I never saw any people who appeared to live so much without amusement as the Cincinnatians. Billiards1 are forbidden by law, so are cards. To sell a pack of cards in Ohio subjects the seller to a penalty of fifty dollars. They have no public balls, excepting, I think, six, during the Christmas holidays. They have no concerts. They have no dinner parties.
They have a theatre, which is, in fact, the only public amusement of this triste little town; but they seem to care little about it, and either from economy or distaste, it is very poorly attended. Ladies are rarely seen there, and by far the larger proportion of females deem it an offence against religion to witness the representation of a play. It is in the churches and chapels2 of the town that the ladies are to be seen in full costume; and I am tempted3 to believe that a stranger from the continent of Europe would be inclined, on first reconnoitering the city, to suppose that the places of worship were the theatres and cafes of the place. No evening in the week but brings throngs4 of the young and beautiful to the chapels and meeting-houses, all dressed with care, and sometimes with great pretension5; it is there that all display is made, and all fashionable distinction sought. The proportion of gentlemen attending these evening meetings is very small, but often, as might be expected, a sprinkling of smart young clerks make this sedulous6 display of ribbons and ringlets intelligible7 and natural. Were it not for the churches, indeed, I think there might be a general bonfire of best bonnets8, for I never could discover any other use for them.
The ladies are too actively9 employed in the interior of their houses to permit much parading in full dress for morning visits. There are no public gardens or lounging shops of fashionable resort, and were it not for public worship, and private tea-drinkings, all the ladies in Cincinnati would be in danger of becoming perfect recluses10.
The influence which the ministers of all the innumerable religious sects11 throughout America, have on the females of their respective congregations, approaches very nearly to what we read of in Spain, or in other strictly12 Roman Catholic countries. There are many causes for this peculiar13 influence. Where equality of rank is affectedly14 acknowledged by the rich, and clamourously claimed by the poor, distinction and preeminence15 are allowed to the clergy16 only. This gives them high importance in the eyes of the ladies. I think, also, that it is from the clergy only that the women of America receive that sort of attention which is so dearly valued by every female heart throughout the world. With the priests of America, the women hold that degree of influential17 importance which, in the countries of Europe, is allowed them throughout all orders and ranks of society, except, perhaps, the very lowest; and in return for this they seem to give their hearts and souls into their keeping. I never saw, or read, of any country where religion had so strong a hold upon the women, or a slighter hold upon the men.
I mean not to assert that I met with no men of sincerely religious feelings, or with no women of no religious feeling at all; but I feel perfectly18 secure of being correct as to the great majority in the statement I have made.
We had not been many months in Cincinnati when our curiosity was excited by hearing the “revival19” talked of by every one we met throughout the town. “The revival will be very full” — “We shall be constantly engaged during the revival” — were the phrases we constantly heard repeated, and for a long time, without in the least comprehending what was meant; but at length I learnt that the unnational church of America required to be roused, at regular intervals21, to greater energy and exertion22. At these seasons the most enthusiastic of the clergy travel the country, and enter the cities and towns by scores, or by hundreds, as the accommodation of the place may admit, and for a week or fortnight, or, if the population be large, for a month; they preach and pray all day, and often for a considerable portion of the night, in the various churches and chapels of the place. This is called a Revival.
I took considerable pains to obtain information on this subject; but in detailing what I learnt I fear that it is probable I shall be accused of exaggeration; all I can do is cautiously to avoid deserving it. The subject is highly interesting, and it would be a fault of no trifling23 nature to treat it with levity24.
These itinerant25 clergymen are of all persuasions26, I believe, except the Episcopalian, Catholic, Unitarian, and Quaker. I heard of Presbyterians of all varieties; of Baptists of I know not how many divisions; and of Methodists of more denominations27 than I can remember; whose innumerable shades of varying belief, it would require much time to explain, and more to comprehend. They enter all the cities, towns, and villages of the Union, in succession; I could not learn with sufficient certainty to repeat, what the interval20 generally is between their visits. These itinerants28 are, for the most part, lodged29 in the houses of their respective followers30, and every evening that is not spent in the churches and meeting-houses, is devoted31 to what would be called parties by others, but which they designate as prayer meetings. Here they eat, drink, pray, sing, hear confessions32, and make converts. To these meetings I never got invited, and therefore I have nothing but hearsay33 evidence to offer, but my information comes from an eye-witness, and one on whom I believe I may depend. If one half of what I heard may be believed, these social prayer meetings are by no means the most curious, or the least important part of the business.
It is impossible not to smile at the close resemblance to be traced between the feelings of a first-rate Presbyterian or Methodist lady, fortunate enough to have secured a favourite Itinerant for her meeting, and those of a first-rate London Blue, equally blest in the presence of a fashionable poet. There is a strong family likeness34 among us all the world over.
The best rooms, the best dresses, the choicest refreshments35 solemnize the meeting. While the party is assembling, the load-star of the hour is occupied in whispering conversations with the guests as they arrive. They are called brothers and sisters, and the greetings are very affectionate. When the room is full, the company, of whom a vast majority are always women, are invited, intreated, and coaxed36 to confess before their brothers and sisters, all their thoughts, faults, and follies37.
These confessions are strange scenes; the more they confess, the more invariably are they encouraged and caressed39. When this is over, they all kneel, and the Itinerant prays extempore. They then eat and drink; and then they sing hymns40, pray, exhort42, sing, and pray again, till the excitement reaches a very high pitch indeed. These scenes are going on at some house or other every evening during the revival, nay43, at many at the same time, for the churches and meeting-houses cannot give occupation to half the Itinerants, though they are all open throughout the day, and till a late hour in the night, and the officiating ministers succeed each other in the occupation of them.
It was at the principal of the Presbyterian churches that I was twice witness to scenes that made me shudder44; in describing one, I describe both and every one; the same thing is constantly repeated.
It was in the middle of summer, but the service we were recommended to attend did not begin till it was dark. The church was well lighted, and crowded almost to suffocation45. On entering, we found three priests standing46 side by side, in a sort of tribune, placed where the altar usually is, handsomely fitted up with crimson47 curtains, and elevated about as high as our pulpits. We took our places in a pew close to the rail which surrounded it.
The priest who stood in the middle was praying; the prayer was extravagantly48 vehement49, and offensively familiar in expression; when this ended, a hymn41 was sung, and then another priest took the centre place, and preached. The sermon had considerable eloquence50, but of a frightful51 kind. The preacher described, with ghastly minuteness, the last feeble fainting moments of human life, and then the gradual progress of decay after death, which he followed through every process up to the last loathsome52 stage of decomposition53. Suddenly changing his tone, which had been that of sober accurate description, into the shrill54 voice of horror, he bent55 forward his head, as if to gaze on some object beneath the pulpit. And as Rebecca made known to Ivanhoe what she saw through the window, so the preacher made known to us what he saw in the pit that seemed to open before him. The device was certainly a happy one for giving effect to his description of hell. No image that fire, flame, brimestone, molten lead, or red-hot pincers could supply; with flesh, nerves, and sinews quivering under them, was omitted. The perspiration56 ran in streams from the face of the preacher; his eyes rolled, his lips were covered with foam57, and every feature had the deep expression of horror it would have borne, had he, in truth, been gazing at the scene he described. The acting58 was excellent. At length he gave a languishing59 look to his supporters on each side, as if to express his feeble state, and then sat down, and wiped the drops of agony from his brow.
The other two priests arose, and began to sing a hymn. It was some seconds before the congregation could join as usual; every upturned face looked pale and horror struck. When the singing ended, another took the centre place, and began in a sort of coaxing60 affectionate tone, to ask the congregation if what their dear brother had spoken had reached their hearts? Whether they would avoid the hell he had made them see? “Come, then!” he continued, stretching out his arms towards them, “come to us, and tell us so, and we will make you see Jesus, the dear gentle Jesus, who shall save you from it. But you must come to him! You must not be ashamed to come to him! This night you shall tell him that you are not ashamed of him; we will make way for you; we will clear the bench for anxious sinners to sit upon. Come, then! come to the anxious bench, and we will shew you Jesus! Come! Come! Come!” Again a hymn was sung, and while it continued, one of the three was employed in clearing one or two long benches that went across the rail, sending the people back to the lower part of the church. The singing ceased, and again the people were invited, and exhorted61 not to be ashamed of Jesus, but to put themselves upon “the anxious benches,” and lay their heads on his bosom62. “Once more we will sing,” he concluded, “that we may give you time.” And again they sung a hymn.
And now in every part of the church a movement was perceptible, slight at first, but by degrees becoming more decided63. Young girls arose, and sat down, and rose again; and then the pews opened, and several came tottering64 out, their hands clasped, their heads hanging on their bosoms65, and every limb trembling, and still the hymn went on; but as the poor creatures approached the rail their sobs66 and groans67 became audible. They seated themselves on the “anxious benches;” the hymn ceased, and two of the three priests walked down from the tribune, and going, one to the right, and the other to the left, began whispering to the poor tremblers seated there. These whispers were inaudible to us, but the sobs and groans increased to a frightful excess. Young creatures, with features pale and distorted, fell on their knees on the pavement, and soon sunk forward on their faces; the most violent cries and shrieks68 followed, while from time to time a voice was heard in convulsive accents, exclaiming, “Oh Lord!” “Oh Lord Jesus!” “Help me, Jesus!” and the like.
Meanwhile the two priests continued to walk among them; they repeatedly mounted on the benches, and trumpet-mouthed proclaimed to the whole congregation, “the tidings of salvation,” and then from every corner of the building arose in reply, short sharp cries of “Amen!” “Glory!” “Amen!” while the prostrate69 penitents70 continued to receive whispered comfortings, and from time to time a mystic caress38. More than once I saw a young neck encircled by a reverend arm. Violent hysterics and convulsions seized many of them, and when the tumult71 was at the highest, the priest who remained above, again gave out a hymn as if to drown it.
It was a frightful sight to behold72 innocent young creatures, in the gay morning of existence, thus seized upon, horror struck, and rendered feeble and enervated73 for ever. One young girl, apparently74 not more than fourteen, was supported in the arms of another, some years older; her face was pale as death; her eyes wide open, and perfectly devoid75 of meaning; her chin and bosom wet with slaver; she had every appearance of idiotism. I saw a priest approach her, he took her delicate hand, “Jesus is with her! Bless the Lord!” he said, and passed on.
Did the men of America value their women as men ought to value their wives and daughters, would such scenes be permitted among them?
It is hardly necessary to say that all who obeyed the call to place themselves on the “anxious benches” were women, and by far the greater number very young women. The congregation was, in general, extremely well dressed, and the smartest and most fashionable ladies of the town were there; during the whole revival the churches and meeting-houses were every day crowded with well dressed people.
It is thus the ladies of Cincinnati amuse themselves; to attend the theatre is forbidden; to play cards is unlawful; but they work hard in their families, and must have some relaxation76. For myself, I confess that I think the coarsest comedy ever written would be a less detestable exhibition for the eyes of youth and innocence77 than such a scene.
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billiards
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| n.台球 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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throngs
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| n.人群( throng的名词复数 )v.成群，挤满( throng的第三人称单数 ) | |
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pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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sedulous
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| adj.勤勉的，努力的 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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bonnets
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| n.童帽( bonnet的名词复数 )；（烟囱等的）覆盖物；（苏格兰男子的）无边呢帽；（女子戴的）任何一种帽子 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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recluses
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| n.隐居者，遁世者，隐士( recluse的名词复数 ) | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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affectedly
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preeminence
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| n.卓越,杰出 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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itinerants
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| n.巡回者（如传教士、行商等）( itinerant的名词复数 ) | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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hearsay
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| n.谣传，风闻 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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refreshments
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| n.点心,便餐;(会议后的)简单茶点招 待 | |
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coaxed
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的过去式和过去分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱 | |
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follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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exhort
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| v.规劝，告诫 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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suffocation
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| n.窒息 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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extravagantly
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| adv.挥霍无度地 | |
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vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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decomposition
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| n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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languishing
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| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
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coaxing
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| v.哄，用好话劝说( coax的现在分词 )；巧言骗取；哄劝，劝诱；“锻炼”效应 | |
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exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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tottering
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| adj.蹒跚的，动摇的v.走得或动得不稳( totter的现在分词 )；踉跄；蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 | |
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bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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penitents
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| n.后悔者( penitent的名词复数 )；忏悔者 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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enervated
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| adj.衰弱的，无力的v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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