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Part 1 Book 1 Chapter 4 Works corresponding to Words
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His conversation was gay and affable. He put himself on a level with the two old women who had passed their lives beside him. When he laughed, it was the laugh of a schoolboy. Madame Magloire liked to call him Your Grace [Votre Grandeur]. One day he rose from his arm-chair, and went to his library in search of a book. This book was on one of the upper shelves. As the bishop1 was rather short of stature2, he could not reach it. "Madame Magloire," said he, "fetch me a chair. My greatness [grandeur] does not reach as far as that shelf."

One of his distant relatives, Madame la Comtesse de Lo, rarely allowed an opportunity to escape of enumerating3, in his presence, what she designated as "the expectations" of her three sons. She had numerous relatives, who were very old and near to death, and of whom her sons were the natural heirs. The youngest of the three was to receive from a grand-aunt a good hundred thousand livres of income; the second was the heir by entail4 to the title of the Duke, his uncle; the eldest5 was to succeed to the peerage of his grandfather. The Bishop was accustomed to listen in silence to these innocent and pardonable maternal6 boasts. On one occasion, however, he appeared to be more thoughtful than usual, while Madame de Lo was relating once again the details of all these inheritances and all these "expectations." She interrupted herself impatiently: "Mon Dieu, cousin! What are you thinking about?" "I am thinking," replied the Bishop, "of a singular remark, which is to be found, I believe, in St. Augustine,-`Place your hopes in the man from whom you do not inherit.'"

At another time, on receiving a notification of the decease of a gentleman of the country-side, wherein not only the dignities of the dead man, but also the feudal8 and noble qualifications of all his relatives, spread over an entire page: "What a stout9 back Death has!" he exclaimed. "What a strange burden of titles is cheerfully imposed on him, and how much wit must men have, in order thus to press the tomb into the service of vanity!"

He was gifted, on occasion, with a gentle raillery, which almost always concealed10 a serious meaning. In the course of one Lent, a youthful vicar came to D----, and preached in the cathedral. He was tolerably eloquent11. The subject of his sermon was charity. He urged the rich to give to the poor, in order to avoid hell, which he depicted12 in the most frightful13 manner of which he was capable, and to win paradise, which he represented as charming and desirable. Among the audience there was a wealthy retired14 merchant, who was somewhat of a usurer, named M. Geborand, who had amassed15 two millions in the manufacture of coarse cloth, serges, and woollen galloons. Never in his whole life had M. Geborand bestowed16 alms on any poor wretch17. After the delivery of that sermon, it was observed that he gave a sou every Sunday to the poor old beggar-women at the door of the cathedral. There were six of them to share it. One day the Bishop caught sight of him in the act of bestowing18 this charity, and said to his sister, with a smile, "There is M. Geborand purchasing paradise for a sou."

When it was a question of charity, he was not to be rebuffed even by a refusal, and on such occasions he gave utterance19 to remarks which induced reflection. Once he was begging for the poor in a drawing-room of the town; there was present the Marquis de Champtercier, a wealthy and avaricious20 old man, who contrived21 to be, at one and the same time, an ultra-royalist and an ultra-Voltairian. This variety of man has actually existed. When the Bishop came to him, he touched his arm, "You must give me something, M. le Marquis." The Marquis turned round and answered dryly, "I have poor people of my own, Monseigneur." "Give them to me," replied the Bishop.

One day he preached the following sermon in the cathedral:--

"My very dear brethren, my good friends, there are thirteen hundred and twenty thousand peasants' dwellings23 in France which have but three openings; eighteen hundred and seventeen thousand hovels which have but two openings, the door and one window; and three hundred and forty-six thousand cabins besides which have but one opening, the door. And this arises from a thing which is called the tax on doors and windows. Just put poor families, old women and little children, in those buildings, and behold24 the fevers and maladies which result! Alas25! God gives air to men; the law sells it to them. I do not blame the law, but I bless God. In the department of the Isere, in the Var, in the two departments of the Alpes, the Hautes, and the Basses26, the peasants have not even wheelbarrows; they transport their manure27 on the backs of men; they have no candles, and they burn resinous28 sticks, and bits of rope dipped in pitch. That is the state of affairs throughout the whole of the hilly country of Dauphine. They make bread for six months at one time; they bake it with dried cow-dung. In the winter they break this bread up with an axe29, and they soak it for twenty-four hours, in order to render it eatable. My brethren, have pity! Behold the suffering on all sides of you!"

Born a Provencal, he easily familiarized himself with the dialect of the south. He said, "En be! moussu, ses sage30?" as in lower Languedoc; "Onte anaras passa?" as in the Basses-Alpes; "Puerte un bouen moutu embe un bouen fromage grase," as in upper Dauphine. This pleased the people extremely, and contributed not a little to win him access to all spirits. He was perfectly31 at home in the thatched cottage and in the mountains. He understood how to say the grandest things in the most vulgar of idioms. As he spoke32 all tongues, he entered into all hearts.

Moreover, he was the same towards people of the world and towards the lower classes. He condemned33 nothing in haste and without taking circumstances into account. He said, "Examine the road over which the fault has passed."

Being, as he described himself with a smile, an ex-sinner, he had none of the asperities34 of austerity, and he professed35, with a good deal of distinctness, and without the frown of the ferociously36 virtuous37, a doctrine38 which may be summed up as follows:--

"Man has upon him his flesh, which is at once his burden and his temptation. He drags it with him and yields to it. He must watch it, cheek it, repress it, and obey it only at the last extremity39. There may be some fault even in this obedience40; but the fault thus committed is venial41; it is a fall, but a fall on the knees which may terminate in prayer.

"To be a saint is the exception; to be an upright man is the rule. Err7, fall, sin if you will, but be upright.

"The least possible sin is the law of man. No sin at all is the dream of the angel. All which is terrestrial is subject to sin. Sin is a gravitation."

When he saw everyone exclaiming very loudly, and growing angry very quickly, "Oh! oh!" he said, with a smile; "to all appearance, this is a great crime which all the world commits. These are hypocrisies42 which have taken fright, and are in haste to make protest and to put themselves under shelter."

He was indulgent towards women and poor people, on whom the burden of human society rest. He said, "The faults of women, of children, of the feeble, the indigent43, and the ignorant, are the fault of the husbands, the fathers, the masters, the strong, the rich, and the wise."

He said, moreover, "Teach those who are ignorant as many things as possible; society is culpable44, in that it does not afford instruction gratis45; it is responsible for the night which it produces. This soul is full of shadow; sin is therein committed. The guilty one is not the person who has committed the sin, but the person who has created the shadow."

It will be perceived that he had a peculiar46 manner of his own of judging things: I suspect that he obtained it from the Gospel.

One day he heard a criminal case, which was in preparation and on the point of trial, discussed in a drawing-room. A wretched man, being at the end of his resources, had coined counterfeit47 money, out of love for a woman, and for the child which he had had by her. Counterfeiting48 was still punishable with death at that epoch49. The woman had been arrested in the act of passing the first false piece made by the man. She was held, but there were no proofs except against her. She alone could accuse her lover, and destroy him by her confession50. She denied; they insisted. She persisted in her denial. Thereupon an idea occurred to the attorney for the crown. He invented an infidelity on the part of the lover, and succeeded, by means of fragments of letters cunningly presented, in persuading the unfortunate woman that she had a rival, and that the man was deceiving her. Thereupon, exasperated51 by jealousy52, she denounced her lover, confessed all, proved all. The man was ruined. He was shortly to be tried at Aix with his accomplice53. They were relating the matter, and each one was expressing enthusiasm over the cleverness of the magistrate54.

By bringing jealousy into play, he had caused the truth to burst forth55 in wrath56, he had educed57 the justice of revenge. The Bishop listened to all this in silence. When they had finished, he inquired,--

"Where are this man and woman to be tried?"

"At the Court of Assizes."

He went on, "And where will the advocate of the crown be tried?"

A tragic58 event occurred at D---- A man was condemned to death for murder. He was a wretched fellow, not exactly educated, not exactly ignorant, who had been a mountebank59 at fairs, and a writer for the public. The town took a great interest in the trial. On the eve of the day fixed60 for the execution of the condemned man, the chaplain of the prison fell ill. A priest was needed to attend the criminal in his last moments. They sent for the cure. It seems that he refused to come, saying, "That is no affair of mine. I have nothing to do with that unpleasant task, and with that mountebank: I, too, am ill; and besides, it is not my place." This reply was reported to the Bishop, who said, "Monsieur le Cure is right: it is not his place; it is mine."

He went instantly to the prison, descended61 to the cell of the "mountebank," called him by name, took him by the hand, and spoke to him. He passed the entire day with him, forgetful of food and sleep, praying to God for the soul of the condemned man, and praying the condemned man for his own. He told him the best truths, which are also the most simple. He was father, brother, friend; he was bishop only to bless. He taught him everything, encouraged and consoled him. The man was on the point of dying in despair. Death was an abyss to him. As he stood trembling on its mournful brink62, he recoiled63 with horror. He was not sufficiently64 ignorant to be absolutely indifferent. His condemnation65, which had been a profound shock, had, in a manner, broken through, here and there, that wall which separates us from the mystery of things, and which we call life. He gazed incessantly66 beyond this world through these fatal breaches67, and beheld68 only darkness. The Bishop made him see light.

On the following day, when they came to fetch the unhappy wretch, the Bishop was still there. He followed him, and exhibited himself to the eyes of the crowd in his purple camail and with his episcopal cross upon his neck, side by side with the criminal bound with cords.

He mounted the tumbril with him, he mounted the scaffold with him. The sufferer, who had been so gloomy and cast down on the preceding day, was radiant. He felt that his soul was reconciled, and he hoped in God. The Bishop embraced him, and at the moment when the knife was about to fall, he said to him: "God raises from the dead him whom man slays69; he whom his brothers have rejected finds his Father once more. Pray, believe, enter into life: the Father is there." When he descended from the scaffold, there was something in his look which made the people draw aside to let him pass. They did not know which was most worthy70 of admiration71, his pallor or his serenity72. On his return to the humble73 dwelling22, which he designated, with a smile, as his palace, he said to his sister, "I have just officiated pontifically74."

Since the most sublime75 things are often those which are the least understood, there were people in the town who said, when commenting on this conduct of the Bishop, "It is affectation."

This, however, was a remark which was confined to the drawing-rooms. The populace, which perceives no jest in holy deeds, was touched, and admired him.

As for the Bishop, it was a shock to him to have beheld the guillotine, and it was a long time before he recovered from it.

In fact, when the scaffold is there, all erected76 and prepared, it has something about it which produces hallucination. One may feel a certain indifference78 to the death penalty, one may refrain from pronouncing upon it, from saying yes or no, so long as one has not seen a guillotine with one's own eyes: but if one encounters one of them, the shock is violent; one is forced to decide, and to take part for or against. Some admire it, like de Maistre; others execrate79 it, like Beccaria. The guillotine is the concretion of the law; it is called vindicte; it is not neutral, and it does not permit you to remain neutral. He who sees it shivers with the most mysterious of shivers. All social problems erect77 their interrogation point around this chopping-knife. The scaffold is a vision. The scaffold is not a piece of carpentry; the scaffold is not a machine; the scaffold is not an inert80 bit of mechanism81 constructed of wood, iron and cords.

It seems as though it were a being, possessed82 of I know not what sombre initiative; one would say that this piece of carpenter's work saw, that this machine heard, that this mechanism understood, that this wood, this iron, and these cords were possessed of will. In the frightful meditation83 into which its presence casts the soul the scaffold appears in terrible guise84, and as though taking part in what is going on. The scaffold is the accomplice of the executioner; it devours85, it eats flesh, it drinks blood; the scaffold is a sort of monster fabricated by the judge and the carpenter, a spectre which seems to live with a horrible vitality86 composed of all the death which it has inflicted87.

Therefore, the impression was terrible and profound; on the day following the execution, and on many succeeding days, the Bishop appeared to be crushed. The almost violent serenity of the funereal88 moment had disappeared; the phantom89 of social justice tormented90 him. He, who generally returned from all his deeds with a radiant satisfaction, seemed to be reproaching himself. At times he talked to himself, and stammered91 lugubrious92 monologues93 in a low voice. This is one which his sister overheard one evening and preserved: "I did not think that it was so monstrous94. It is wrong to become absorbed in the divine law to such a degree as not to perceive human law. Death belongs to God alone. By what right do men touch that unknown thing?"

In course of time these impressions weakened and probably vanished. Nevertheless, it was observed that the Bishop thenceforth avoided passing the place of execution.

M. Myriel could be summoned at any hour to the bedside of the sick and dying. He did not ignore the fact that therein lay his greatest duty and his greatest labor95. Widowed and orphaned96 families had no need to summon him; he came of his own accord. He understood how to sit down and hold his peace for long hours beside the man who had lost the wife of his love, of the mother who had lost her child. As he knew the moment for silence he knew also the moment for speech. Oh, admirable consoler! He sought not to efface97 sorrow by forgetfulness, but to magnify and dignify98 it by hope. He said:--

"Have a care of the manner in which you turn towards the dead. Think not of that which perishes. Gaze steadily99. You will perceive the living light of your well-beloved dead in the depths of heaven." He knew that faith is wholesome100. He sought to counsel and calm the despairing man, by pointing out to him the resigned man, and to transform the grief which gazes upon a grave by showing him the grief which fixes its gaze upon a star.


他的谈话是随和而愉快的。他总要求自己适合那两个伴他过活的老妇人的知识水平。当他笑起来,那确是小学生的笑。

马格洛大娘诚心诚意地称他做“大人”。一天,他从他的围椅里站起来走向书橱,要去取一本书。那本书正在顶上的那一格。主教的身材矮小,达不到。

“马格洛大娘,”他说,“请您搬张椅子给我。本大人还‘大’不到那块木板呢。”

他的一个远亲,德·洛伯爵夫人,一有机会,总爱在他跟前数她三个儿子的所谓“希望”。她有几个年纪很老行将就木的长辈,她那几个孩子自然是他们的继承人了。三个中最年幼的一个将从一个姑祖母那里获得一笔整整十万利弗的年金,第二个承继他叔父的公爵头衔,长子应承袭他祖先的世卿爵位。主教平日常听这位做母亲的那些天真可恕的夸耀,从不开口。但有一次,当德·洛夫人又唠唠叨叨提到所有那些承继和“希望”时,他仿佛显得比平日更出神一些。她不耐烦地改变自己的话题说:“我的上帝,我的表哥!您到底在想什么?”“我在想,”主教说,“一句怪话,大概出自圣奥古斯丁:‘把你们的希望寄托在那个无可承继者的身上吧。’”

另一次,他接到本乡一个贵人的讣告,一大张纸上所铺排的,除了亡人的各种荣衔以外,还把他所有一切亲属的各种封建的和贵族的尊称全列了上去。他叫着说:“死人的脊骨多么结实!别人把一副多么显赫的头衔担子叫他轻快地背着!这些人也够聪明了,坟墓也被虚荣心所利用!”

他一有机会,总爱说一些温和的讥诮言词,但几乎每次都含着严正的意义。一次,在封斋节,有个年轻的助理主教来到迪涅,在天主堂里讲道。他颇有口才,讲题是“慈善”。他要求富人拯救穷人,以免堕入他尽力形容的那种阴森可怕的地狱,而进入据他所说非常美妙动人的天堂。在当时的听众中,有个叫惹波兰先生的歇了业的商人,这人平时爱放高利贷,在制造大布、哔叽、毛布和高呢帽时赚了五十万。惹波兰先生生平从没有救助过任何穷人。自从那次讲道以后,大家都看见他每逢星期日总拿一个苏①给天主堂大门口的那几个乞讨的老婆婆。她们六个人得去分那个苏。一天,主教撞见他在行那件善事,他笑嘻嘻向他的妹子说:“惹波兰先生又在那儿买他那一个苏的天堂了。”

谈到慈善事业时,他即使碰壁也不退缩,并还想得出一些耐人寻味的话。一次,他在城里某家客厅里为穷人募捐。在座的有一个商特西侯爵,年老,有钱,吝啬,他有方法同时做极端保王党和极端伏尔泰②派。那样的怪事是有过的。主教走到他跟前,推推他的手臂说:“侯爵先生,您得替我捐几文。”侯爵转过脸去,干脆回答说:“我的主教,我有我自己的穷人呢。”

①苏(sou),法国辅币名,相当于二十分之一法郎,即五生丁。

②伏尔泰(Voltaire,1694?778),一生强烈反对封建制度和贵族僧侣的统治权。

“把他们交给我就是了。”主教说。

一天,在天主堂里,他这样布道:

“我极敬爱的兄弟们,我的好朋友们,在法国的农村中,有一百三十二万所房子都只有三个洞口;一百八十一万七千所有两个洞口,就是门和窗;还有二十四万六千个棚子都只有一个洞口,那就是门。这是因为那种所谓门窗税才搞到如此地步。请你们替我把一些穷人家、老太婆、小孩子塞在那些房子里吧,瞧有多少热症和疾病!咳!上帝把空气给人,法律却拿空气做买卖。我并不诋毁法律,但是我颂扬上帝。在伊泽尔省,瓦尔省,两个阿尔卑斯省,就是上下阿尔卑斯省,那些农民连小车也没有,他们用自己的背去背肥料;他们没有蜡烛,点的

是松枝和蘸着松脂的小段绳子。在多菲内省,全部山区也是那样的。他们做一次面包要吃六个月,并且是用干牛粪烘出来的。到了冬天,他们用斧子把那种面包砍开,放在水里浸上二十四个钟头才能吃。我的弟兄们,发发善心吧!看看你们四周的人多么受罪!”

他出生在南部,所以很容易掌握南方的各种方言。他学下朗格多克省的方言:“Ehbé!moussu,sèssagé?”学下阿尔卑斯省的方言:“Ontéanaraspassa?”学上多菲内省的方言:

“Puerteunbouenmoutouembeunbouenfroumageg

rase”

这样就博得了群众的欢心,大大帮助了他去接近各种各样的人。他在茅屋里或山中,正象在自己的家里,他知道用最俚俗的方言去说明最伟大的事物。他能说各种语言,也就能和一切心灵打成一片。

并且他对上层的人和人民大众都是一样的。

他在没有充分了解周围环境时从不粗率地判断一件事。

他常说:“让我们先研究研究发生这错误的经过吧。”

他原是个回头的浪子,他也常笑嘻嘻地那样形容自己。他丝毫不唱严格主义的高调;他大力宣传一种教义,但绝不象那些粗暴的卫道者那样横眉怒目,他那教义大致可以这样概括:

“人有肉体,这肉体同时就是人的负担和诱惑。人拖着它并受它的支配。

“人应当监视它,约束它,抑制它,必须是到了最后才服从它。在那样的服从里,也还可以有过失;但那样犯下的过失是可蒙赦宥的。那是一种堕落,但只落在膝头上,在祈祷中还可以自赎。

“做一个圣人,那是特殊情形;做一个正直的人,那却是为人的正轨。你们尽管在歧路徘徊,失足,犯错误,但总应当做个正直的人。

“尽量少犯错误,这是人的准则;不犯错误,那是天使的梦想。尘世的一切都免不了犯错误。错误就象一种地心吸力。”

当他看见大家吵闹并且轻易动怒时,他常笑嘻嘻地说:“看来这就是我们大家都在犯的严重罪行呢。现在只因为假面具被揭穿急于申明和掩饰罢了。”

他对于人类社会所压迫的妇女和穷人总是宽厚的。他说:“凡是妇女、孩子、仆役、没有力量的、贫困的和没有知识的人的过失,都是丈夫、父亲、主人、豪强者、有钱的和有学问的人的过失。”

他又说:“对无知识的人,你们应当尽你们所能的多多地教给他们;社会的罪在于不办义务教育;它负有制造黑暗的责任。当一个人的心中充满黑暗,罪恶便在那里滋长起来。有罪的并不是犯罪的人,而是那制造黑暗的人。”

我们看得出,他有一种奇特和独有的批判事物的态度。我怀疑他是从《福音书》中得到这一切的。

一天,他在一个客厅里听到大家谈一桩正在研究调查、不久就要交付审判的案子。有个穷苦无告的人,为了他对一个女子和所生孩子的爱,在生路断绝时铸了私钱。铸私钱在那个时代是要受极刑的。那女子拿着他所造的第一个私钱去用,被捕了。他们把她抓了起来,但是只有她本人犯罪的证据。只有她一个人能告发她的情人,送他的命。她不肯招供。他们再三追问。她仍坚决不招供。这样,检察长心生一计。他编造她的情人变了心,极巧妙地伪造许多信札的断片,来说服那个苦恼的女人,使她相信她有一个情敌,那男子有负心的行为。在妒恨悲愤之中,她终于举发她的情人,一切都招供了,一切都证实了。那男子是无法挽救了。不久他就得在艾克斯和他的同谋女犯一同受审。大家谈着那件事,每个人都称赞那官员的才干,说他能利用妒嫉之心,因愤怒而真相大白,法律的威力也因报复的心理而得以伸张。主教静悄悄地听着这一切,等到大家说完了,他问道:

“那一对男女将在什么地方受审?”

“在地方厅。”

他又问:“那么,那位检察长将在什么地方受审呢?”

迪涅发生过一件惨事。有个人因谋害人命而被判处死刑。那个不幸的人并不是什么读书人,但也不是完全无知无识的人,他曾在市集上卖技,也摆过书信摊。城里的人对那案子非常关心。在行刑的前一日,驻狱神甫忽然害了病。必须有个神甫在那受刑的人临终时帮助他。有人去找本堂神甫。他好象有意拒绝,他说:“这不关我事。这种苦差事和那耍把戏的人和我都不相干,我也正害着病,况且那地方下属我的范围。”他这答复传到主教那儿去了。主教说:“本堂神甫说得对。那不属于他的范围,而是属于我的。”

他立刻跑到监狱去,下到那“耍把戏的人”的牢房里,他叫他的名字,搀着他的手,和他谈话。他在他的身旁整整过了一天一夜,饮食睡眠全忘了,他为那囚犯的灵魂向上帝祈祷,也祈求那囚犯拯救他自己的灵魂。他和他谈着最善的、亦即最简单的真理。他直象他的父亲、兄长、朋友;如果不是在祝福祈祷,他就一点也不象个主教。他在稳定他和安慰他的同时,把一切都教给他了。那个人原是要悲痛绝望而死的。在先,死对他好象是个万丈深渊,他站在那阴惨的边缘上,一面战栗,一面又心胆俱裂地向后退却。他并没有冥顽到对死活也绝不关心的地步。他受到的判决是一种剧烈的震撼,仿佛在他四周的某些地方,把隔在万物的神秘和我们所谓生命中间的那堵墙震倒了。他从那无法补救的缺口不停地望着这世界的外面,而所见的只是一片黑暗。主教却使他见到了一线光明。

第二天,他们来提这不幸的人了,主教仍在他身旁。他跟着他走。他披上紫披肩,颈上悬着主教的十字架,和那被缚在绳索中的临难人并肩站在大众的面前。

他和他一同上囚车,一同上断头台。那个受刑的人,昨天是那样愁惨,那样垂头丧气,现在却舒展兴奋起来了。他觉得他的灵魂得了救,他期待着上帝。主教拥抱了他,当刀子将要落下时,他说:“人所杀的人,上帝使他复活;弟兄们所驱逐的人得重见天父。祈祷,信仰,到生命里去。天父就在前面。”他从断头台上下来时,他的目光里有种东西使众人肃然退立。我们不知道究竟哪一样最使人肃然起敬,是他面色的惨白呢,还是他神宇的宁静。在回到他一惯戏称为“他的宫殿”的那所破屋子里时,他对他的妹子说:“我刚刚进行了一场隆重的大典。”

最卓越的东西也常是最难被人了解的东西,因此,城里有许多人在议论主教那一举动,说那是矫揉造作。不过那是上层阶级客厅里的一种说法。对圣事活动不怀恶意的人民却感动了,并且十分钦佩主教。

至于主教,对他来说,看断头台行刑确是一种震动;过了许久,他才镇定下来。

断头台,的确,当它被架起来屹立在那里时,是具有一种使人眩惑的力量的;在我们不曾亲眼见过断头台前,我们对死刑多少还能漠然视之,不表示自己的意见,不置可否;但是,如果我们见到了一座,那种惊骇真是强烈,我们非作出决定,非表示赞同或反对不可。有些人赞叹它,如德·梅斯特尔①。有些人痛恨它,如贝卡里亚②。断头台是法律的体现,它的别名是“镇压”,它不是中立的,也不让人中立。看见它的人都产生最神秘的战栗。所有的社会问题都在那把板斧的四周举起了它们的问号。断头台是想象。断头台不是一个架子。断头台不是一种机器。断头台不是由木条、铁器和绳索所构成的无生气的机械。它好象是种生物,具有一种说不出的阴森森的主动能力。我们可以说那架子能看见,那座机器能听见,那种机械能了解,那些木条铁件和绳索都具有意识。当它的出现把我们的心灵抛入凶恶的梦想时,断头台就显得怪可怕,并和它所作所为的一切都结合在一起了。断头台是刽子手的同伙,它在吞噬东西,在吃肉,在饮血。断头台是法官和木工合造的怪物,是一种鬼怪,它以自己所制造的死亡为生命而进行活动。

①德·梅斯特尔(deMaistre,1753?821),法国神学家。

②贝卡里亚(Beccaria,1738?794),意大利启蒙运动的著名代表人物,法学家,主张宽刑。

那次的印象也确是可怕和深刻的,行刑的第二天和许多天以后,主教还表现出惶惶不可终日的样子。送死时那种强迫的镇静已经消逝了,社会威权下的鬼魂和他纠缠不清,他平时工作回来,素来心安理得,神采奕奕,这时他却老象是在责备自己。有时,他自言自语,吞吞吐吐,低声说着一些凄惨的话。下面是他妹子在一天晚上听了记下来的一段:“我从前还不知道是那么可怕。只专心注意上帝的法则而不关心人的法律,那是错误的。死只属于上帝,人有什么权力过问那件未被认识的事呢?”

那些印象随着时间渐渐减褪或竟消失了,但是人们察觉到,从此以后,主教总避免经过那刑场。

人们可以在任何时候把主教叫到病人和临死的人的床边。他深深知道他最大的职责和最大的任务是在那些地方。寡妇和孤女的家,不用请,他自己就会去的。他知道在失去爱妻的男子和失去孩子的母亲身旁静静坐上几个钟头。他既懂得闭口的时刻,也就懂得开口的时刻。呵!可敬可佩的安慰人的人!他不以遗忘来消除苦痛,却希望去使苦痛显得伟大和光荣。他说:“要注意您对死者的想法。不要在那溃烂的东西上去想。定神去看,您就会在穹苍的极尽处看到您亲爱的死者的生命之光。”他知道信仰能护人心身。他总设法去慰藉失望的人,使他们能退一步着想,使俯视墓穴的悲痛转为仰望星光的悲痛。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 bishop AtNzd     
n.主教,(国际象棋)象
参考例句:
  • He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
  • Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。
2 stature ruLw8     
n.(高度)水平,(高度)境界,身高,身材
参考例句:
  • He is five feet five inches in stature.他身高5英尺5英寸。
  • The dress models are tall of stature.时装模特儿的身材都较高。
3 enumerating 5e395b32707b51ec56714161485900fd     
v.列举,枚举,数( enumerate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • There is no enumerating the evils of dishonesty here. 欺诈的罪恶在这里难以(无法)一一列举。 来自互联网
  • What she used to be most adept at was enumerating. 从前,她最拿手的是数落。 来自互联网
4 entail ujdzO     
vt.使承担,使成为必要,需要
参考例句:
  • Such a decision would entail a huge political risk.这样的决定势必带来巨大的政治风险。
  • This job would entail your learning how to use a computer.这工作将需要你学会怎样用计算机。
5 eldest bqkx6     
adj.最年长的,最年老的
参考例句:
  • The King's eldest son is the heir to the throne.国王的长子是王位的继承人。
  • The castle and the land are entailed on the eldest son.城堡和土地限定由长子继承。
6 maternal 57Azi     
adj.母亲的,母亲般的,母系的,母方的
参考例句:
  • He is my maternal uncle.他是我舅舅。
  • The sight of the hopeless little boy aroused her maternal instincts.那个绝望的小男孩的模样唤起了她的母性。
7 err 2izzk     
vi.犯错误,出差错
参考例句:
  • He did not err by a hair's breadth in his calculation.他的计算结果一丝不差。
  • The arrows err not from their aim.箭无虚发。
8 feudal cg1zq     
adj.封建的,封地的,领地的
参考例句:
  • Feudal rulers ruled over the country several thousand years.封建统治者统治这个国家几千年。
  • The feudal system lasted for two thousand years in China.封建制度在中国延续了两千年之久。
10 concealed 0v3zxG     
a.隐藏的,隐蔽的
参考例句:
  • The paintings were concealed beneath a thick layer of plaster. 那些画被隐藏在厚厚的灰泥层下面。
  • I think he had a gun concealed about his person. 我认为他当时身上藏有一支枪。
11 eloquent ymLyN     
adj.雄辩的,口才流利的;明白显示出的
参考例句:
  • He was so eloquent that he cut down the finest orator.他能言善辩,胜过最好的演说家。
  • These ruins are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of war.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争的恐怖。
12 depicted f657dbe7a96d326c889c083bf5fcaf24     
描绘,描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 ); 描述
参考例句:
  • Other animals were depicted on the periphery of the group. 其他动物在群像的外围加以修饰。
  • They depicted the thrilling situation to us in great detail. 他们向我们详细地描述了那激动人心的场面。
13 frightful Ghmxw     
adj.可怕的;讨厌的
参考例句:
  • How frightful to have a husband who snores!有一个发鼾声的丈夫多讨厌啊!
  • We're having frightful weather these days.这几天天气坏极了。
14 retired Njhzyv     
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的
参考例句:
  • The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
  • Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
15 amassed 4047ea1217d3f59ca732ca258d907379     
v.积累,积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He amassed a fortune from silver mining. 他靠开采银矿积累了一笔财富。
  • They have amassed a fortune in just a few years. 他们在几年的时间里就聚集了一笔财富。 来自《简明英汉词典》
16 bestowed 12e1d67c73811aa19bdfe3ae4a8c2c28     
赠给,授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • It was a title bestowed upon him by the king. 那是国王赐给他的头衔。
  • He considered himself unworthy of the honour they had bestowed on him. 他认为自己不配得到大家赋予他的荣誉。
17 wretch EIPyl     
n.可怜的人,不幸的人;卑鄙的人
参考例句:
  • You are really an ungrateful wretch to complain instead of thanking him.你不但不谢他,还埋怨他,真不知好歹。
  • The dead husband is not the dishonoured wretch they fancied him.死去的丈夫不是他们所想象的不光彩的坏蛋。
18 bestowing ec153f37767cf4f7ef2c4afd6905b0fb     
砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖
参考例句:
  • Apollo, you see, is bestowing the razor on the Triptolemus of our craft. 你瞧,阿波罗正在把剃刀赠给我们这项手艺的特里泼托勒默斯。
  • What thanks do we not owe to Heaven for thus bestowing tranquillity, health and competence! 我们要谢谢上苍,赐我们的安乐、健康和饱暖。
19 utterance dKczL     
n.用言语表达,话语,言语
参考例句:
  • This utterance of his was greeted with bursts of uproarious laughter.他的讲话引起阵阵哄然大笑。
  • My voice cleaves to my throat,and sob chokes my utterance.我的噪子哽咽,泣不成声。
20 avaricious kepyY     
adj.贪婪的,贪心的
参考例句:
  • I call on your own memory as witness:remember we have avaricious hearts.假使你想要保证和证明,你可以回忆一下我们贪婪的心。
  • He is so avaricious that we call him a blood sucker.他如此贪婪,我们都叫他吸血鬼。
21 contrived ivBzmO     
adj.不自然的,做作的;虚构的
参考例句:
  • There was nothing contrived or calculated about what he said.他说的话里没有任何蓄意捏造的成分。
  • The plot seems contrived.情节看起来不真实。
22 dwelling auzzQk     
n.住宅,住所,寓所
参考例句:
  • Those two men are dwelling with us.那两个人跟我们住在一起。
  • He occupies a three-story dwelling place on the Park Street.他在派克街上有一幢3层楼的寓所。
23 dwellings aa496e58d8528ad0edee827cf0b9b095     
n.住处,处所( dwelling的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The development will consist of 66 dwellings and a number of offices. 新建楼区将由66栋住房和一些办公用房组成。
  • The hovels which passed for dwellings are being pulled down. 过去用作住室的陋屋正在被拆除。 来自《简明英汉词典》
24 behold jQKy9     
v.看,注视,看到
参考例句:
  • The industry of these little ants is wonderful to behold.这些小蚂蚁辛勤劳动的样子看上去真令人惊叹。
  • The sunrise at the seaside was quite a sight to behold.海滨日出真是个奇景。
25 alas Rx8z1     
int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)
参考例句:
  • Alas!The window is broken!哎呀!窗子破了!
  • Alas,the truth is less romantic.然而,真理很少带有浪漫色彩。
26 basses a391aeb83839b8f44cf47aff74998b24     
低音歌唱家,低音乐器( bass的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Oh, good! We need basses, and you can sing just as loudly as you like. 噢,很好!我们需要低音。您唱的声音大小可以随意。
  • We are manufacturer of high-and medium-end violins, violas, cellos and basses. 我厂是深圳专业生产制作高档、中档小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴的企业。
27 manure R7Yzr     
n.粪,肥,肥粒;vt.施肥
参考例句:
  • The farmers were distributing manure over the field.农民们正在田间施肥。
  • The farmers used manure to keep up the fertility of their land.农夫们用粪保持其土质的肥沃。
28 resinous WWZxj     
adj.树脂的,树脂质的,树脂制的
参考例句:
  • Alcohol is a solvent of resinous substances.酒精是树脂性物质的溶媒。
  • He observed that the more resinous the wood, the more resistant it was to decay.他观察到木材含树脂越多,其抗腐力越强。
29 axe 2oVyI     
n.斧子;v.用斧头砍,削减
参考例句:
  • Be careful with that sharp axe.那把斧子很锋利,你要当心。
  • The edge of this axe has turned.这把斧子卷了刃了。
30 sage sCUz2     
n.圣人,哲人;adj.贤明的,明智的
参考例句:
  • I was grateful for the old man's sage advice.我很感激那位老人贤明的忠告。
  • The sage is the instructor of a hundred ages.这位哲人是百代之师。
31 perfectly 8Mzxb     
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
  • Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。
32 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
33 condemned condemned     
adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
  • The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。
34 asperities 54fc57f00c3a797afb2287c2917a29d3     
n.粗暴( asperity的名词复数 );(表面的)粗糙;(环境的)艰苦;严寒的天气
参考例句:
  • Agglomerates of delusterant particles located near the surface of sythetic fibers cause asperities. 消光剂颗粒集结在合成纤维表面附近,导致表面粗糙。 来自辞典例句
  • If the gouge layer is thin, contact between asperities on the rock surfaces can occur. 如果充填物层很薄,两个岩石表面上的凸起物就有可能互相接触。 来自辞典例句
35 professed 7151fdd4a4d35a0f09eaf7f0f3faf295     
公开声称的,伪称的,已立誓信教的
参考例句:
  • These, at least, were their professed reasons for pulling out of the deal. 至少这些是他们自称退出这宗交易的理由。
  • Her manner professed a gaiety that she did not feel. 她的神态显出一种她并未实际感受到的快乐。
36 ferociously e84ae4b9f07eeb9fbd44e3c2c7b272c5     
野蛮地,残忍地
参考例句:
  • The buck shook his antlers ferociously. 那雄鹿猛烈地摇动他的鹿角。
  • At intervals, he gritted his teeth ferociously. 他不时狠狠的轧平。
37 virtuous upCyI     
adj.有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的
参考例句:
  • She was such a virtuous woman that everybody respected her.她是个有道德的女性,人人都尊敬她。
  • My uncle is always proud of having a virtuous wife.叔叔一直为娶到一位贤德的妻子而骄傲。
38 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义;主义;学说
参考例句:
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
39 extremity tlgxq     
n.末端,尽头;尽力;终极;极度
参考例句:
  • I hope you will help them in their extremity.我希望你能帮助在穷途末路的他们。
  • What shall we do in this extremity?在这种极其困难的情况下我们该怎么办呢?
40 obedience 8vryb     
n.服从,顺从
参考例句:
  • Society has a right to expect obedience of the law.社会有权要求人人遵守法律。
  • Soldiers act in obedience to the orders of their superior officers.士兵们遵照上级军官的命令行动。
41 venial jicwD     
adj.可宽恕的;轻微的
参考例句:
  • The venial sins are relatively minor and more easily forgiven.可宽恕的罪都是比较微小且易被原谅的。
  • Her poverty had been a venial fault for two gallant gentlemen.她的贫穷对那两位殷勤的绅士而言,只是一个微不足道的缺点。
42 hypocrisies 3b18b8e95a06b5fb1794de1cb3cdc4c8     
n.伪善,虚伪( hypocrisy的名词复数 )
参考例句:
43 indigent 3b8zs     
adj.贫穷的,贫困的
参考例句:
  • The town government is responsible for assistance to indigent people.镇政府负责给穷人提供帮助。
  • A judge normally appoints the attorney for an indigent defendant at the defendant's first court appearence.法官通常会在贫穷被告人第一次出庭时,为其指派一名辩护律师。
44 culpable CnXzn     
adj.有罪的,该受谴责的
参考例句:
  • The judge found the man culpable.法官认为那个人有罪。
  • Their decision to do nothing makes them culpable.他们不采取任何行动的决定使他们难辞其咎。
45 gratis yfWxJ     
adj.免费的
参考例句:
  • David gives the first consultation gratis.戴维免费提供初次咨询。
  • The service was gratis to graduates.这项服务对毕业生是免费的。
46 peculiar cinyo     
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的
参考例句:
  • He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
  • He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。
47 counterfeit 1oEz8     
vt.伪造,仿造;adj.伪造的,假冒的
参考例句:
  • It is a crime to counterfeit money.伪造货币是犯罪行为。
  • The painting looked old but was a recent counterfeit.这幅画看上去年代久远,实际是最近的一幅赝品。
48 counterfeiting fvDzas     
n.伪造v.仿制,造假( counterfeit的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was sent to prison for counterfeiting five-dollar bills. 他因伪造5美元的钞票被捕入狱。 来自辞典例句
  • National bureau released securities, certificates with security anti-counterfeiting paper technical standards. 国家质量技术监督局发布了证券、证件用安全性防伪纸张技术标准。 来自互联网
49 epoch riTzw     
n.(新)时代;历元
参考例句:
  • The epoch of revolution creates great figures.革命时代造就伟大的人物。
  • We're at the end of the historical epoch,and at the dawn of another.我们正处在一个历史时代的末期,另一个历史时代的开端。
50 confession 8Ygye     
n.自白,供认,承认
参考例句:
  • Her confession was simply tantamount to a casual explanation.她的自白简直等于一篇即席说明。
  • The police used torture to extort a confession from him.警察对他用刑逼供。
51 exasperated ltAz6H     
adj.恼怒的
参考例句:
  • We were exasperated at his ill behaviour. 我们对他的恶劣行为感到非常恼怒。
  • Constant interruption of his work exasperated him. 对他工作不断的干扰使他恼怒。
52 jealousy WaRz6     
n.妒忌,嫉妒,猜忌
参考例句:
  • Some women have a disposition to jealousy.有些女人生性爱妒忌。
  • I can't support your jealousy any longer.我再也无法忍受你的嫉妒了。
53 accomplice XJsyq     
n.从犯,帮凶,同谋
参考例句:
  • She was her husband's accomplice in murdering a rich old man.她是她丈夫谋杀一个老富翁的帮凶。
  • He is suspected as an accomplice of the murder.他涉嫌为这次凶杀案的同谋。
54 magistrate e8vzN     
n.地方行政官,地方法官,治安官
参考例句:
  • The magistrate committed him to prison for a month.法官判处他一个月监禁。
  • John was fined 1000 dollars by the magistrate.约翰被地方法官罚款1000美元。
55 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前;向外,往外
参考例句:
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
56 wrath nVNzv     
n.愤怒,愤慨,暴怒
参考例句:
  • His silence marked his wrath. 他的沉默表明了他的愤怒。
  • The wrath of the people is now aroused. 人们被激怒了。
57 educed 14928fba66a74b9da9d7343ce6121d6e     
v.引出( educe的过去式和过去分词 );唤起或开发出(潜能);推断(出);从数据中演绎(出)
参考例句:
  • Our conclusion and suggestion are educed in the last part. 最后一章得出自己的结论,并提出了自己的建议。 来自互联网
  • Educed preferably and reliability testing result through practical test. 通过实际实施应用,得出了可信度较好的测试结果。 来自互联网
58 tragic inaw2     
adj.悲剧的,悲剧性的,悲惨的
参考例句:
  • The effect of the pollution on the beaches is absolutely tragic.污染海滩后果可悲。
  • Charles was a man doomed to tragic issues.查理是个注定不得善终的人。
59 mountebank x1pyE     
n.江湖郎中;骗子
参考例句:
  • The nation was led astray by a mountebank.这个国家被一个夸夸其谈的骗子引入歧途。
  • The mountebank was stormed with questions.江湖骗子受到了猛烈的质问。
60 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
61 descended guQzoy     
a.为...后裔的,出身于...的
参考例句:
  • A mood of melancholy descended on us. 一种悲伤的情绪袭上我们的心头。
  • The path descended the hill in a series of zigzags. 小路呈连续的之字形顺着山坡蜿蜒而下。
62 brink OWazM     
n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘,边沿
参考例句:
  • The tree grew on the brink of the cliff.那棵树生长在峭壁的边缘。
  • The two countries were poised on the brink of war.这两个国家处于交战的边缘。
63 recoiled 8282f6b353b1fa6f91b917c46152c025     
v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 );退缩;报应;返回
参考例句:
  • She recoiled from his touch. 她躲开他的触摸。
  • Howard recoiled a little at the sharpness in my voice. 听到我的尖声,霍华德往后缩了一下。 来自《简明英汉词典》
64 sufficiently 0htzMB     
adv.足够地,充分地
参考例句:
  • It turned out he had not insured the house sufficiently.原来他没有给房屋投足保险。
  • The new policy was sufficiently elastic to accommodate both views.新政策充分灵活地适用两种观点。
65 condemnation 2pSzp     
n.谴责; 定罪
参考例句:
  • There was widespread condemnation of the invasion. 那次侵略遭到了人们普遍的谴责。
  • The jury's condemnation was a shock to the suspect. 陪审团宣告有罪使嫌疑犯大为震惊。
66 incessantly AqLzav     
ad.不停地
参考例句:
  • The machines roar incessantly during the hours of daylight. 机器在白天隆隆地响个不停。
  • It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks. 雨不间断地下了整整两个星期。
67 breaches f7e9a03d0b1fa3eeb94ac8e8ffbb509a     
破坏( breach的名词复数 ); 破裂; 缺口; 违背
参考例句:
  • He imposed heavy penalties for breaches of oath or pledges. 他对违反誓言和保证的行为给予严厉的惩罚。
  • This renders all breaches of morality before marriage very uncommon. 这样一来,婚前败坏道德的事就少见了。
68 beheld beheld     
v.看,注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 );瞧;看呀;(叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现)哎哟
参考例句:
  • His eyes had never beheld such opulence. 他从未见过这样的财富。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The soul beheld its features in the mirror of the passing moment. 灵魂在逝去的瞬间的镜子中看到了自己的模样。 来自英汉文学 - 红字
69 slays c2d8e586f5ae371c0a4194e3df39481c     
杀死,宰杀,杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • No other infection so quickly slays. 再没有别的疾病会造成如此迅速的死亡。
  • That clown just slays me. 那小丑真叫我笑死了。
70 worthy vftwB     
adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的
参考例句:
  • I did not esteem him to be worthy of trust.我认为他不值得信赖。
  • There occurred nothing that was worthy to be mentioned.没有值得一提的事发生。
71 admiration afpyA     
n.钦佩,赞美,羡慕
参考例句:
  • He was lost in admiration of the beauty of the scene.他对风景之美赞不绝口。
  • We have a great admiration for the gold medalists.我们对金牌获得者极为敬佩。
72 serenity fEzzz     
n.宁静,沉着,晴朗
参考例句:
  • Her face,though sad,still evoked a feeling of serenity.她的脸色虽然悲伤,但仍使人感觉安详。
  • She escaped to the comparative serenity of the kitchen.她逃到相对安静的厨房里。
73 humble ddjzU     
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低
参考例句:
  • In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见,他将在选举中获胜。
  • Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。
74 pontifically 9f520b72234e5cc6e01c8faedb32c224     
adj.教皇的;大祭司的;傲慢的;武断的
参考例句:
  • His words criticising modern society just right indicate his pontifical character. 他用以批评现代社会的言论恰好反映了他自大武断的性格。 来自辞典例句
  • Papal diplomats, all priests nowadays, are trained at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome. 如今教廷的外交官都是牧师,都在罗马的圣座神职学院(PontificalEcclesiasticalAcademy)接受培训。 来自互联网
75 sublime xhVyW     
adj.崇高的,伟大的;极度的,不顾后果的
参考例句:
  • We should take some time to enjoy the sublime beauty of nature.我们应该花些时间去欣赏大自然的壮丽景象。
  • Olympic games play as an important arena to exhibit the sublime idea.奥运会,就是展示此崇高理念的重要舞台。
76 ERECTED ERECTED     
adj. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立,建立
参考例句:
  • A monument to him was erected in St Paul's Cathedral. 在圣保罗大教堂为他修了一座纪念碑。
  • A monument was erected to the memory of that great scientist. 树立了一块纪念碑纪念那位伟大的科学家。
77 erect 4iLzm     
n./v.树立,建立,使竖立;adj.直立的,垂直的
参考例句:
  • She held her head erect and her back straight.她昂着头,把背挺得笔直。
  • Soldiers are trained to stand erect.士兵们训练站得笔直。
78 indifference k8DxO     
n.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,不在乎
参考例句:
  • I was disappointed by his indifference more than somewhat.他的漠不关心使我很失望。
  • He feigned indifference to criticism of his work.他假装毫不在意别人批评他的作品。
79 execrate Tlqyw     
v.憎恶;厌恶;诅咒
参考例句:
  • Others execrate it.有些人痛恨它。
  • I execrate people who deceive and tell lies.我憎恶那些欺骗和说谎的人。
80 inert JbXzh     
adj.无活动能力的,惰性的;迟钝的
参考例句:
  • Inert gas studies are providing valuable information about other planets,too.对惰性气体的研究,也提供了有关其它行星的有价值的资料。
  • Elemental nitrogen is a very unreactive and inert material.元素氮是一个十分不活跃的惰性物质。
81 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
82 possessed xuyyQ     
adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的
参考例句:
  • He flew out of the room like a man possessed.他像着了魔似地猛然冲出房门。
  • He behaved like someone possessed.他行为举止像是魔怔了。
83 meditation yjXyr     
n.熟虑,(尤指宗教的)默想,沉思,(pl.)冥想录
参考例句:
  • This peaceful garden lends itself to meditation.这个恬静的花园适于冥想。
  • I'm sorry to interrupt your meditation.很抱歉,我打断了你的沉思。
84 guise JeizL     
n.外表,伪装的姿态
参考例句:
  • They got into the school in the guise of inspectors.他们假装成视察员进了学校。
  • The thief came into the house under the guise of a repairman.那小偷扮成个修理匠进了屋子。
85 devours b540beb8d5eec2b2213f0a7074b7692f     
吞没( devour的第三人称单数 ); 耗尽; 津津有味地看; 狼吞虎咽地吃光
参考例句:
  • If anyone tries to harm them, fire comes from their mouths and devours their enemies. 若有人想要害他们,就有火从他们口中出来,烧灭仇敌。
  • It eats away parts of his skin; death's firstborn devours his limbs. 他本身的肢体要被吞吃,死亡的长子要吞吃他的肢体。
86 vitality lhAw8     
n.活力,生命力,效力
参考例句:
  • He came back from his holiday bursting with vitality and good health.他度假归来之后,身强体壮,充满活力。
  • He is an ambitious young man full of enthusiasm and vitality.他是个充满热情与活力的有远大抱负的青年。
87 inflicted cd6137b3bb7ad543500a72a112c6680f     
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
  • Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。
88 funereal Zhbx7     
adj.悲哀的;送葬的
参考例句:
  • He addressed the group in funereal tones.他语气沉痛地对大家讲话。
  • The mood of the music was almost funereal.音乐的调子几乎像哀乐。
89 phantom T36zQ     
n.幻影,虚位,幽灵;adj.错觉的,幻影的,幽灵的
参考例句:
  • I found myself staring at her as if she were a phantom.我发现自己瞪大眼睛看着她,好像她是一个幽灵。
  • He is only a phantom of a king.他只是有名无实的国王。
90 tormented b017cc8a8957c07bc6b20230800888d0     
饱受折磨的
参考例句:
  • The knowledge of his guilt tormented him. 知道了自己的罪责使他非常痛苦。
  • He had lain awake all night, tormented by jealousy. 他彻夜未眠,深受嫉妒的折磨。
91 stammered 76088bc9384c91d5745fd550a9d81721     
v.结巴地说出( stammer的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He stammered most when he was nervous. 他一紧张往往口吃。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • Barsad leaned back in his chair, and stammered, \"What do you mean?\" 巴萨往椅背上一靠,结结巴巴地说,“你是什么意思?” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记
92 lugubrious IAmxn     
adj.悲哀的,忧郁的
参考例句:
  • That long,lugubrious howl rose on the night air again!夜空中又传来了那又长又凄凉的狗叫声。
  • After the earthquake,the city is full of lugubrious faces.地震之后,这个城市满是悲哀的面孔。
93 monologues b54ccd8f001b9d8e09b1cb0a3d508b10     
n.(戏剧)长篇独白( monologue的名词复数 );滔滔不绝的讲话;独角戏
参考例句:
  • That film combines real testimonials with monologues read by actors. 电影中既有真人讲的真事,也有演员的独白。 来自互联网
  • Her monologues may help her make sense of her day. 她的独白可以帮助她让她一天的感觉。 来自互联网
94 monstrous vwFyM     
adj.巨大的;恐怖的;可耻的,丢脸的
参考例句:
  • The smoke began to whirl and grew into a monstrous column.浓烟开始盘旋上升,形成了一个巨大的烟柱。
  • Your behaviour in class is monstrous!你在课堂上的行为真是丢人!
95 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
96 orphaned ac11e48c532f244a7f6abad4cdedea5a     
[计][修]孤立
参考例句:
  • Orphaned children were consigned to institutions. 孤儿都打发到了福利院。
  • He was orphaned at an early age. 他幼年时便成了孤儿。
97 efface Pqlxp     
v.擦掉,抹去
参考例句:
  • It takes many years to efface the unpleasant memories of a war.许多年后才能冲淡战争的不愉快记忆。
  • He could not efface the impression from his mind.他不能把这个印象从心中抹去。
98 dignify PugzfG     
vt.使有尊严;使崇高;给增光
参考例句:
  • It does not dignify the human condition. It does not elevate the human spirit.它不能使人活得更有尊严,不能提升人的精神生活。
  • I wouldn't dignify this trash by calling it a novel.这部劣等作品我是不会美称为小说的。
99 steadily Qukw6     
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
参考例句:
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
100 wholesome Uowyz     
adj.适合;卫生的;有益健康的;显示身心健康的
参考例句:
  • In actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.实际上我喜欢做的事大都是有助于增进身体健康的。
  • It is not wholesome to eat without washing your hands.不洗手吃饭是不卫生的。


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