Shows how I grossly libelled the Japanese Army, and edited a Civil and Military Gazette which is not in the least Trustworthy
And the Duke said, ‘Let there be cavalry1,’ and there were cavalry. And he said, ‘Let them be slow,’ and they were slow, d — d slow, and the Japanese Imperial Horse called he them.
I was wrong. I know it. I ought to have clamoured at the doors of the Legation for a pass to see the Imperial Palace. I ought to have investigated Tokio and called upon some of the political leaders of the Liberal and Radical2 parties. There are a hundred things which I ought to have done, but somehow or other the bugles3 began to blare through the chill of the morning, and I heard the tramp of armed men under my window. The parade-ground was within a stone’s throw of the Tokio hotel; the Imperial troops were going on parade. Would you have bothered your head about politics or temples? I ran after them.
It is rather difficult to get accurate information about the Japanese army. It seems to be in perpetual throes of reorganisation. At present, so far as one can gather, it is about one hundred and seventy thousand strong. Everybody has to serve for three years, but payment of one hundred dollars will shorten the term of service by one year at least. This is what a man who had gone through the mill told me. He capped his information with this verdict: ‘English Army no use. Only Navy any good. Have seen two hundred English Army. No use.’
On the parade-ground they had a company of foot and a wing of what, for the sake of brevity, I will call cavalry under instruction. The former were being put through some simple evolutions in close order; the latter were variously and singularly employed. To the former I took off the hat of respect; at the latter I am ashamed to say I pointed4 the finger of derision. But let me try to describe what I saw. The likeness5 of the Jap infantryman to the Gurkha grows when you see him in bulk. Thanks to their wholesale7 system of conscription the quality of conscripts varies immensely. I have seen scores of persons with spectacles whom it were base flattery to call soldiers, and who I hope were in the medical or commissariat departments. Again I have seen dozens of bull-necked, deep-chested, flat-backed, thin-flanked little men who were as good as a colonel commanding could desire. There was a man of the 2nd Infantry6 whom I met at an up-country railway station. He carried just the proper amount of insolent8 swagger that a soldier should, refused to answer any questions of mine, and parted the crowd round him without ceremony. A Gurkha of the Prince of Wales’ Own could not have been trimmer. In the crush of a ticket-collecting — we both got out together — I managed to run my hand over that small man’s forearm and chest. They must have a very complete system of gymnastics in the Japanese army, and I would have given much to have stripped my friend and seen how he peeled. If the 2nd Infantry are equal to sample, they are good.
The men on parade at Tokio belonged either to the 4th or the 9th, and turned out with their cowskin valises strapped9, but I think not packed. Under full kit10, such as I saw on the sentry11 at Osaka Castle, they ought to be much too heavily burdened. Their officers were as miserable12 a set of men as Japan could furnish — spectacled, undersized even for Japan, hollow-backed and hump-shouldered. They squeaked13 their words of command and had to trot14 by the side of their men to keep up with them. The Jap soldier has the long stride of the Gurkha, and he doubles with the easy lope of the ’rickshaw coolie. Throughout the three hours that I watched them they never changed formation but once, when they doubled in pairs across the plain, their rifles at the carry. Their step and intervals15 were as good as those of our native regiments16, but they wheeled rather promiscuously18, and were not checked for this by their officers. So far as my limited experience goes, their formation was not Ours, but Continental19. The words of command were as beautifully unintelligible20 as anything our parade-grounds produce; and between them the officers of each half-company vehemently21 harangued22 their men, and shook their swords at ’em in distinctly unmilitary style. The precision of their movements was beyond praise. They enjoyed three hours of steady drill, and in the rare intervals when they stood easy to draw breath I looked for slackness all down the ranks, inasmuch as ‘standing23 easy’ is the crucial test of men after the first smartness of the morning has worn off. They stood ‘easy,’ neither more nor less, but never a hand went to a shoe or stock or button while they were so standing. When they knelt, still in this queer column of company, I understood the mystery of the long sword-bayonet which has puzzled me sorely. I had expected to see the little fellows lifted into the air as the bayonet-sheath took ground; but they were not. They kicked it sideways as they dropped. All the same, the authorities tie men to the bayonets instead of bayonets to the men. When at the double there was no grabbing at the cartridge-pouch with one-hand or steadying the bayonet with the other, as may be seen any day at runningfiring on Indian ranges. They ran cleanly — as our Gurkhas run.
It was an unchristian thought, but I would have given a good deal to see that company being blooded on an equal number of Our native infantry just to know how they would work. If they have pluck, and there is not much in their past record to show that they have not, they ought to be first-class enemies. Under British officers instead of the little anatomies24 at present provided, and with a better rifle, they should be as good as any troops recruited east of Suez. I speak here only for the handy little men I saw. The worst of conscription is that it sweeps in such a mass of fourth and fifth-rate citizens who, though they may carry a gun, are likely, by their own excusable ineptitude25, to do harm to the morale26 and set-up of a regiment17. In their walks abroad the soldiery never dream of keeping step. They tie things to their side-arms, they carry bundles, they slouch, and dirty their uniforms.
And so much for a raw opinion on Japanese infantry. The cavalry were having a picnic on the other side of the parade-ground — circling right and left by sections, trying to do something with a troop, and so forth27. I would fain believe that the gentlemen I saw were recruits. But they wore all their arms, and their officers were just as clever as themselves. Half of them were in white fatigue-dress and flat cap,— and wore half-boots of brown leather with short hunting-spurs and black straps28; no chains. They carried carbine and sword — the sword fixed29 to the man, and the carbine slung30 over the back. No martingales, but breastplates and crupper, a huge, heavy saddle, with single hidegirth, over two numdahs, completed the equipment which a thirteen-hand pony31, all mane and tail, was trying to get rid of. When you thrust a two-pound bit and bridoon into a small pony’s mouth, you hurt his feelings. When the riders wear, as did my friends, white worsted gloves, they cannot take a proper hold of the reins32. When they ride with both hands, sitting well on the mount’s neck, knuckles34 level with its ears and the stirrup leathers as short as they can be, the chances of the pony getting rid of the rider are manifestly increased. Never have I seen such a wild dream of equitation as the Tokio parade-ground showed. Do you remember the picture in Alice in Wonderland, just before Alice found the Lion and the Unicorn35; when she met the armed men coming through the woods? I thought of that, and I thought of the White Knight36 in the same classic, and I laughed aloud. Here were a set of very fair ponies37, surefooted as goats, mostly entires, and full of go. Under Japanese weights they would have made very thorough mounted infantry. And here was this blindly imitative nation trying to turn them into heavy cavalry. As long as the little beasts were gravely trotting38 in circles they did not mind their work. But when it came to slashing39 at the Turk’s head they objected very much indeed. I affiliated40 myself to a section who, armed with long wooden swords, were enjoying some Turk’s-heading. Out started a pony at the gentlest of canters, while the rider bundled all the reins into one hand, and held his sword like a lance. Then the pony shied a little shy, shook his shaggy head, and began to passage round the Turk’s head. There was no pressure of knee or rein33 to tell him what was wanted. The man on top began kicking with the spurs from shoulder to rump, and shaking up the iron-mongery in the poor brute41’s mouth. The pony could neither rear, nor kick, nor buck42; but it shook itself free of the incubus43 who slid off. Three times I saw this happen. The catastrophe44 didn’t rise to the dignity of a fall. It was the blundering collapse45 of incompetence46 plus worsted gloves, two-handed riding, and a haystack of equipment. Very often the pony went at the post, and the man delivered a back-handed cut at the Turk’s head which nearly brought him out of his world-too-wide saddle. Again and again this solemn performance was repeated. I can honestly say that the ponies are very willing to break rank and leave their companions, which is what an English troop-horse fails in; but I fancy this is more due to the urgent private affairs of the pony than any skill in training. The troops charged once or twice in a terrifying canter. When the men wished to stop they leaned back and tugged47, and the pony put his head to the ground, and bored all he knew. They charged me, but I was merciful, and forbore to empty half the saddles, as I assuredly could have done by throwing up my arms and yelling ‘Hi!’ The saddest thing of all was the painful conscientiousness48 displayed by all the performers in the circus. They had to turn these rats into cavalry. They knew nothing about riding, and what they did know was wrong; but the rats must be made troop-horses. Why wouldn’t the scheme work? There was a patient, pathetic wonder on the faces of the men that made me long to take one of them in my arms and try to explain things to him — bridles49, for instance, and the futility50 of hanging on by the spurs. Just when the parade was over, and the troops were ambling51 off, Providence52 sent diagonally across the parade ground, at a gallop53, a big, rawboned man on a lathy-red American horse. The brute cracked his nostrils54, and switched his flag abroad, and romped55 across the plain, while his rider dropped one hand and sat still, swaying lightly from the hips56. The two served to scale the surroundings. Some one really ought to tell the Mikado that ponies were never intended for dragoons.
If the changes and chances of military service ever send you against Japanese troops, be tender with their cavalry. They mean no harm. Put some fusees down for the horses to step on, and send a fatigue-party out to pick up the remnants. But if you meet Japanese infantry, led by a Continental officer, commence firing early and often and at the longest ranges compatible with getting at them. They are bad little men who know too much.
Having thoroughly57 settled the military side of the nation exactly as my Japanese friend at the beginning of this letter settled Us,— on the strength of two hundred men caught at random,— I devoted58 myself to a consideration of Tokio. I am wearied of temples. Their monotony of splendour makes my head ache. You also will weary of temples unless you are an artist, and then you will be disgusted with yourself. Some folk say that Tokio covers an area equal to London. Some folk say that it is not more than ten miles long and eight miles broad. There are a good many ways of solving the question. I found a tea-garden situated59 on a green plateau far up a flight of steps, with pretty girls smiling on every step. From this elevation60 I looked forth over the city, and it stretched away from the sea, as far as the eye could reach — one grey expanse of packed house-roof, the perspective marked by numberless factory chimneys. Then I went several miles away and found a park, another eminence61, and some more tea-girls prettier than the last; and, looking again, the city stretched out in a new direction as far as the eye could reach. Taking the scope of the eye on a clear day at eighteen miles, I make Tokio thirty-six miles long by thirty-six miles broad exactly; and there may be some more which I missed. The place roared with life through all its quarters. Double lines of trams ran down the main streets for mile on mile, rows of omnibuses stood at the principal railway station, and the ‘Compagnie General des Omnibus de Tokio’ paraded the streets with gold and vermilion cars. All the trams were full, all the private and public omnibuses were full, and the streets were full of ’rickshaws. From the seashore to the shady green park, from the park to the dim distance, the land pullulated with people.
Here you saw how western civilisation62 had eaten into them. Every tenth man was attired63 in Europe clothes from hat to boots. It is a queer race. It can parody64 every type of humanity to be met in a large English town. Fat and prosperous merchant with mutton-chop whiskers; mild-eyed, long-haired professor of science, his clothes baggy65 about him; schoolboy in Eton jacket, broadcloth trousers; young clerk, member of the Clapham Athletic66 Club, in tennis flannels67; artisans in sorely worn tweeds; top-hatted lawyer with clean-shaven upper lip and black leather bag; sailor out of work; and counter-jumper; all these and many, many more you shall find in the streets of Tokio in half an hour’s walk. But when you come to speak to the imitation, behold68 it can only talk Japanese. You touch it, and it is not what you thought. I fluctuated down the streets addressing myself to the most English-looking folk I saw. They were polite with a graciousness that in no way accorded with their raiment, but they knew not a word of my tongue. One small boy in the uniform of the Naval69 College said suddenly: ‘I spik Englees,’ and collapsed70. The rest of the people in our clothes poured their own vernacular71 upon my head. Yet the shop-signs were English, the tramway under my feet was English gauge72, the commodities sold were English, and the notices on the streets were in English. It was like walking in a dream. I reflected. Far away from Tokio and off the line of rail I had met men like these men in the streets. Perfectly73 dressed Englishmen to the outer eye, but dumb. The country must be full of their likes.
‘Good gracious! Here is Japan going to run its own civilisation without learning a language in which you can say Damn satisfactorily. I must inquire into this.’
Chance had brought me opposite the office of a newspaper, and I ran in demanding an editor. He came — the Editor of the Tokio Public Opinion, a young man in a black frock-coat. There are not many editors in other parts of the world who would offer you tea and a cigarette ere beginning a conversation. My friend had but little English. His paper, though the name was printed in English, was Japanese. But he knew his business. Almost before I had explained my errand, which was the pursuit of miscellaneous information, he began: ‘You are English? How you think now the American Revision Treaty?’ Out came a note-book and I sweated cold. It was not in the bargain that he should interview me.
‘There’s a great deal,’ I answered, remembering Sir Roger, of blessed memory,—‘a great deal to be said on both sides. The American Revision Treaty — h’m — demands an enormous amount of matured consideration and may safely be referred —’
‘But we of Japan are now civilised.’
Japan says that she is now civilised. That is the crux74 of the whole matter so far as I understand it. ‘Let us have done with the idiotic75 system of treaty-ports and passports for the foreigner who steps beyond them,’ says Japan in effect. ‘Give us our place among the civilised nations of the earth, come among us, trade with us, hold land in our midst. Only be subject to our jurisdiction76 and submit to our — tariffs77.’ Now since one or two of the foreign nations have won special tariffs for their goods in the usual way, they are not overanxious to become just ordinary folk. The effect of accepting Japan’s views would be excellent for the individual who wanted to go up-country and make his money, but bad for the nation. For Our nation in particular.
All the same I was not prepared to have my ignorance of a burning question put down in any note-book save my own. I Gladstoned about the matter with the longest words I could. My friend recorded them much after the manner of Count Smorltork. Then I attacked him on the subject of civilisation — speaking very slowly because he had a knack78 of running two words of mine together, and turning them into something new.
‘You are right,’ said he. ‘We are becoming civilised. But not too quick, for that is bad. Now there are two parties in the State — the Liberal and the Radical: one Count he lead one, one Count lead the other. The Radical say that we should swiftly become all English. The Liberal he says not so quick, because that nation which too swiftly adopt other people’s customs he decay. That question of civilisation and the American Revision Treaty he occupied our chief attentions. Now we are not so zealous79 to become civilised as we were two — three years gone. Not so quick — that is our watchword. Yes.’
If matured deliberation be the wholesale adoption80 of imperfectly understood arrangements, I should dearly like to see Japan in a hurry. We discussed comparative civilisations for a short time, and I protested feebly against the defilement81 of the streets of Tokio by rows of houses built after glaring European models. Surely there is no need to discard your own architecture, I said.
‘Ha,’ snorted the chief of the Public Opinion. ‘You call it picturesque82. I call it too. Wait till he light up — incendiate. A Japanese house then is one only fire-box. That is why we think good to build in European fashion. I tell you, and you must believe, that we take up no change without thinking upon it. Truth, indeed, it is not because we are curious children, wanting new things, as some people have said. We have done with that season of picking up things and throwing them down again. You see?’
‘Where did you pick up your Constitution, then?’
I did not know what the question would bring forth, yet I ought to have been wise. The first question that a Japanese on the railway asks an Englishman is: ‘Have you got the English translation of our Constitution?’ All the bookstalls sell it in English and Japanese, and all the papers discuss it. The child is not yet three months old.
‘Our Constitution?— That was promised to us — promised twenty years ago. Fourteen years ago the provinces they have been allowed to elect their big men — their heads. Three years ago they have been allowed to have assemblies, and thus Civil Liberty was assured.’
I was baffled here for some time. In the end I thought I made out that the municipalities had been given certain control over police funds and the appointment of district officials. I may have been entirely83 wrong, but the editor bore me along on a torrent84 of words, his body rocking and his arms waving with the double agony of twisting a foreign tongue to his service and explaining the to-be-taken-seriouslyness of Japan. Whack85 came the little hand on the little table, and the little tea-cups jumped again.
‘Truly, and indeed, this Constitution of ours has not come too soon. It proceeded step-by. You understand that? Now your Constitution, the Constitutions of the foreign nations, are all bloody86 — bloody Constitutions. Ours has come step-by. We did not fight as the barons87 fought with King John at Runnymede.’
This was a quotation88 from a speech delivered at Otsu, a few days previously89, by a member of the Government. I grinned at the brotherhood90 of editors all the world over. Up went the hand anew.
‘We shall be happy with this Constitution and a people civilised among civilisations!’
‘Of course. But what will you actually do with it? A Constitution is rather a monotonous91 thing to work after the fun of sending members to Parliament has died out. You have a Parliament, have you not?’
‘Oh yes, with parties — Liberal and Radical.’
‘Then they will both tell lies to you and to each other. Then they will pass bills, and spend their time fighting each other. Then all the foreign governments will discover that you have no fixed policy.’
‘Ah, yes. But the Constitution.’ The little hands were crossed in his lap. The cigarette hung limply from his mouth.
‘No fixed policy. Then, when you have sufficiently92 disgusted the foreign Powers, they will wait until the Liberals and Radicals93 are fighting very hard, and then they will blow you out of the water.’
‘You are not making fun? I do not quite understand,’ said he. ‘Your Constitutions are all so bloody.’
‘Yes. That is exactly what they are. You are very much in earnest about yours, are you not?
‘Oh yes, we all talk politics now.’
‘And write politics, of course. By the way, under what — h’m, arrangements with the Government is a Japanese paper published? I mean, must you pay anything before starting a press?’
‘Literary, scientific, and religious papers — no. Quite free. All purely94 political papers pay five hundred yen95 — give to the Government to keep, or else some man says he will pay.’
‘You must give security, you mean?’
‘I do not know, but sometimes the Government can keep the money. We are purely political.’
Then he asked questions about India, and appeared astonished to find that the natives there possessed96 considerable political power, and controlled districts.
‘But have you a Constitution in India?’
‘I am afraid that we have not.’
‘Ah!’
He crushed me there, and I left very humbly97, but cheered by the promise that the Tokio Public Opinion would contain an account of my words. Mercifully, that respectable journal is printed in Japanese, so the hash will not be served up to a large table. I would give a good deal to discover what meaning he attached to my forecast of Constitutional government in Japan.
‘We all talk politics now.’ That was the sentence which remained to me. It was true talk. Men of the Educational Department in Tokio told me that the students would ‘talk politics’ by the hour if you allowed them. At present they were talking in the abstract about their new plaything, the Constitution, with its Upper House and its Lower House, its committees, its questions of supply, its rules of procedure, and all the other skittles we have played with for six hundred years.
Japan is the second Oriental country which has made it impossible for a strong man to govern alone. This she has done of her own free will. India, on the other hand, has been forcibly ravished by the Secretary of State and the English M.P.
Japan is luckier than India.
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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bugles
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| 妙脆角，一种类似薯片但做成尖角或喇叭状的零食； 号角( bugle的名词复数 )； 喇叭； 匍匐筋骨草； （装饰女服用的）柱状玻璃（或塑料）小珠 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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kit
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| n.用具包，成套工具；随身携带物 | |
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sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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squeaked
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| v.短促地尖叫( squeak的过去式和过去分词 )；吱吱叫；告密；充当告密者 | |
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trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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regiment
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promiscuously
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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unintelligible
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vehemently
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harangued
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standing
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anatomies
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ineptitude
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| n.不适当；愚笨，愚昧的言行 | |
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morale
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| n.道德准则，士气，斗志 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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slung
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| 抛( sling的过去式和过去分词 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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pony
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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rein
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knuckles
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unicorn
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| n.(传说中的)独角兽 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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ponies
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| 矮种马，小型马( pony的名词复数 )； ￡25 25 英镑 | |
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trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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slashing
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| adj.尖锐的；苛刻的；鲜明的；乱砍的v.挥砍( slash的现在分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减 | |
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affiliated
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| adj. 附属的, 有关连的 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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buck
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| n.雄鹿，雄兔；v.马离地跳跃 | |
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incubus
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| n.负担；恶梦 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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incompetence
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| n.不胜任，不称职 | |
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tugged
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| v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conscientiousness
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| 责任心 | |
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bridles
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| 约束( bridle的名词复数 )； 限动器； 马笼头； 系带 | |
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futility
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| n.无用 | |
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ambling
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| v.（马）缓行( amble的现在分词 )；从容地走，漫步 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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romped
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| v.嬉笑玩闹( romp的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指在赛跑或竞选等中）轻易获胜 | |
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hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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parody
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| n.打油诗文，诙谐的改编诗文，拙劣的模仿；v.拙劣模仿，作模仿诗文 | |
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baggy
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| adj.膨胀如袋的，宽松下垂的 | |
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athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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flannels
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| 法兰绒男裤； 法兰绒( flannel的名词复数 ) | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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vernacular
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| adj.地方的，用地方语写成的；n.白话；行话；本国语；动植物的俗名 | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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crux
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| adj.十字形；难事，关键，最重要点 | |
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idiotic
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| adj.白痴的 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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tariffs
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| 关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准 | |
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knack
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| n.诀窍，做事情的灵巧的，便利的方法 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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defilement
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| n.弄脏，污辱，污秽 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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whack
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| v.敲击，重打，瓜分；n.重击，重打，尝试，一份 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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radicals
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| n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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yen
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| n. 日元；热望 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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