But now Tithraustes seemed to have discovered in Agesilaus a disposition1 to despise the fortunes of the Persian monarch2 — he evidently had no intention to withdraw from Asia; on the contrary, he was cherishing hopes vast enough to include the capture of the king himself. Being at his wits’ end how to manage matters, he resolved to send Timocrates the Rhodian to Hellas with a gift of gold worthy3 fifty silver talents,208 and enjoined4 upon him to endeavour to exchange solemn pledges with the leading men in the several states, binding5 them to undertake a war against Lacedaemon. Timocrates arrived and began to dole6 out his presents. In Thebes he gave gifts to Androcleidas, Ismenias, and Galaxidorus; in Corinth to Timolaus and Polyanthes; in Argos to Cylon and his party. The Athenians,209 though they took no share of the gold, were none the less eager for the war, being of opinion that empire was theirs by right.210 The recipients7 of the moneys forthwith began covertly9 to attack the Lacedaemonians in their respective states, and, when they had brought these to a sufficient pitch of hatred10, bound together the most important of them in a confederacy.
But it was clear to the leaders in Thebes that, unless some one struck the first blow, the Lacedaemonians would never be brought to break the truce11 with their allies. They therefore persuaded the Opuntian Locrians211 to levy12 moneys on a debatable district,212 jointly13 claimed by the Phocians and themselves, when the Phocians would be sure to retaliate14 by an attack on Locris. These expectations were fulfilled. The Phocians immediately invaded Locris and seized moneys on their side with ample interest. Then Androcleidas and his friends lost no time in persuading the Thebans to assist the Locrians, on the ground that it was no debatable district which had been entered by the Phocians, but the admittedly friendly and allied15 territory of Locris itself. The counter-invasion of Phocis and pillage16 of their country by the Thebans promptly17 induced the Phocians to send an embassy to Lacedaemon. In claiming assistance they explained that the war was not of their own seeking, but that they had attacked the Locrians in self-defence. On their side the Lacedaemonians were glad enough to seize a pretext18 for marching upon the Thebans, against whom they cherished a long-standing bitterness. They had not forgotten the claim which the Thebans had set up to a tithe19 for Apollo in Deceleia,213 nor yet their refusal to support Lacedaemon in the attack on Piraeus;214 and they accused them further of having persuaded the Corinthians not to join that expedition. Nor did they fail to call to mind some later proceedings20 of the Thebans — their refusal to allow Agesilaus to sacrifice in Aulis;215 their snatching the victims already offered and hurling21 them from the altars; their refusal to join the same general in a campaign directed even against Asia.216 The Lacedaemonians further reasoned that now, if ever, was the favourable22 moment to conduct an expedition against the Thebans, and once for all to put a stop to their insolent23 behaviour towards them. Affairs in Asia were prospering24 under the strong arm of Agesilaus, and in Hellas they had no other war on hand to trammel their movements. Such, therefore, being the general view of the situation adopted at Lacedaemon, the ephors proceeded to call out the ban. Meanwhile they despatched Lysander to Phocis with orders to put himself at the head of the Phocians along with the Oetaeans, Heracleotes, Melians, and Aenianians, and to march upon Haliartus; before the walls of which place Pausanias, the destined25 leader of the expedition, undertook to present himself at the head of the Lacedaemonians and other Peloponnesian forces by a specified26 date. Lysander not only carried out his instructions to the letter, but going a little beyond them, succeeded in detaching Orchomenus from Thebes.217 Pausanias, on the other hand, after finding the sacrifice for crossing the frontier favourable, sat down at Tegea and set about despatching to and fro the commandants of allied troops whilst contentedly27 awaiting the soldiers from the provincial218 districts of Laconia.
And now that it was fully28 plain to the Thebans that the Lacedaemonians would invade their territory, they sent ambassadors to Athens, who spoke29 as follows:—
“Men of Athens, it is a mistake on your part to blame us for certain harsh resolutions concerning Athens at the conclusion of the war.219 That vote was not authorised by the state of Thebes. It was the utterance30 merely of one man,220 who was at that time seated in the congress of the allies. A more important fact is that when the Lacedaemonians summoned us to attack Piraeus221 the collective state of Thebes passed a resolution refusing to join in the campaign. As then you are to a large extent the cause of the resentment31 which the Lacedaemonians feel towards us, we consider it only fair that you in your turn should render us assistance. Still more do we demand of you, sirs, who were of the city party at that date, to enter heart and soul into war with the Lacedaemonians. For what were their services to you? They first deliberately32 converted you into an oligarchy33 and placed you in hostility34 to the democracy, and then they came with a great force under guise35 of being your allies, and delivered you over to the majority, so that, for any service they rendered you, you were all dead men; and you owe your lives to our friends here, the people of Athens.222
“But to pass on — we all know, men of Athens, that you would like to recover the empire which you formerly36 possessed37; and how can you compass your object better than by coming to the aid yourselves of the victims of Lacedaemonian injustice38? Is it their wide empire of which you are afraid? Let not that make cowards of you — much rather let it embolden39 you as you lay to heart and ponder your own case. When your empire was widest then the crop of your enemies was thickest. Only so long as they found no opportunity to revolt did they keep their hatred of you dark; but no sooner had they found a champion in Lacedaemon than they at once showed what they really felt towards you. So too today. Let us show plainly that we mean to stand shoulder to shoulder223 embattled against the Lacedaemonians; and haters enough of them — whole armies — never fear, will be forthcoming. To prove the truth of this assertion you need only to count upon your fingers. How many friends have they left to them today? The Argives have been, are, and ever will be, hostile to them. Of course. But the Eleians? Why, the Eleians have quite lately224 been robbed of so much territory and so many cities that their friendship is converted into hatred. And what shall we say of the Corinthians? the Arcadians? the Achaeans? In the war which Sparta waged against you, there was no toil40, no danger, no expense, which those peoples did not share, in obedience41 to the dulcet42 coaxings225 and persuasions43 of that power. The Lacedaemonians gained what they wanted, and then not one fractional portion of empire, honour, or wealth did these faithful followers44 come in for. That is not all. They have no scruple45 in appointing their helots226 as governors, and on the free necks of their alies, in the day of their good fortune, they have planted the tyrant’s heel.
“Then again take the case of those whom they have detached from yourselves. In the most patent way they have cajoled and cheated them; in place of freedom they have presented them with a twofold slavery. The allies are tyrannised over by the governor and tyrannised over by the ten commissioners46 set up by Lysander over every city.227 And to come lastly to the great king. In spite of all the enormous contributions with which he aided them to gain a mastery over you, is the lord of Asia one whit47 better off today than if he had taken exactly the opposite course and joined you in reducing them?
“Is it not clear that you have only to step forward once again as the champions of this crowd of sufferers from injustice, and you will attain48 to a pinnacle49 of power quite unprecedented50? In the days of your old empire you were leaders of the maritime51 powers merely — that is clear; but your new empire today will be universal. You will have at your backs not only your former subjects, but ourselves, and the Peloponnesians, and the king himself, with all that mighty52 power which is his. We do not deny that we were serviceable allies enough to Lacedaemon, as you will bear us witness; but this we say:— If we helped the Lacedaemonians vigorously in the past, everything tends to show that we shall help you still more vigorously today; for our swords will be unsheathed, not in behalf of islanders, or Syracusans, or men of alien stock, as happened in the late war, but of ourselves, suffering under a sense of wrong. And there is another important fact which you ought to realise: this selfish system of organised greed which is Sparta’s will fall more readily to pieces than your own late empire. Yours was the proud assertion of naval53 empire over subjects powerless by sea. Theirs is the selfish sway of a minority asserting dominion54 over states equally well armed with themselves, and many times more numerous. Here our remarks end. Do not forget, however, men of Athens, that as far as we can understand the matter, the field to which we invite you is destined to prove far richer in blessings55 to your own state of Athens than to ours, Thebes.”
With these words the speaker ended. Among the Athenians, speaker after speaker spoke in favour of the proposition,228 and finally a unanimous resolution was passed voting assitance to the Thebans. Thrasybulus, in an answer communicating the resolution, pointed56 out with pride that in spite of the unfortified condition of Piraeus, Athens would not shrink from repaying her former debt of gratitude57 to Thebes with interest. “You,” he added, “refused to join in a campaign against us; we are prepared to fight your battles with you against the enemy, if he attacks you.” Thus the Thebans returned home and made preparations to defend themselves, whilst the Athenians made ready to assist them.
And now the Lacedaemonians no longer hesitated. Pausanias the king advanced into Boeotia with the home army and the whole of the Peloponnesian contingents59, saving only the Corinthians, who declined to serve. Lysander, at the head of the army supplied by Phocis and Orchomenus and the other strong places in those parts, had already reached Haliartus, in front of Pausanias. Being arrived, he refused to sit down quietly and await the arrival of the army from Lacedaemon, but at once marched with what troops he had against the walls of Haliartus; and in the first instance he tried to persuade the citizens to detach themselves from Thebes and to assume autonomy, but the intention was cut short by certain Thebans within the fortress60. Whereupon Lysander attacked the place. The Thebans were made aware,229 and hurried to the rescue with heavy infantry61 and cavalry62. Then, whether it was that the army of relief fell upon Lysander unawares, or that with clear knowledge of his approach he preferred to await the enemy, with intent to crush him, is uncertain. This only is clear: a battle was fought beside the walls, and a trophy63 still exists to mark the victory of the townsfolk before the gates of Haliartus. Lysander was slain64, and the rest fled to the mountains, the Thebans hotly pursuing. But when the pursuit had led them to some considerable height, and they were fairly environed and hemmed65 in by difficult ground and narrow space, then the heavy infantry turned to bay, and greeted them with a shower of darts66 and missiles. First two or three men dropped who had been foremost of the pursuers, and then upon the rest they poured volleys of stones down the precipitous incline, and pressed on their late pursuers with much zeal67, until the Thebans turned tail and quitted the deadly slope, leaving behind them more than a couple of hundred corpses68.
On this day, thereafter, the hearts of the Thebans failed them as they counted their losses and found them equal to their gains; but the next day they discovered that during the night the Phocians and the rest of them had made off to their several homes, whereupon they fell to pluming69 themselves highly on their achievement. But presently Pausanias appeared at the head of the Lacedaemonian army, and once more their dangers seemed to thicken round them. Deep, we are told, was the silence and abasement70 which reigned71 in their host. It was not until the third day, when the Athenians arrived230 and were duely drawn72 up beside them, whilst Pausanias neither attacked nor offered battle, that at length the confidence of the Thebans took a larger range. Pausanias, on his side, having summoned his generals and commanders of fifties,231 deliberated whether to give battle or to content himself with picking up the bodies of Lysander and those who fell with him, under cover of a truce.
The considerations which weighed upon the minds of Pausanias and the other high officers of the Lacedaemonians seem to have been that Lysander was dead and his defeated army in retreat; while, as far as they themselves were concerned, the Corinthian contingent58 was absolutely wanting, and the zeal of the troops there present at the lowest ebb73. They further reasoned that the enemy’s cavalry was numerous and theirs the reverse; whilst, weightiest of all, there lay the dead right under the walls, so that if they had been ever so much stronger it would have been no easy task to pick up the bodies within range of the towers of Haliartus. On all these grounds they determined74 to ask for a flag of truce, in order to pick up the bodies of the slain. These, however, the Thebans were not disposed to give back unless they agreed to retire from their territory. The terms were gladly accepted by the Lacedaemonians, who at once picked up the corpses of the slain, and prepared to quit the territory of Boeotia. The preliminaries were transacted75, and the retreat commenced. Despondent76 indeed was the demeanour of the Lacedaemonians, in contrast with the insolent bearing of the Thebans, who visited the slightest attempt to trespass77 on their private estates with blows and chased the offenders78 back on to the high roads unflinchingly. Such was the conclusion of the campaign of the Lacedaemonians.
As for Pausanias, on his arrival at home he was tried on the capital charge. The heads of indictment79 set forth8 that he had failed to reach Haliartus as soon as Lysander, in spite of his undertaking80 to be there on the same day: that, instead of using any endeavour to pick up the bodies of the slain by force of arms, he had asked for a flag of truce: that at an earlier date, when he had got the popular government of Athens fairly in his grip at Piraeus, he had suffered it to slip through his fingers and escape. Besides this,232 he failed to present himself at the trial, and a sentence of death was passed upon him. He escaped to Tegea and there died of an illness whilst still in exile. Thus closes the chapter of events enacted81 on the soil of Hellas. To return to Asia and Agesilaus.
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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dole
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| n.救济，（失业）救济金；vt.（out）发放，发给 | |
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recipients
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| adj.接受的；受领的；容纳的；愿意接受的n.收件人；接受者；受领者；接受器 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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covertly
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| adv.偷偷摸摸地 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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jointly
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| ad.联合地，共同地 | |
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retaliate
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| v.报复，反击 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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prospering
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的现在分词 ) | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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contentedly
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| adv.心满意足地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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oligarchy
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| n.寡头政治 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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embolden
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| v.给…壮胆，鼓励 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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dulcet
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| adj.悦耳的 | |
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persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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whit
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| n.一点，丝毫 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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59
contingents
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| （志趣相投、尤指来自同一地方的）一组与会者( contingent的名词复数 )； 代表团； （军队的）分遣队； 小分队 | |
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60
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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61
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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pluming
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| 用羽毛装饰（plume的现在分词形式） | |
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abasement
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| n.滥用 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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transacted
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| v.办理（业务等）( transact的过去式和过去分词 )；交易，谈判 | |
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despondent
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| adj.失望的，沮丧的，泄气的 | |
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77
trespass
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| n./v.侵犯，闯入私人领地 | |
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78
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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79
indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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80
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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81
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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