断言，如果拿破仑深入富庶的南方各省，就会怎样怎样。

但是，且不说没有什么妨碍他进入南方各省（因为俄军给他让路），史学家忘记了什么也救不了拿破仑军队，因为它本身已具备了不可避免的灭亡条件。这支军队在莫斯科能得到充足补给而不保住它，却任意践踏，在斯摩棱斯克不是征集而是抢劫给养，那么在卡卢加省——这里住着和莫斯科同样的俄国人，有同样可以放火的东西，为什么就能恢复元气呢？

这支军队在任何地方都不能恢复元气了，自波罗底诺战役和莫斯科抢劫之后，它本身已给含有腐败的化学特性了。

曾经作为这支军队的军人，跟随头目逃跑，不知道逃向何方，只有一个愿望（拿破仑和每个士兵都是这样），尽快逃离这个虽然尚不明确，然而谁都意识到的绝境。

正因为这样，在小雅罗斯拉维茨会次上，将军们假装正经地商议，发表各种意见，憨直的军人穆顿说出了大家想说的话——只有尽快逃跑，他这个最后的意见一下堵住了大家的嘴，没有人，甚至拿破仑，都说不出什么来反对这个大家都已经意识到了的真理。

虽然大家都知道应该逃走，但是仍羞于承认这一点。还需要一个外界的推力来克服这种羞辱感。这一推力适时出现了。就是法国人所谓的leHourradeI'empereur①。

①法语：皇帝，乌拉！（指俄国军队冲锋时的喊声。）

会后的第二天，拿破仑佯装视察军队和先前的与未来的战场，大早率领一群元帅和卫队，骑着马穿行于军中。到处寻找战利品的哥萨克碰上了这位皇帝，差一点捉住他。如果说哥萨克这次没有捉住拿破仑，救了他同时也是毁了他的那个东西——战利品，在塔鲁丁诺和在这里，哥萨克不去抓人，都扑向战利品。他们没有注意拿破仑，扑向战利品，他逃脱了。

LesenfantsduDon①在拿破仑的军队中差点把皇帝本人捉住，事情已很明显，除了沿最近的熟悉的道路逃跑之外，已别无他法。拿破仑这个四十岁的人，已经没有昔日的灵活和勇敢了，他知道这一苗头。在他受到哥萨克的惊吓之后，立刻就同意了穆顿的意见，如史学家所说，发生了向斯摩棱斯克大路撤退的命令。

①法语：顿河的儿子们（指哥萨克）。

拿破仑同意了穆顿的意见，军队退却了，并不证明他曾下令这样做，而是证明了对全军起作用的那种力量，即促使全军取道莫扎伊斯克大路的那种力量，同时也在拿破仑身上起了作用。

1 guile   

n.诈术

参考例句：

• He is full of guile.他非常狡诈。
• A swindler uses guile;a robber uses force.骗子用诈术；强盗用武力。

2 entreaties   

n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He began with entreaties and ended with a threat. 他先是恳求，最后是威胁。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The tyrant was deaf to the entreaties of the slaves. 暴君听不到奴隶们的哀鸣。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 skilful   

(=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的

参考例句：

• The more you practise,the more skilful you'll become.练习的次数越多，熟练的程度越高。
• He's not very skilful with his chopsticks.他用筷子不大熟练。

4 inevitable   

adj.不可避免的，必然发生的

参考例句：

• Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
• The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。

5 trampled   

踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯

参考例句：

• He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让暴民踩着。
• People were trampled underfoot in the rush for the exit. 有人在拼命涌向出口时被踩在脚下。

6 plundered   

掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Many of our cultural treasures have been plundered by imperialists. 我国许多珍贵文物被帝国主义掠走了。
• The imperialists plundered many valuable works of art. 帝国主义列强掠夺了许多珍贵的艺术品。

7 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

8 aptitude   

n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资

参考例句：

• That student has an aptitude for mathematics.那个学生有数学方面的天赋。
• As a child,he showed an aptitude for the piano.在孩提时代，他显露出对于钢琴的天赋。

9 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

10 pretext   

n.借口，托词

参考例句：

• He used his headache as a pretext for not going to school.他借口头疼而不去上学。
• He didn't attend that meeting under the pretext of sickness.他以生病为借口，没参加那个会议。

11 suite   

n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员

参考例句：

• She has a suite of rooms in the hotel.她在那家旅馆有一套房间。
• That is a nice suite of furniture.那套家具很不错。

12 tempted   

v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词）

参考例句：

• I was sorely tempted to complain, but I didn't. 我极想发牢骚，但还是没开口。
• I was tempted by the dessert menu. 甜食菜单馋得我垂涎欲滴。

13 prey   

n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨

参考例句：

• Stronger animals prey on weaker ones.弱肉强食。
• The lion was hunting for its prey.狮子在寻找猎物。

14 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

15 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

16 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

17 simultaneously   

adv.同时发生地，同时进行地

参考例句：

• The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
• The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。