I want to set down some general remarks about tramps. When one comes to think of it, tramps are a queer product and worth thinking over. It is queer that a tribe of men, tens of thousands in number, should be marching up and down England like so many Wandering Jews. But though the case obviously wants considering, one cannot even start to consider it until one has got rid of certain prejudices. These prejudices are rooted in the idea that every tramp, IPSO FACTO, is a blackguard. In childhood we have been taught that tramps are blackguards, and consequently there exists in our minds a sort of ideal or typical tramp — a repulsive1, rather dangerous creature, who would die rather than work or wash, and wants nothing but to beg, drink, and rob hen-houses. This tramp-monster is no truer to life than the sinister2 Chinaman of the magazine stories, but he is very hard to get rid of. The very word ‘tramp’ evokes3 his image. And the belief in him obscures the real questions of vagrancy4.
To take a fundamental question about vagrancy: Why do tramps exist at all? It is a curious thing, but very few people know what makes a tramp take to the road. And, because of the belief in the tramp-monster, the most fantastic reasons are suggested. It is said, for instance, that tramps tramp to avoid work, to beg more easily, to seek opportunities for crime, even — least probable of reasons — because they like tramping. I have even read in a book of criminology that the tramp is an atavism, a throw-back to the nomadic5 stage of humanity. And meanwhile the quite obvious cause of vagrancy is staring one in the face. Of course a tramp is not a nomadic atavism — one might as well say that a commercial traveller is an atavism. A tramp tramps, not because he likes it, but for the same reason as a car keeps to the left; because there happens to be a law compelling him to do so. A destitute6 man, if he is not supported by the parish, can only get relief at the casual wards8, and as each casual ward7 will only admit him for one night, he is automatically kept moving. He is a vagrant9 because, in the state of the law, it is that or starve. But people have been brought up to believe in the tramp-monster, and so they prefer to think that there must be some more or less villainous motive10 for tramping.
As a matter of fact, very little of the tramp-monster will survive inquiry11. Take the generally accepted idea that tramps are dangerous characters. Quite apart from experience, one can say A PRIORI that very few tramps are dangerous, because if they were dangerous they would be treated accordingly. A casual ward will often admit a hundred tramps in one night, and these are handled by a staff of at most three porters. A hundred ruffians could not be controlled by three unarmed men. Indeed, when one sees how tramps let themselves be bullied12 by the workhouse officials, it is obvious that they are the most docile13, broken-spirited creatures imaginable. Or take the idea that all tramps are drunkards — an idea ridiculous on the face of it. No doubt many tramps would drink if they got the chance, but in the nature of things they cannot get the chance. At this moment a pale watery14 stuff called beer is sevenpence a pint15 in England. To be drunk on it would cost at least half a crown, and a man who can command half a crown at all often is not a tramp. The idea that tramps are impudent16 social parasites18 (‘sturdy beggars’) is not absolutely unfounded, but it is only true in a few per cent of the cases. Deliberate, cynical19 parasitism20, such as one reads of in Jack21 London’s books on American tramping, is not in the English character. The English are a conscience-ridden race, with a strong sense of the sinfulness of poverty. One cannot imagine the average Englishman deliberately22 turning parasite17, and this national character does not necessarily change because a man is thrown out of work. Indeed, if one remembers that a tramp is only an Englishman out of work, forced by law to live as a vagabond, then the tramp-monster vanishes. I am not saying, of course, that most tramps are ideal characters; I am only saying that they are ordinary human beings, and that if they are worse than other people it is the result and not the cause of their way of life.
It follows that the ‘Serve them damned well right’ attitude that is normally taken towards tramps is no fairer than it would be towards cripples or invalids23. When one has realized that, one begins to put oneself in a tramp’s place and understand what his life is like. It is an extraordinarily24 futile25, acutely unpleasant life. I have described the casual ward — the routine of a tramp’s day — but there are three especial evils that need insisting upon. The first is hunger, which is the almost general fate of tramps. The casual ward gives them a ration26 which is probably not even meant to be sufficient, and anything beyond this must be got by begging — that is, by breaking the law. The result is that nearly every tramp is rotted by malnutrition27; for proof of which one need only look at the men lining28 up outside any casual ward. The second great evil of a tramp’s life — it seems much smaller at first sight, but it is a good second — is that he is entirely29 cut off from contact with women. This point needs elaborating.
Tramps are cut off from women, in the first place, because there are very few women at their level of society. One might imagine that among destitute people the sexes would be as equally balanced as elsewhere. But it is not so; in fact, one can almost say that below a certain level society is entirely male. The following figures, published by the L.C.C. from a night census30 taken on February 13th, 1931, will show the relative numbers of destitute men and destitute women:
Spending the night in the streets, 60 men, 18 women. In shelters and homes not licensed31 as common lodging-houses, 1,057 men, 137 women. In the crypt of St Martin’s-in-the-Fields Church, 88 men, 12 women. In L.C.C. casual wards and hostels32, 674 men, 15 women.
[* This must be an underestimate. Still, the proportions probably hold good.]
It will be seen from these figures that at the charity level men outnumber women by something like ten to one. The cause is presumably that unemployment affects women less than men; also that any presentable woman can, in the last resort, attach herself to some man. The result, for a tramp, is that he is condemned33 to perpetual celibacy34. For of course it goes without saying that if a tramp finds no women at his own level, those above — even a very little above — are as far out of his reach as the moon. The reasons are not worth discussing, but there is no doubt that women never, or hardly ever, condescend35 to men who are much poorer than themselves. A tramp, therefore, is a celibate36 from the moment when he takes to the road. He is absolutely without hope of getting a wife, a mistress, or any kind of woman except — very rarely, when he can raise a few shillings — a prostitute.
It is obvious what the results of this must be: homosexuality, for instance, and occasional rape37 cases. But deeper than these there is the degradation38 worked in a man who knows that he is not even considered fit for marriage. The sexual impulse, not to put it any higher, is a fundamental impulse, and starvation of it can be almost as demoralizing as physical hunger. The evil of poverty is not so much that it makes a man suffer as that it rots him physically39 and spiritually. And there can be no doubt that sexual starvation contributes to this rotting process. Cut off from the whole race of women, a tramp feels himself degraded to the rank of a cripple or a lunatic. No humiliation40 could do more damage to a man’s self-respect.
The other great evil of a tramp’s life is enforced idleness. By our vagrancy laws things are so arranged that when he is not walking the road he is sitting in a cell; or, in the intervals41, lying on the ground waiting for the casual ward to open. It is obvious that this is a dismal42, demoralizing way of life, especially for an uneducated man.
Besides these one could enumerate43 scores of minor44 evils — to name only one, discomfort45, which is inseparable from life on the road; it is worth remembering that the average tramp has no clothes but what he stands up in, wears boots that are ill-fitting, and does not sit in a chair for months together. But the important point is that a tramp’s sufferings are entirely useless. He lives a fantastically disagreeable life, and lives it to no purpose whatever. One could not, in fact, invent a more futile routine than walking from prison to prison, spending perhaps eighteen hours a day in the cell and on the road. There must be at the least several tens of thousands of tramps in England. Each day they expend46 innumerable foot-pounds of energy — enough to plough thousands of acres, build miles of road, put up dozens of houses — in mere47, useless walking. Each day they waste between them possibly ten years of time in staring at cell walls. They cost the country at least a pound a week a man, and give nothing in return for it. They go round and round, on an endless boring game of general post, which is of no use, and is not even meant to be of any use to any person whatever. The law keeps this process going, and we have got so accustomed to it that We are not surprised. But it is very silly.
Granting the futility48 of a tramp’s life, the question is whether anything could be done to improve it. Obviously it would be possible, for instance, to make the casual wards a little more habitable, and this is actually being done in some cases. During the last year some of the casual wards have been improved — beyond recognition, if the accounts are true — and there is talk of doing the same to all of them. But this does not go to the heart of the problem. The problem is how to turn the tramp from a bored, half alive vagrant into a self-respecting human being. A mere increase of comfort cannot do this. Even if the casual wards became positively49 luxurious50 (they never will)* a tramp’s life would still be wasted. He would still be a pauper51, cut off from marriage and home life, and a dead loss to the community. What is needed is to depauperize him, and this can only be done by finding him work — not work for the sake of working, but work of which he can enjoy the benefit. At present, in the great majority of casual wards, tramps do no work whatever. At one time they were made to break stones for their food, but this was stopped when they had broken enough stone for years ahead and put the stone-breakers out of work. Nowadays they are kept idle, because there is seemingly nothing for them to do. Yet there is a fairly obvious way of making them useful, namely this: Each workhouse could run a small farm, or at least a kitchen garden, and every able-bodied tramp who presented himself could be made to do a sound day’s work. The produce of the farm or garden could be used for feeding the tramps, and at the worst it would be better than the filthy52 diet of bread and margarine and tea. Of course, the casual wards could never be quite self-supporting, but they could go a long way towards it, and the rates would probably benefit in the long run. It must be remembered that under the present system tramps are as dead a loss to the country as they could possibly be, for they do not only do no work, but they live on a diet that is bound to undermine their health; the system, therefore, loses lives as well as money. A scheme which fed them decently, and made them produce at least a part of their own food, would be worth trying.
[* In fairness, it must be added that a few of the casual wards have been improved recently, at least from the point of view of sleeping accommodation. But most of them are the same as ever, and there has been no real improvement in the food.]
It may be objected that a farm or even a garden could not be run with casual labour. But there is no real reason why tramps should only stay a day at each casual ward; they might stay a month or even a year, if there were work for them to do. The constant circulation of tramps is something quite artificial. At present a tramp is an expense to the rates, and the object of each workhouse is therefore to push him on to the next; hence the rule that he can stay only one night. If he returns within a month he is penalized53 by being confined for a week, and, as this is much the same as being in prison, naturally he keeps moving. But if he represented labour to the workhouse, and the workhouse represented sound food to him, it would be another matter. The workhouses would develop into partially54 self-supporting institutions, and the tramps, settling down here or there according as they were needed, would cease to be tramps. They would be doing something comparatively useful, getting decent food, and living a settled life. By degrees, if the scheme worked well, they might even cease to be regarded as paupers55, and be able to marry and take a respectable place in society.
This is only a rough idea, and there are some obvious objections to it. Nevertheless, it does suggest a way of improving the status of tramps without piling new burdens on the rates. And the solution must, in any case, be something of this kind. For the question is, what to do with men who are underfed and idle; and the answer — to make them grow their own food — imposes itself automatically.
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repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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evokes
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| 产生，引起，唤起( evoke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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vagrancy
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| （说话的，思想的）游移不定； 漂泊； 流浪； 离题 | |
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nomadic
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| adj.流浪的；游牧的 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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bullied
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| adj.被欺负了v.恐吓，威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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pint
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| n.品脱 | |
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impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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parasite
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| n.寄生虫；寄生菌；食客 | |
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parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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parasitism
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| n.寄生状态，寄生病；寄生性 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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ration
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| n.定量(pl.)给养，口粮；vt.定量供应 | |
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malnutrition
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| n.营养不良 | |
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lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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hostels
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| n.旅舍，招待所( hostel的名词复数 )；青年宿舍 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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celibacy
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| n.独身(主义) | |
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condescend
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| v.俯就，屈尊；堕落，丢丑 | |
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celibate
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| adj.独身的，独身主义的；n.独身者 | |
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rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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futility
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| n.无用 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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penalized
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| 对…予以惩罚( penalize的过去式和过去分词 )； 使处于不利地位 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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