“Captain Craventy?”
“Mrs Barnett?”
What do you think of your Lieutenant1, Jaspar Hobson?”
“I think he is an officer who will go far.”
“What do you mean by the words, Will go far? Do you mean that he will go beyond the Twenty-fourth parallel?”
Captain Craventy could not help smiling at Mrs Paulina Barnett’s question. They were talking together near the stove, whilst the guests were passing backwards2 and forwards between the eating and drinking tables.
“Madam,” replied the Captain, “all that a man can do, will be done by Jaspar Hobson. The Company has charged him to explore the north of their possessions, and to establish a factory as near as possible to the confines of the American continent, and he will establish it.”
“That is a great responsibility for Lieutenant Hobson!” said the traveller.
“It is, madam, but Jaspar Hobson has never yet drawn3 back from a task imposed upon him, however formidable it may have appeared.”
“I can quite believe it, Captain,” replied Mrs Barnett, “and we shall now see the Lieutenant at work. But what induces the Company to construct a fort on the shores of the Arctic Ocean?”
“They have a powerful motive4, madam,” replied the Captain.
“I may add a double motive. At no very distant date, Russia will probably cede5 her American possessions to the Government of the United States. [*1] When this cession6 has taken place, the Company will find access to the Pacific Ocean extremely difficult, unless the North-west passage discovered by Mc’Clure be practicable. [*1 Captain Craventy’s prophecy has since been realised.] Fresh explorations will decide this, for the Admiralty is about to send a vessel7 which will coast along the North American continent, from Behring Strait to Coronation Gulf8, on the eastern side of which the new-Art is to be established. If the enterprise succeed, this point will become an important factory, the centre of the northern fur trade. The transport of furs across the Indian territories involves a vast expenditure9 of time and money, whereas, if the new route be available, steamers will take them from the new fort to the Pacific Ocean in a few days.”
“That would indeed be an important result of the enterprise, if this North-west passage can really be used,” replied Mrs Paulina Barnett; “but I think you spoke10 of a double motive.”
“I did, madam,” said the Captain, “and I alluded11 to a matter of vital interest to the Company. But I must beg of you to allow me to explain to you in a few words how the present state of things came about, how it is in fact that the very source of the trade of this once flourishing Company is in danger of destruction.”
The Captain then proceeded to give a brief sketch12 of the history of the famous Hudson’s Bay Company.
In the earliest times men employed the skins and furs of animals as clothing. The fur trade is therefore of very great antiquity13. Luxury in dress increased to such an extent, that sumptuary laws were enacted14 to control too great extravagance, especially in furs, for which there was a positive passion. Vair and the furs of Siberian squirrels were prohibited at the middle of the 12th century.
In 1553 Russia founded several establishments in the northern steppes, and England lost no time in following her example. The trade in sables15, ermines, and beavers16, was carried on through the agency of the Samoiedes; but during the reign17 of Elizabeth, a royal decree restricted the use of costly18 furs to such an extent, that for several years this branch of industry was completely paralysed.
On the 2nd May, 1670, a licence to trade in furs in the Hudson’s Bay Territory was granted to the Company, which numbered several men of high rank amongst its shareholders19: the Duke of York, the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Shaftesbury, &c. Its capital was then only ￡8420. Private companies were formidable rivals to its success; and French agents, making Canada their headquarters, ventured on hazardous20 but most lucrative21 expeditions. The active competition of these bold hunters threatened the very existence of the infant Company.
The conquest of Canada, however, somewhat lessened22 the danger of its position. Three years after the taking of Quebec, 1776, the fur trade received a new impulse. English traders became familiar with the difficulties of trade of this kind; they learned the customs of the country, the ways of the Indians and their system of exchange of goods, but for all this the Company as yet made no profits whatever. Moreover, towards 1784 some merchants of Montreal combined to explore the fur country, and founded that powerful North-west Company, which soon became the centre of the fur trade. In 1798 the new Company shipped furs to the value of no less than ￡120,000, and the existence of the Hudson’s Bay Company was again threatened.
We must add, that the North-west Company shrank from no act, however iniquitous23, if its interests were at stake. Its agents imposed on their own employés, speculated on the misery24 of the Indians, robbed them when they had themselves made them drunk, setting at defiance25 the Act of Parliament forbidding the sale of spirituous liquors on Indian territory; and consequently realising immense profits, in spite of the competition of the various Russian and American companies which had sprung up — the American Fur Company amongst others, founded in 1809, with a capital of a million of dollars, which was carrying on operations on the west of the Rocky Mountains.
The Hudson’s Bay Company was probably in greater danger of ruin than any other; but in 1821, after much discussion, a treaty was made, in accordance with which its old rival the North-west Company became amalgamated26 with it, the two receiving the common title of “The Hudson’s Bay Fur Company.”
Now the only rival of this important association is the American St Louis Fur Company. The Hudson’s Bay Company has numerous establishments scattered27 over a domain28 extending over 3,700,000 square miles. Its principal factories are situated29 on James Bay, at the mouth of the Severn, in the south, and towards the frontiers of Upper Canada, on Lakes Athapeskow, Winnipeg, Superior, Methye, Buffalo30, and near the Colombia, Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, and Assiniboin rivers, &c. Fort York, commanding the course of the river Nelson, is the headquarters of the Company, and contains its principal fur dep?t. Moreover, in 1842 it took a lease of all the Russian establishments in North America at an annual rent of ￡40,000, so that it is now working on its own account the vast tracts31 of country between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean. It has sent out intrepid32 explorers in every direction: Hearne, towards the Polar Sea, in 1770, to the discovery of the Coppermine River; Franklin, in 1819 to 1822, along 5550 miles of the American coast; Mackenzie, who, after having discovered the river to which he gave his name, reached the shores of the Pacific at 52° 24’ N. Lat. The following is a list of the quantities of skins and furs despatched to Europe by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1833-34, which will give an exact idea of the extent of its trade:—
Beavers . . . . . . . . . . . 1,074
Skins and young Beavers,. . 92,288
Musk33 Rats,. . . . . . . . . 694,092
Badgers,. . . . . . . . . . 1,069
Bears,. . . . . . . . . . . 7,451
Ermines,. . . . . . . . . . 491
Foes34, . . . . . . . . . . . 9,937
Lynxes, . . . . . . . . . . 14,255
Sables, . . . . . . . . . . 64,490
Polecats, . . . . . . . . . 25,100
Otters36, . . . . . . . . . . 22,303
Racoons,. . . . . . . . . . 713
Swans, . . . . . . . . . . 7,918
Wolves, . . . . . . . . . . 8,484
Wolverines, . . . . . . . . 1,571
Such figures ought to bring in a large profit to the Hudson’s Bay Company, but unfortunately they have not been maintained, and for the last twenty years have been decreasing.
The cause of this decline was the subject of Captain Craventy’s explanation to Mrs Paulina Barnett.
“Until 1839, madam,” said he, “the Company was in a flourishing condition. In that year the number of furs exported was 2,350,000, but since then the trade has gradually declined, and this number is now reduced by one-half at least.”
“But what do you suppose is the cause of this extraordinary decrease in the exportation of furs?” inquired Mrs Barnett.
“The depopulation of the hunting territories, caused by the activity, and, I must add, the want of foresight37 of the hunters. The game was trapped and killed without mercy. These massacres38 were conducted in the most reckless and short-sighted fashion. Even females with young and their little ones did not escape. The consequence is, that the animals whose fur is valuable have become extremely rare. The otter35 has almost entirely39 disappeared, and is only to be found near the islands of the North Pacific. Small colonies of beavers have taken refuge on the shores of the most distant rivers. It is the same with many other animals, compelled to flee before the invasion of the hunters. The traps, once crowded with game, are now empty. The price of skins is rising just when a great demand exists for furs. Hunters have gone away in disgust, leaving none but the most intrepid and indefatigable40, who now penetrate41 to the very confines of the American continent.”
“Yes,” said Mrs Paulina Barnett, “the fact of the fur-bearing animals having taken refuge beyond the polar circle, is a sufficient explanation of the Company’s motive in founding a factory on the borders of the Arctic Ocean.”
“Not only so, madam,” replied the Captain, “the Company is also compelled to seek a more northern centre of operations, for an Act of Parliament has lately greatly reduced its domain.”
“And the motive for this reduction?” inquired the traveller.
“A very important question of political economy was involved, madam; one which could not fail greatly to interest the statesmen of Great Britain. In a word, the interests of the Company and those of civilisation42 are antagonistic43. It is to the interest of the Company to keep the territory belonging to it in a wild uncultivated condition. Every attempt at clearing ground was pitilessly put a stop to, as it drove away the wild animals, so that the monopoly enjoyed by the Hudson’s Bay Company was detrimental44 to all agricultural enterprise. All questions not immediately relating to their own particular trade, were relentlessly45 put aside by the governors of the association. It was this despotic, and, in a certain sense, immoral46 system, which provoked the measures taken by Parliament, and, in 1837, a commission appointed by the Colonial Secretary decided47 that it was necessary to annex48 to Canada all the territories suitable for cultivation49, such as the Red River and Saskatchewan districts, and to leave to the Company only that portion of its land which appeared to be incapable50 of future civilisation. The next year the Company lost the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, which it held direct from the Colonial Office, and you will now understand, madam, how the agents of the Company, having lost their power over their old territories, are determined51 before giving up their trade to try to work the little known countries of the north, and so open a communication with the Pacific by means of the North-west passage.”
Mrs Paulina Barnett was now well informed as to the ulterior projects of the celebrated52 Company. Captain Craventy had given her a graphic53 sketch of the situation, and it is probable he would have entered into further details, had not an incident cut short his harangue54.
Corporal Joliffe announced in a loud voice that, with Mrs Joliffe’s assistance, he was about to mix the punch. This news was received as it deserved. The bowl — or rather, the basin — was filled with the precious liquid. It contained no less than ten pints55 of coarse rum. Sugar, measured out by Mrs Joliffe, was piled up at the bottom, and on the top floated slices of lemon shrivelled with age. Nothing remained to be done but to light this alcoholic56 lake, and the Corporal, match in hand, awaited the order of his Captain, as if he were about to spring a mine.
“All right, Joliffe!” at last said Captain Craventy.
The light was applied57 to the bowl, and in a moment the punch was in flames, whilst the guests applauded and clapped their hands. Ten minutes afterwards, full glasses of the delightful58 beverage59 were circulating amongst the guests, fresh bidders60 for them coming forward in endless succession, like speculators on the Stock Exchange.
“Hurrah61! hurrah! hurrah! three cheers for Mrs Barnett! A cheer for the Captain.”
In the midst of these joyful62 shouts cries were heard from outside. Silence immediately fell upon the company assembled.
“Sergeant63 Long,” said the Captain, “go and see what is the matter.”
And at his chief’s order, the Sergeant, leaving his glass unfinished, left the room.
收听单词发音 |
1
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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cede
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| v.割让，放弃 | |
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cession
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| n.割让，转让 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sables
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| n.紫貂( sable的名词复数 )；紫貂皮；阴暗的；暗夜 | |
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16
beavers
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| 海狸( beaver的名词复数 )； 海狸皮毛； 棕灰色； 拼命工作的人 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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18
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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shareholders
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| n.股东( shareholder的名词复数 ) | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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amalgamated
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| v.（使）（金属）汞齐化( amalgamate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）合并；联合；结合 | |
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27
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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musk
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| n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物，香猫 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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otter
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| n.水獭 | |
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otters
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| n.（水）獭( otter的名词复数 )；獭皮 | |
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foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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38
massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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41
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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43
antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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44
detrimental
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| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
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45
relentlessly
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| adv.不屈不挠地；残酷地；不间断 | |
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immoral
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| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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49
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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50
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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51
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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52
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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53
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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54
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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55
pints
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| n.品脱( pint的名词复数 )；一品脱啤酒 | |
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56
alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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57
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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58
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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59
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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60
bidders
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| n.出价者，投标人( bidder的名词复数 ) | |
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61
hurrah
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| int.好哇，万岁，乌拉 | |
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62
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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