Part 4 Book 10 Chapter 1 The Surface of the Question

Of what is revolt composed? Of nothing and of everything. Of an electricity disengaged, little by little, of a flame suddenly darting¹ forth², of a wandering force, of a passing breath. This breath encounters heads which speak, brains which dream, souls which suffer, passions which burn, wretchedness which howls, and bears them away.

Whither?

At random³. Athwart the state, the laws, athwart prosperity and the insolence⁴ of others.

Irritated convictions, embittered⁵ enthusiasms, agitated⁶ indignations, instincts of war which have been repressed, youthful courage which has been exalted⁷, generous blindness; curiosity, the taste for change, the thirst for the unexpected, the sentiment which causes one to take pleasure in reading the posters for the new play, and love, the prompter's whistle, at the theatre; the vague hatreds⁸, rancors, disappointments, every vanity which thinks that destiny has bankrupted it; discomfort⁹, empty dreams, ambitious that are hedged about, whoever hopes for a downfall, some outcome, in short, at the very bottom, the rabble¹⁰, that mud which catches fire,-- such are the elements of revolt. That which is grandest and that which is basest; the beings who prowl outside of all bounds, awaiting an occasion, bohemians, vagrants¹¹, vagabonds of the cross-roads, those who sleep at night in a desert of hir bread from chance and not from toil¹², the unknown of poverty and nothingness, the bare-armed, the bare-ouses with no other roof than the cold clouds of heaven, those who, each day, demand thefooted, belong to revolt. Whoever cherishes in his soul a secret revolt against any deed whatever on the part of the state, of life or of fate, is ripe for riot, and, as soon as it makes its appearance, he begins to quiver, and to feel himself borne away with the whirlwind.

Revolt is a sort of waterspout in the social atmosphere which forms suddenly in certain conditions of temperature, and which, as it eddies¹³ about, mounts, descends¹⁴, thunders, tears, razes¹⁵, crushes, demolishes¹⁶, uproots¹⁷, bearing with it great natures and small, the strong man and the feeble mind, the tree trunk and the stalk of straw. Woe¹⁸ to him whom it bears away as well as to him whom it strikes! It breaks the one against the other.

It communicates to those whom it seizes an indescribable and extraordinary power. It fills the first-comer with the force of events; it converts everything into projectiles¹⁹. It makes a cannon-ball of a rough stone, and a general of a porter.

If we are to believe certain oracles²⁰ of crafty²¹ political views, a little revolt is desirable from the point of view of power. System: revolt strengthens those governments which it does not overthrow²². It puts the army to the test; it consecrates²³ the bourgeoisie, it draws out the muscles of the police; it demonstrates the force of the social framework. It is an exercise in gymnastics; it is almost hygiene²⁵. Power is in better health after a revolt, as a man is after a good rubbing down.

Revolt, thirty years ago, was regarded from still other points of view.

There is for everything a theory, which proclaims itself "good sense"; Philintus against Alcestis; mediation²⁶ offered between the false and the true; explanation, admonition, rather haughty²⁷ extenuation²⁸ which, because it is mingled²⁹ with blame and excuse, thinks itself wisdom, and is often only pedantry³⁰. A whole political school called "the golden mean" has been the outcome of this. As between cold water and hot water, it is the lukewarm water party. This school with its false depth, all on the surface, which dissects³¹ effects without going back to first causes, chides³² from its height of a demi-science, the agitation³³ of the public square.

If we listen to this school, "The riots which complicated the affair of 1830 deprived that great event of a portion of its purity. The Revolution of July had been a fine popular gale³⁴, abruptly³⁵ followed by blue sky. They made the cloudy sky reappear. They caused that revolution, at first so remarkable³⁶ for its unanimity³⁷, to degenerate³⁸ into a quarrel. In the Revolution of July, as in all progress accomplished³⁹ by fits and starts, there had been secret fractures; these riots rendered them perceptible. It might have been said: Ah! This is broken.' After the Revolution of July, one was sensible only of deliverance; after the riots, one was conscious of a catastrophe⁴⁰.

"All revolt closes the shops, depresses the funds, throws the Exchange into consternation⁴¹, suspends commerce, clogs⁴² business, precipitates⁴³ failures; no more money, private fortunes rendered uneasy, public credit shaken, industry disconcerted, capital withdrawing, work at a discount, fear everywhere; counter-shocks in every town. Hence gulfs. It has been calculated that the first day of a riot costs France twenty millions, the second day forty, the third sixty, a three days' uprising costs one hundred and twenty millions, that is to say, if only the financial result be taken into consideration, it is equivalent to a disaster, a shipwreck⁴⁴ or a lost battle, which should annihilate⁴⁵ a fleet of sixty ships of the line.

"No doubt, historically, uprisings have their beauty; the war of the pavements is no less grandiose⁴⁶, and no less pathetic, than the war of thickets⁴⁷: in the one there is the soul of forests, in the other the heart of cities; the one has Jean Chouan, the other has a Jeanne. Revolts have illuminated⁴⁸ with a red glare all the most original points of the Parisian character, generosity⁴⁹, devotion, stormy gayety, students proving that bravery forms part of intelligence, the National Guard invincible⁵⁰, bivouacs of shopkeepers, fortresses⁵¹ of street urchins⁵², contempt of death on the part of passers-by. Schools and legions clashed together. After all, between the combatants, there was only a difference of age; the race is the same; it is the same stoical men who died at the age of twenty for their ideas, at forty for their families. The army, always a sad thing in civil wars, opposed prudence⁵³ to audacity⁵⁴. Uprisings, while proving popular intrepidity⁵⁵, also educated the courage of the bourgeois²⁴.

"This is well. But is all this worth the bloodshed? And to the bloodshed add the future darkness, progress compromised, uneasiness among the best men, honest liberals in despair, foreign absolutism happy in these wounds dealt to revolution by its own hand, the vanquished⁵⁶ of 1830 triumphing and saying: We told you so!' Add Paris enlarged, possibly, but France most assuredly diminished. Add, for all must needs be told, the massacres⁵⁷ which have too often dishonored the victory of order grown ferocious⁵⁸ over liberty gone mad. To sum up all, uprisings have been disastrous⁵⁹."

Thus speaks that approximation to wisdom with which the bourgeoisie, that approximation to the people, so willingly contents itself.

For our parts, we reject this word uprisings as too large, and consequently as too convenient. We make a distinction between one popular movement and another popular movement. We do not inquire whether an uprising costs as much as a battle. Why a battle, in the first place? Here the question of war comes up. Is war less of a scourge⁶⁰ than an uprising is of a calamity⁶¹? And then, are all uprisings calamities⁶²? And what if the revolt of July did cost a hundred and twenty millions? The establishment of Philip V. in Spain cost France two milliards. Even at the same price, we should prefer the 14th of July. However, we reject these figures, which appear to be reasons and which are only words. An uprising being given, we examine it by itself. In all that is said by the doctrinarian objection above presented, there is no question of anything but effect, we seek the cause.

We will be explicit⁶³.

暴动是什么东西构成的？一无所有，而又一切都有。一点一点放出的电，突然燃烧的火焰，飘游的力，流动的风。这风碰到有思想的头脑、虚幻的念头、痛苦的灵魂、炽烈的情感和呼号的苦难，并把这些一齐带走。

带到什么地方？

漫无目标。通过政府，通过法律，通过别人的豪华和横恣。

被激怒的信念，被挫伤的热忱，被煽动的怨愤，被压抑的斗志，狂热少年的勇敢，轻率慷慨的豪情，好奇心，见异思迁的习性，对新鲜事物的渴慕，使人爱看一场新剧的海报并喜欢在剧场里听布景人员吹哨子的那种心情；种种隐恨，宿怨，懊恼，一切怨天尤人自负不凡的意气；不自在，不着边际的梦想，困在重围绝境中的野心；希望在崩塌中寻得出路的人；还有，处于最底层的泥炭，那种能着火的污泥，这些都是暴动的成分。

最伟大的和最低微的，在一切之外闲游窥伺希图乘机一逞的人，流浪汉，游民，十字路口的群氓，夜间睡在人烟稀少的荒凉地段，以天上寒云为屋顶的人，从来不肯劳动专靠乞讨餬口的人，贫苦无告两手空空的光棍，赤膊，泥腿，都依附于暴动。

任何人，为地位、生活或命运等方面的任何一件事在灵魂中暗怀敌意，便已走到暴动的边缘，一旦发生暴动，他便会开始战栗，感到自己已被卷入漩涡。

暴动是社会大气中的一种龙卷风，在气温的某些条件下突然形成，并在它的旋转运动中奔腾轰劈，把高大个子和瘦小个子、坚强的人和软弱的人、树身和麦秆、一齐卷起，铲平，压碎，摧毁，连根拔起，裹走。

谁要是被它裹走，谁要是被它碰着，定遭不幸。它会把他们在相互的冲突中毁灭。

它把一种不知是什么样的非凡的威力输送给它所控制的人。它把时局造成的力量充实第一个碰到的人，它利用一切制造投射的利器。它使卵石变成炮弹，使脚夫成为将军。

某些阴险毒辣的政治权威认为，从政权的角度看，稍微来点暴动是可喜的。他们的理论是，推翻不了政府的暴动正可用以巩固政权。暴动考验军队，团结资产阶级，活动警察的肌肉，检查社会结构的力量。这是一种体操，几乎是一种清洁运动。

政权经过暴动会更健壮，正如人体经过按摩会更舒畅。

暴动在三十年前还有过另外一种看法。

对每件事都有一种自命为“正确思想”的理论，反对阿尔赛斯特的非兰德①，居于真理和谬论之间的折中主义，解释、劝告、既有谴责又有原谅的杂拌儿，自以为高人一等、代表哲理的中庸之道往往只是迂腐之见。一整套政治学说，所谓中庸之道便是从这里产生出来的。处于冷水和热水之间的是温水派。这个学派，貌似精深，实是浅薄，它只细查效果，不问起因，从一种半科学的高度它责骂公共广场上的骚动。

①莫里哀戏剧《愤世者》里两个人物，阿尔赛斯特坚持是非观念，非兰德调和是非。　

这个学派说：“那几次暴动搅浑了一八三○年的成就，因而这一伟大事业的部分纯洁性消失了。七月革命是人民的一阵好风，好风过后，立即出现了晴朗的天。可是暴动又使天空阴云密布，使那次为人们一致欢庆的革命在争吵中大为减色。七月革命，和其他连连突击而得来的进步一样，造成不少潜在的骨折，暴动触痛了这些暗伤。人们可以说：‘啊！这里是断了的。’七月革命过后，人们只感到得了救，暴动过后，人们只觉得遭了殃。

“每次暴动，都使店铺关门，证券跌价，金融萎缩，市面萧条，事业停顿，破产纷至沓来，现金短缺，私人财产失去保障，公众的信用动摇，企业紊乱，资金回笼，劳力贬值，处处人心浮动，波及一切城市。因而险象环生。人们计算过，暴动的第一天使法国损耗了两千万，第二天四千万，第三天六千万。三天暴动就花了一亿二千万，这就是说，仅从财政的角度着眼，那等于遭受一场水旱灾害，或是打了一次败仗，一个有六十艘战舰的舰队被歼灭。

“当然，在历史上，暴动有它的美，用铺路石作武器的战争和以树枝木梃为武器的战争，两相比较，前者的宏伟悲壮并不亚于后者；一方面有森林的灵魂，另一方面有城市的肝胆；一方面有让·朱安，另一方面有贞德。暴动把巴黎性格中最有特色的部分照得鲜红而又壮丽：慷慨，忠诚，乐观，豪放，智勇兼备的大学生，绝不动摇的国民自卫军，店员的野营，流浪儿的堡垒，来往行人对死亡的蔑视。学校和兵团对峙。总之，战士与战士之间只有年龄的差别，种族相同，同是一些百折不回的人，有的二十岁为理想而死，有的四十岁为家庭而亡。军队在内战中心情总是沉重的，它以审慎回击果敢。暴动表现了人民的无畏精神，同时也锻炼了资产阶级的勇气。

“这很好。但是为了这一切，就值得流血吗？并且除了流血以外，你还得想想那暗淡下去的前途，被搅乱了的进步，最善良的人的不安，失望中的诚实自由派，因见到革命自己伤害自己而感到幸运的外国专制主义，一八三○年被击溃的人现在又趾高气扬起来了，他们还这样说：‘我们早说过了的！’再加上：‘巴黎壮大了，也许，但是法国肯定缩小了。’还得再加上：‘大规模的屠杀（我们应把话说透）固然是胜利地镇压了疯狂的自由，维持了治安，但是这种血腥的治安并不光荣。’总之，暴动是件祸国殃民的事。”

那伙近似高明的人棗资产阶级棗这样谈着，那伙近似的人，就很自然地感到满足了。

至于我们，我们摒弃那过于含糊，因而也过于方便的“暴动”一词。我们要区别对待一个民众运动和另一个民众运动。我们不过问一次暴动是否和一次战争花费同样多的钱。首先，为什么会有战争？这里，提出了一个战争问题。难道战争的祸害不大于暴动的灾难吗？其次，一切暴动全是灾难吗？假使七月十四日得花一亿二千万，那又怎样呢？把菲力浦五世安置在西班牙①，法国就花了二十亿。即使得花同样的代价，我们也宁愿花在七月十四日。并且，我们不爱用这些数字，数字好象很能说明问题，其实这只是些空话。既然要谈一次暴动，我们得就它本身加以剖析。在上面提到的那种教条主义的反对言论里，谈到的只是效果，而我们要找的是起因。

让我们来谈个清楚。

①菲力浦五世是法国国王路易十四的孙子。十八世纪初，西班牙国王去世，路易十四乘机把菲力浦五世送去当西班牙国王，因而与英、奥、荷兰联军作战多年。

1 darting   

v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔

参考例句：

• Swallows were darting through the clouds. 燕子穿云急飞。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Swallows were darting through the air. 燕子在空中掠过。 来自辞典例句

2 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

3 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

4 insolence   

n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度

参考例句：

• I've had enough of your insolence, and I'm having no more. 我受够了你的侮辱，不能再容忍了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• How can you suffer such insolence? 你怎么能容忍这种蛮横的态度？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 embittered   

v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• These injustices embittered her even more. 不公平使她更加受苦。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The artist was embittered by public neglect. 大众的忽视于那位艺术家更加难受。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 agitated   

adj.被鼓动的，不安的

参考例句：

• His answers were all mixed up,so agitated was he.他是那样心神不定，回答全乱了。
• She was agitated because her train was an hour late.她乘坐的火车晚点一个小时，她十分焦虑。

7 exalted   

adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的

参考例句：

• Their loveliness and holiness in accordance with their exalted station.他们的美丽和圣洁也与他们的崇高地位相称。
• He received respect because he was a person of exalted rank.他因为是个地位崇高的人而受到尊敬。

8 hatreds   

n.仇恨，憎恶( hatred的名词复数 )；厌恶的事

参考例句：

• He had more enimies and hatreds than anyone could easily guess from his thoughtful expression. 从他的思想表达方式难以被人猜透来看，他的敌人和仇家是不会多的。 来自辞典例句
• All the old and recent hatreds come to his mind. 旧恨新仇一起涌上他的心头。 来自互联网

9 discomfort   

n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便

参考例句：

• One has to bear a little discomfort while travelling.旅行中总要忍受一点不便。
• She turned red with discomfort when the teacher spoke.老师讲话时她不好意思地红着脸。

10 rabble   

n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人

参考例句：

• They formed an army out of rabble.他们用乌合之众组成一支军队。
• Poverty in itself does not make men into a rabble.贫困自身并不能使人成为贱民。

11 vagrants   

流浪者( vagrant的名词复数 )； 无业游民； 乞丐； 无赖

参考例句：

• Police kept a close watch on the vagrants. 警察严密监视那些流浪者。
• O Troupe of little vagrants of the world, leave your footprints in my words. 世界上的一队小小的漂泊者呀，请留下你们的足印在我的文字里。

12 toil   

vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事

参考例句：

• The wealth comes from the toil of the masses.财富来自大众的辛勤劳动。
• Every single grain is the result of toil.每一粒粮食都来之不易。

13 eddies   

（水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Viscosity overwhelms the smallest eddies and converts their energy into heat. 粘性制服了最小的旋涡而将其能量转换为热。
• But their work appears to merge in the study of large eddies. 但在大旋涡的研究上，他们的工作看来却殊途同归。

14 descends   

v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜

参考例句：

• This festival descends from a religious rite. 这个节日起源于宗教仪式。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The path descends steeply to the village. 小路陡直而下直到村子。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 razes   

v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

16 demolishes   

v.摧毁( demolish的第三人称单数 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光

参考例句：

• Huge surges cause severe flooding that demolishes buildings, washes out beaches and highways, and drowns people. 巨大的涌浪引起剧烈的泛滥，从而摧毁房屋，冲坏海滩与公路，使人们惨遭灭顶之灾。 来自辞典例句

17 uproots   

v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的第三人称单数 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园

参考例句：

18 woe   

n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌

参考例句：

• Our two peoples are brothers sharing weal and woe.我们两国人民是患难与共的兄弟。
• A man is well or woe as he thinks himself so.自认祸是祸，自认福是福。

19 projectiles   

n.抛射体( projectile的名词复数 )；（炮弹、子弹等）射弹，（火箭等）自动推进的武器

参考例句：

• These differences are connected with the strong absorption of the composite projectiles. 这些差别与复杂的入射粒子的强烈吸收有关。 来自辞典例句
• Projectiles became more important because cannons could now fire balls over hundreds or yards. 抛射体变得更加重要，因为人们已能用大炮把炮弹射到几百码的距离之外。 来自辞典例句

20 oracles   

神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人

参考例句：

• Do all oracles tell the truth? 是否所有的神谕都揭示真理？ 来自哲学部分
• The ancient oracles were often vague and equivocal. 古代的神谕常是意义模糊和模棱两可的。

21 crafty   

adj.狡猾的，诡诈的

参考例句：

• He admired the old man for his crafty plan.他敬佩老者的神机妙算。
• He was an accomplished politician and a crafty autocrat.他是个有造诣的政治家，也是个狡黠的独裁者。

22 overthrow   

v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆

参考例句：

• After the overthrow of the government,the country was in chaos.政府被推翻后，这个国家处于混乱中。
• The overthrow of his plans left him much discouraged.他的计划的失败使得他很气馁。

23 consecrates   

n.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的名词复数 )；奉献v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的第三人称单数 )；奉献

参考例句：

• Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion. 时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰。 来自互联网

24 bourgeois   

adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子

参考例句：

• He's accusing them of having a bourgeois and limited vision.他指责他们像中产阶级一样目光狭隘。
• The French Revolution was inspired by the bourgeois.法国革命受到中产阶级的鼓励。

25 hygiene   

n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic）

参考例句：

• Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
• He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

26 mediation   

n.调解

参考例句：

• The dispute was settled by mediation of the third country. 这场争端通过第三国的斡旋而得以解决。
• The dispute was settled by mediation. 经调解使争端得以解决。

27 haughty   

adj.傲慢的，高傲的

参考例句：

• He gave me a haughty look and walked away.他向我摆出傲慢的表情后走开。
• They were displeased with her haughty airs.他们讨厌她高傲的派头。

28 extenuation   

n.减轻罪孽的借口；酌情减轻；细

参考例句：

• Miss Glover could allow no extenuation of her crime. 格洛弗小姐是不允许袒护罪过的。 来自辞典例句
• It was a comfort to him, this extenuation. 这借口对他是种安慰。 来自辞典例句

29 mingled   

混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系]

参考例句：

• The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening air. 笑声和歌声交织在夜空中。
• The man and the woman mingled as everyone started to relax. 当大家开始放松的时候，这一男一女就开始交往了。

30 pedantry   

n.迂腐，卖弄学问

参考例句：

• The book is a demonstration of scholarship without pedantry.这本书表现出学术水平又不故意卖弄学问。
• He fell into a kind of pedantry.他变得有点喜欢卖弄学问。

31 dissects   

v.解剖（动物等）( dissect的第三人称单数 )；仔细分析或研究

参考例句：

• Meltzer dissects the penile skin free of the underlying erectile tissue. Meltzer将阴茎表皮与其下的勃起组织分割。 来自互联网
• This paper dissects the process to analyse arsenic in test method and operative skills. 本文从实验方法、操作技巧等方面剖析了砷测定方法的机理。 来自互联网

32 chides   

v.责骂，责备( chide的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• He gently chides his students every time they misspelled a word. 每当他的学生拼错一个词时，他都温和地责备他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》

33 agitation   

n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动

参考例句：

• Small shopkeepers carried on a long agitation against the big department stores.小店主们长期以来一直在煽动人们反对大型百货商店。
• These materials require constant agitation to keep them in suspension.这些药剂要经常搅动以保持悬浮状态。

34 gale   

n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等）

参考例句：

• We got our roof blown off in the gale last night.昨夜的大风把我们的房顶给掀掉了。
• According to the weather forecast,there will be a gale tomorrow.据气象台预报，明天有大风。

35 abruptly   

adv.突然地，出其不意地

参考例句：

• He gestured abruptly for Virginia to get in the car.他粗鲁地示意弗吉尼亚上车。
• I was abruptly notified that a half-hour speech was expected of me.我突然被通知要讲半个小时的话。

36 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

37 unanimity   

n.全体一致，一致同意

参考例句：

• These discussions have led to a remarkable unanimity.这些讨论导致引人注目的一致意见。
• There is no unanimity of opinion as to the best one.没有一个公认的最好意见。

38 degenerate   

v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者

参考例句：

• He didn't let riches and luxury make him degenerate.他不因财富和奢华而自甘堕落。
• Will too much freedom make them degenerate?太多的自由会令他们堕落吗？

39 accomplished   

adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的

参考例句：

• Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
• Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。

40 catastrophe   

n.大灾难，大祸

参考例句：

• I owe it to you that I survived the catastrophe.亏得你我才大难不死。
• This is a catastrophe beyond human control.这是一场人类无法控制的灾难。

41 consternation   

n.大为吃惊，惊骇

参考例句：

• He was filled with consternation to hear that his friend was so ill.他听说朋友病得那么厉害，感到非常震惊。
• Sam stared at him in consternation.萨姆惊恐不安地注视着他。

42 clogs   

木屐； 木底鞋，木屐( clog的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Clogs are part of the Netherlands national costume. 木屐是荷兰民族服装的一部分。
• Clogs are part of the Dutch traditional costume. 木屐是荷兰传统装束的一部分。

43 precipitates   

v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的第三人称单数 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀

参考例句：

• Water precipitates camphor from its alcoholic solution. 水能把樟脑从其酒精溶液中淀析出来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Precipitates are usually collected by centrifugation at intervals. 常常是用离心法分段收集沉淀的。 来自辞典例句

44 shipwreck   

n.船舶失事，海难

参考例句：

• He walked away from the shipwreck.他船难中平安地脱险了。
• The shipwreck was a harrowing experience.那次船难是一个惨痛的经历。

45 annihilate   

v.使无效；毁灭；取消

参考例句：

• Archer crumpled up the yellow sheet as if the gesture could annihilate the news it contained.阿切尔把这张黄纸揉皱，好象用这个动作就会抹掉里面的消息似的。
• We should bear in mind that we have to annihilate the enemy.我们要把歼敌的重任时刻记在心上。

46 grandiose   

adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的

参考例句：

• His grandiose manner impressed those who met him for the first time.他那种夸大的举止给第一次遇见他的人留下了深刻的印象。
• As the fog vanished,a grandiose landscape unfolded before the tourists.雾气散去之后，一幅壮丽的景观展现在游客面前。

47 thickets   

n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物

参考例句：

• Small trees became thinly scattered among less dense thickets. 小树稀稀朗朗地立在树林里。 来自辞典例句
• The entire surface is covered with dense thickets. 所有的地面盖满了密密层层的灌木丛。 来自辞典例句

48 illuminated   

adj.被照明的；受启迪的

参考例句：

• Floodlights illuminated the stadium. 泛光灯照亮了体育场。
• the illuminated city at night 夜幕中万家灯火的城市

49 generosity   

n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为

参考例句：

• We should match their generosity with our own.我们应该像他们一样慷慨大方。
• We adore them for their generosity.我们钦佩他们的慷慨。

50 invincible   

adj.不可征服的，难以制服的

参考例句：

• This football team was once reputed to be invincible.这支足球队曾被誉为无敌的劲旅。
• The workers are invincible as long as they hold together.只要工人团结一致，他们就是不可战胜的。

51 fortresses   

堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They will establish impregnable fortresses. 他们将建造坚不可摧的城堡。
• Indra smashed through Vritra ninety-nine fortresses, and then came upon the dragon. 因陀罗摧毁了维他的九十九座城堡，然后与维他交手。 来自神话部分

52 urchins   

n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆

参考例句：

• Some dozen barefooted urchins ganged in from the riverside. 几十个赤足的顽童从河边成群结队而来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• People said that he had jaundice and urchins nicknamed him "Yellow Fellow." 别人说他是黄胆病，孩子们也就叫他“黄胖”了。 来自汉英文学 - 中国现代小说

53 prudence   

n.谨慎，精明，节俭

参考例句：

• A lack of prudence may lead to financial problems.不够谨慎可能会导致财政上出现问题。
• The happy impute all their success to prudence or merit.幸运者都把他们的成功归因于谨慎或功德。

54 audacity   

n.大胆，卤莽，无礼

参考例句：

• He had the audacity to ask for an increase in salary.他竟然厚着脸皮要求增加薪水。
• He had the audacity to pick pockets in broad daylight.他竟敢在光天化日之下掏包。

55 intrepidity   

n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为

参考例句：

• I threw myself into class discussions, attempting to dazzle him with my intelligence and intrepidity. 我全身心投入班级讨论，试图用我的智慧和冒险精神去赢得他的钦佩。 来自互联网
• Wolf totem is a novel about wolves intrepidity, initiation, strong sense of kindred and group spirit. 《狼图腾》是一部描写蒙古草原狼无畏、积极进取、强烈家族意识和团队精神的小说。 来自互联网

56 vanquished   

v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制

参考例句：

• She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战，挫败过很多对手。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I vanquished her coldness with my assiduity. 我对她关心照顾从而消除了她的冷淡。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

57 massacres   

大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败

参考例句：

• The time is past for guns and killings and massacres. 动不动就用枪、动不动就杀、大规模屠杀的时代已经过去了。 来自教父部分
• Numberless recent massacres were still vivid in their recollection. 近来那些不可胜数的屠杀，在他们的头脑中记忆犹新。

58 ferocious   

adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的

参考例句：

• The ferocious winds seemed about to tear the ship to pieces.狂风仿佛要把船撕成碎片似的。
• The ferocious panther is chasing a rabbit.那只凶猛的豹子正追赶一只兔子。

59 disastrous   

adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的

参考例句：

• The heavy rainstorm caused a disastrous flood.暴雨成灾。
• Her investment had disastrous consequences.She lost everything she owned.她的投资结果很惨，血本无归。

60 scourge   

n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏

参考例句：

• Smallpox was once the scourge of the world.天花曾是世界的大患。
• The new boss was the scourge of the inefficient.新老板来了以后，不称职的人就遭殃了。

61 calamity   

n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件

参考例句：

• Even a greater natural calamity cannot daunt us. 再大的自然灾害也压不垮我们。
• The attack on Pearl Harbor was a crushing calamity.偷袭珍珠港(对美军来说)是一场毁灭性的灾难。

62 calamities   

n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事

参考例句：

• They will only triumph by persevering in their struggle against natural calamities. 他们只有坚持与自然灾害搏斗，才能取得胜利。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• One moment's false security can bring a century of calamities. 图一时之苟安，贻百年之大患。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

63 explicit   

adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的

参考例句：

• She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
• He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。