Nothing has ever excited the wonder and admiration12 of naturalists13 more than this prodigious14 population of the sea—these unthinkable myriads15 of hungry things which are shut up to the necessity of preying16 upon each other since other forms of food do not exist.320 The mind recoils18 dismayed from a contemplation of their countlessness, as it does from the thought of timelessness or the extent of the stellar spaces, shrinkingly admitting its limitations and seeking relief in some subject that is within its grasp. But without touching20 upon the lower forms of life peopling the sea, and so escaping the burden of thought which the slightest consideration of their myriads entail21, it is possible to note, without weariness, how, all over the waste spaces of a remote and unhearing ocean, fish of noble proportions and varying degrees of edibility22 disport23 themselves, breeding none know where, and revealing their beauties to the passing seafarer as they gather companionably around his solitary24 keel. Excluding all the varied25 species of mammals that form such an immense portion of the sea-folk, it may roughly be said that the majority of deep-sea fish belong to the mackerel family, or Scombridæ. They possess, in an exaggerated form, all the characteristics of that well-known edible26 fish that occasionally gluts27 our markets and gladdens the hearts of our fishermen.
One of the least numerous, but from his size and prowess probably the monarch28 of all sea fish, is the sword-fish, Xiphias. This elegant fish attains29 an enormous size, specimens31 having been caught weighing over a quarter of a ton; but owing to the incomparable grace of its form, its speed and agility32 are beyond belief. It is often—in fact, generally—confounded with the “saw-fish,” a species of shark; the principal reason of this confusion being the great number of321 “saws” or beaks33 of the latter, which are to be found in homes about the country. Yet between the sword of the Xiphias and the “saw” of the Pristiophoridæ there is about as much similarity as there is between the assegai of a Zulu and the waddy of a black-fellow. The one weapon is a slender, finely pointed34 shaft35 of the hardest bone, an extended process of the skull36, about two feet long in a large specimen30. Impelled37 by the astounding38 vigour39 of the lithe40 monster behind it, this tremendous weapon has been proved capable of penetrating41 the massive oaken timbers of a ship, and a specimen may be seen in the Museum of Natural History at South Kensington, at this present time, transfixing a section of ship’s timber several inches in thickness. The “saw,” on the other hand, is, like all the rest of a shark’s skeleton, composed of cartilage, besides being terminated at the tip by a broad, almost snout-like end. Unlike the round lance of the sword-fish, the “saw” has a flat blade set on both sides with sharp teeth with considerable gaps between them. As its name and shape would imply, it is used saw-wise, principally for disembowelling fish, for upon such soft food the saw-fish is compelled to feed owing to the shape of his mouth and the insignificance42 of his teeth. Thus it will be seen that apart from the radical43 differences between the two creatures, nothing being really in common between them, except that they are both fish, there is really no comparison possible between “saw” and “sword.” Fortunately for the less warlike inhabitants of the deep sea, sword-fish are not numerous, there are none to cope with them or keep their322 numbers down if they were prolific44. Sometimes—strange companionship—they join forces with the killer45 whale and the thresher shark in an attack upon one of the larger whales, only avoiding instinctively46 that monarch of the boundless47 main, the cachalot.
Next in size and importance among deep-sea fish, excluding sharks, about which I have said so much elsewhere that I do not propose dealing48 with them here, is the albacore, tunny or tuña, all of which are sub-varieties of, or local names for the same huge mackerel. They abound49 in every tropical sea, and are also found in certain favourable50 waters, such as the Mediterranean51 and Pacific coast of America. Like the sword-fish their habits of breeding are unknown, since they have their home in the solitudes52 of the ocean. But they are one of the fish most frequently met with by seafarers, as, like several others of the same great family, they are fond of following a ship. A sailing ship that is, for the throb53 of the propeller54, apart from the speed of the vessel55, is effectual in preventing their attendance upon steamers, so that passengers by steamships56 have few opportunities of observing them. But in sailing vessels57, gliding58 placidly59 along under the easy pressure of gentle breezes, or lying quietly waiting for the friendly wind, ample scope is given for study of their every-day life. Very occasionally too, some seaman60, more skilful61 or enterprising than his fellows, will succeed in catching62 one by trolling a piece of white rag or a polished spoon with a powerful hook attached. Yet such is the vigour and so great is the323 size of these huge mackerel, some attaining63 a length of six feet and a weight of five hundred pounds, that their capture from a ship is infrequent.
In size, beauty, and importance, the “dolphin” easily claims the next place to the albacore. But an unaccountable confusion has gathered around this splendid fish on account of his popular name. The dolphin of mythological64 sculpture bears no resemblance either to the popularly named dolphin of the seaman and the poets, or the scientifically named dolphin of the natural histories, which is a mammal, and identical with the porpoise65. One thing is certain, that no sailor will ever speak of the porpoise as a dolphin, or call Coryphena hippuris anything else. Of this lovely denizen66 of the deep sea, it is difficult to speak soberly. Even the dullest of men wax enthusiastic over its glories, feeling sure that none of all beautiful created things can approach it for splendour of array. I have often tried to distinguish its different hues67, watching it long and earnestly as it basked68 alongside in the limpid69 blue environment of its home. But my efforts have always been in vain, since every turn of its elegant form revealed some new combination of dazzling tints70 blending and brightening in such radiant loveliness that any classification of their shades was impossible. Then a swift wave of the wide forked tail-fin would send the lithe body all a-quiver in a new direction, where, catching a stray sunbeam it would blaze like burnished71 silver reflecting the golden gleam, and the overtaxed eye must needs turn away for relief. Then suddenly the marvellous creature324 would spring into activity, launching itself in long vibrant72 leaps through the air after its prey17, a fleeting73 school of flying fish, that with all their winged speed could not escape the lethal75 jaws76 of their splendid pursuer. Having read of the wondrously77 changing colours of a dying dolphin I watched with great eagerness the first one that ever I saw caught. Great was my disappointment and resentment79 against those who had perpetrated and perpetuated80 such a fable81. Compared with the glory of the living creature, the fading hues of its vesture when dying were as lead is to gold. Only by most careful watching was it possible to distinguish the changing colour schemes, faint and dim, as if with departing vitality82 they too were compelled to fade and die away into darkness. On the utilitarian83 side too the dolphin is beloved by the sailor, for its flesh is whiter and more sapid than that of any other deep-sea fish except the flying fish, which are too small and too infrequently got hold of on board ship to be taken much account of for food. Yet, in spite of its wondrous78 speed, the dolphin, when congregated84 in considerable numbers, often falls a prey to the giant albacore, which hurls85 itself into their midst, clashing its great jaws and destroying many more than it devours86.
Commonest of all deep-water fish, but only found in the warm waters of the tropical seas or fairly close to their northern or southern limits is the bonito, another member of the mackerel family, but much inferior in size to the albacore. “Bonito” is a Spanish diminutive87 equivalent to beautiful, and beautiful325 the bonito certainly is, although compared with the dazzling glory of the dolphin it looks quite homely88. It is a most sociable89 fish, keeping company with a slow-moving sailing ship for days together, and quite easily caught with a hook to which a morsel90 of white rag is fastened to simulate a flying fish. For its size—the largest I have ever seen being less than thirty pounds weight—its strength is incredible, as is also the quantity of warm blood it contains. On account of these two characteristics, it is usual when fishing for bonito off the end of the jibboom to take out a sack and secure it to the jib-guys with its mouth gaping91 wide so that the newly caught fish may be promptly92 dropped therein to kick and bleed in safety and cleanliness. My first bonito entailed93 upon me considerable discomfort94. I was a lad of fourteen, and had stolen out unobserved to fish with the mate’s line, which he had left coiled on the boom. I hooked a large fish which, after a struggle, I succeeded in hauling up until I embraced him tightly with both arms. His vibrations95 actually shook the ship, and they continued until my whole body was quite benumbed, and I could not feel that a large patch of skin was chafed96 off my breast where I hugged my prize to me. And not only was I literally97 drenched98 with the fish’s blood, but the flying jib, which happened to be furled on the boom, was in a truly shocking condition likewise. Nevertheless I rejoice to think that I held on to my fish and successfully bore him inboard to the cook, although I shook so with excitement and fatigue99 that I could scarcely keep my feet. Nor was my triumph326 much discounted by the complete rope’s-ending I got the same evening, when upon hoisting100 the jib, its filthy101 condition was made manifest, and at once rightly attributed to me. The flesh of the bonito is coarse and dark, tough, and with little flavour. But still it comes as a welcome change to the worse than pauper102 dietary served out to crews of sailing ships generally, while the ease with which the fish may be caught, and the frequency of its companionship make it one of the most appreciated by seamen103 of all the denizens104 of the deep sea. One other virtue105 it possesses which makes it even more of a favourite than the dolphin, in spite of all the latter’s superior palatability—it is never poisonous, unless after exposure to the rays of the moon. Dolphin have often been known to inflict106 severe suffering upon those eating their flesh, and no one who has ever experienced the enormously swollen107 head and agonizing108 pain consequent upon a meal off a poisonous dolphin is ever likely to think even of such a meal again without a shudder109.
Another exceedingly pretty fish found in all deep tropical waters is the skip-jack. Smaller than the average bonito, yet in the details of its form closely resembling the great albacore, this elegant fish is less sociable than any of those mentioned in the preceding lines. Therefore, it is seldom caught, although in calm weather in the doldrums thousands may often be seen making the short vertical110 leaps into the air from which peculiar111 evolution they derive112 their trivial name. Both the bonito and the skip-jack are subject to being devoured113 by the albacore, whose voracity,327 swiftness, and size make him the terror of all his smaller congeners.
Occasionally after a few days’ calm some delicate little fish, also belonging to the mackerel tribe—a species of caranx—will be seen huddling114 timorously115 around the rudder of a ship, as if in momentary116 dread117 of being devoured, a dread which is exceedingly well founded. The wonder is how any of them escape the ravenous118 jaws of the larger fish since they must find it well-nigh impossible to get away from such pursuers. They may be easily caught by a fine line and hook, and are very dainty eating. So, too, with the lovely little caranx familiar to all readers as the pilot fish. What peculiar instinct impels119 this beautiful tiny wanderer to attach himself to a shark is one of the mysteries of natural history, and the subject of much ignorant incredulity on the part of those who are often found ready to believe some of the most absurd travellers’ yarns120. But the pilot fish and its habits deserves a whole paper to itself—it is far too interesting a subject to be dealt with in the brief space now remaining. This, too, must be said of the flying-fish, one of the most wonderful of all the inhabitants of the deep seas, yet not so important to the seaman from a utilitarian point of view, since the occasional stragglers that do fly on board ship in their blind haste to escape from their countless19 foes121 beneath, usually fall to the lot of the ship’s cat. Pussy122 is swift to learn that the sharp “smack” against the bulwarks123 at night, followed by a rapid rattling124 flutter means a most delicious meal for her, and smart indeed must be the328 sailor who finds the hapless fish before pussy has commenced her banquet.
One more important member of the true ocean fish must be mentioned, although it also frequents many shores, and is regularly caught for market on widely separated coasts. It is the barracouta or sea-pike, a large fish of delicious flavour, much resembling the hake of our own southern coasts. As I have caught this voracious125 fish all over the Indian Ocean, I have no hesitation126 at including it among deep-sea fish, although perhaps many well-informed seafarers would disagree with me. But if any seaman, still pursuing his vocation127, doubts my statement, let him on his next East Indian voyage keep a line towing astern with a shred128 of crimson129 bunting hiding a stout130 hook at its end, as soon as the ship hauls to the nor’ard after rounding the Cape74. And I can assure him that he will have several tasty messes of fish before she crosses the Line.
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1
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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preying
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| v.掠食( prey的现在分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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recoils
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| n.（尤指枪炮的）反冲，后坐力( recoil的名词复数 )v.畏缩( recoil的第三人称单数 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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edibility
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| 适食性，可食性； 可食用性 | |
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disport
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| v.嬉戏，玩 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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gluts
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| n.供过于求( glut的名词复数 )；过量供应；放纵；尽量v.吃得过多( glut的第三人称单数 )；（对胃口、欲望等）纵情满足；使厌腻；塞满 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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beaks
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| n.鸟嘴( beak的名词复数 )；鹰钩嘴；尖鼻子；掌权者 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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killer
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| n.杀人者，杀人犯，杀手，屠杀者 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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53
throb
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| v.震颤，颤动；(急速强烈地)跳动，搏动 | |
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54
propeller
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| n.螺旋桨，推进器 | |
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55
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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steamships
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| n.汽船，大轮船( steamship的名词复数 ) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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mythological
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| adj.神话的 | |
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porpoise
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| n.鼠海豚 | |
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denizen
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| n.居民，外籍居民 | |
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hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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basked
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的过去式和过去分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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vibrant
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| adj.震颤的，响亮的，充满活力的，精力充沛的，(色彩)鲜明的 | |
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73
fleeting
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| adj.短暂的，飞逝的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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lethal
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| adj.致死的；毁灭性的 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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wondrously
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| adv.惊奇地，非常，极其 | |
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wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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utilitarian
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| adj.实用的，功利的 | |
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84
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
hurls
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的第三人称单数 )；大声叫骂 | |
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devours
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| 吞没( devour的第三人称单数 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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89
sociable
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| adj.好交际的，友好的，合群的 | |
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morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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vibrations
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| n.摆动( vibration的名词复数 )；震动；感受；（偏离平衡位置的）一次性往复振动 | |
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chafed
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| v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的过去式 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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100
hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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pauper
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| n.贫民，被救济者，穷人 | |
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103
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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agonizing
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| adj.痛苦难忍的；使人苦恼的v.使极度痛苦；折磨(agonize的ing形式) | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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huddling
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| n. 杂乱一团, 混乱, 拥挤 v. 推挤, 乱堆, 草率了事 | |
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115
timorously
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| adv.胆怯地，羞怯地 | |
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momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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impels
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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yarns
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| n.纱( yarn的名词复数 )；纱线；奇闻漫谈；旅行轶事 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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pussy
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| n.(儿语)小猫，猫咪 | |
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123
bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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126
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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127
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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128
shred
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| v.撕成碎片，变成碎片；n.碎布条，细片，些少 | |
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129
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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