"AND now, Prendick, I will explain," said Doctor Moreau, so soon as we had eaten and drunk. "I must confess that you are the most dictatorial1 guest I ever entertained. I warn you that this is the last I shall do to oblige you. The next thing you threaten to commit suicide about, I shan't do,--even at some personal inconvenience."
He sat in my deck chair, a cigar half consumed in his white, dexterous-looking fingers. The light of the swinging lamp fell on his white hair; he stared through the little window out at the starlight. I sat as far away from him as possible, the table between us and the revolvers to hand. Montgomery was not present. I did not care to be with the two of them in such a little room.
"You admit that the vivisected human being, as you called it, is, after all, only the puma2?" said Moreau. He had made me visit that horror in the inner room, to assure myself of its inhumanity.
"It is the puma," I said, "still alive, but so cut and mutilated as I pray I may never see living flesh again. Of all vile--"
"Never mind that," said Moreau; "at least, spare me those youthful horrors. Montgomery used to be just the same. You admit that it is the puma. Now be quiet, while I reel off my physiological3 lecture to you."
And forthwith, beginning in the tone of a man supremely5 bored, but presently warming a little, he explained his work to me. He was very simple and convincing. Now and then there was a touch of sarcasm6 in his voice. Presently I found myself hot with shame at our mutual7 positions.
The creatures I had seen were not men, had never been men. They were animals, humanised animals,--triumphs of vivisection.
"You forget all that a skilled vivisector can do with living things," said Moreau. "For my own part, I'm puzzled why the things I have done here have not been done before. Small efforts, of course, have been made,--amputation, tongue-cutting, excisions. Of course you know a squint8 may be induced or cured by surgery? Then in the case of excisions you have all kinds of secondary changes, pigmentary9 disturbances10, modifications12 of the passions, alterations14 in the secretion15 of fatty tissue. I have no doubt you have heard of these things?"
"Of course," said I. "But these foul16 creatures of yours--"
"All in good time," said he, waving his hand at me; "I am only beginning. Those are trivial cases of alteration13. Surgery can do better things than that. There is building up as well as breaking down and changing. You have heard, perhaps, of a common surgical17 operation resorted to in cases where the nose has been destroyed: a flap of skin is cut from the forehead, turned down on the nose, and heals in the new position. This is a kind of grafting18 in a new position of part of an animal upon itself. Grafting of freshly obtained material from another animal is also possible,--the case of teeth, for example. The grafting of skin and bone is done to facilitate healing: the surgeon places in the middle of the wound pieces of skin snipped19 from another animal, or fragments of bone from a victim freshly killed. Hunter's cock-spur--possibly you have heard of that--flourished on the bull's neck; and the rhinoceros20 rats of the Algerian zouaves are also to be thought of,--monsters manufactured by transferring a slip from the tail of an ordinary rat to its snout, and allowing it to heal in that position."
"Monsters manufactured!" said I. "Then you mean to tell me--"
"Yes. These creatures you have seen are animals carven and wrought21 into new shapes. To that, to the study of the plasticity of living forms, my life has been devoted22. I have studied for years, gaining in knowledge as I go. I see you look horrified23, and yet I am telling you nothing new. It all lay in the surface of practical anatomy24 years ago, but no one had the temerity25 to touch it. It is not simply the outward form of an animal which I can change. The physiology26, the chemical rhythm of the creature, may also be made to undergo an enduring modification11,--of which vaccination27 and other methods of inoculation28 with living or dead matter are examples that will, no doubt, be familiar to you. A similar operation is the transfusion29 of blood,--with which subject, indeed, I began. These are all familiar cases. Less so, and probably far more extensive, were the operations of those mediaeval practitioners30 who made dwarfs31 and beggar-cripples, show-monsters,--some vestiges32 of whose art still remain in the preliminary manipulation of the young mountebank33 or contortionist. Victor Hugo gives an account of them in 'L'Homme qui Rit.'--But perhaps my meaning grows plain now. You begin to see that it is a possible thing to transplant tissue from one part of an animal to another, or from one animal to another; to alter its chemical reactions and methods of growth; to modify the articulations of its limbs; and, indeed, to change it in its most intimate structure.
"And yet this extraordinary branch of knowledge has never been sought as an end, and systematically34, by modern investigators35 until I took it up! Some such things have been hit upon in the last resort of surgery; most of the kindred evidence that will recur37 to your mind has been demonstrated as it were by accident,--by tyrants38, by criminals, by the breeders of horses and dogs, by all kinds of untrained clumsy-handed men working for their own immediate39 ends. I was the first man to take up this question armed with antiseptic surgery, and with a really scientific knowledge of the laws of growth. Yet one would imagine it must have been practised in secret before. Such creatures as the Siamese Twins--And in the vaults40 of the Inquisition. No doubt their chief aim was artistic41 torture, but some at least of the inquisitors must have had a touch of scientific curiosity."
"But," said I, "these things--these animals talk!"
He said that was so, and proceeded to point out that the possibility of vivisection does not stop at a mere42 physical metamorphosis. A pig may be educated. The mental structure is even less determinate than the bodily. In our growing science of hypnotism we find the promise of a possibility of superseding43 old inherent instincts by new suggestions, grafting upon or replacing the inherited fixed44 ideas. Very much indeed of what we call moral education, he said, is such an artificial modification and perversion45 of instinct; pugnacity46 is trained into courageous47 self-sacrifice, and suppressed sexuality into religious emotion. And the great difference between man and monkey is in the larynx, he continued,--in the incapacity to frame delicately different sound-symbols by which thought could be sustained. In this I failed to agree with him, but with a certain incivility he declined to notice my objection. He repeated that the thing was so, and continued his account of his work.
I asked him why he had taken the human form as a model. There seemed to me then, and there still seems to me now, a strange wickedness for that choice.
He confessed that he had chosen that form by chance. "I might just as well have worked to form sheep into llamas and llamas into sheep. I suppose there is something in the human form that appeals to the artistic turn of mind more powerfully than any animal shape can. But I've not confined myself to man-making. Once or twice--" He was silent, for a minute perhaps. "These years! How they have slipped by! And here I have wasted a day saving your life, and am now wasting an hour explaining myself!"
"But," said I, "I still do not understand. Where is your justification48 for inflicting49 all this pain? The only thing that could excuse vivisection to me would be some application--"
"Precisely," said he. "But, you see, I am differently constituted. We are on different platforms. You are a materialist50."
"I am _not_ a materialist," I began hotly.
"In my view--in my view. For it is just this question of pain that parts us. So long as visible or audible pain turns you sick; so long as your own pains drive you; so long as pain underlies51 your propositions about sin,--so long, I tell you, you are an animal, thinking a little less obscurely what an animal feels. This pain--"
I gave an impatient shrug52 at such sophistry53.
"Oh, but it is such a little thing! A mind truly opened to what science has to teach must see that it is a little thing. It may be that save in this little planet, this speck54 of cosmic dust, invisible long before the nearest star could be attained--it may be, I say, that nowhere else does this thing called pain occur. But the laws we feel our way towards--Why, even on this earth, even among living things, what pain is there?"
As he spoke55 he drew a little penknife from his pocket, opened the smaller blade, and moved his chair so that I could see his thigh56. Then, choosing the place deliberately57, he drove the blade into his leg and withdrew it.
"No doubt," he said, "you have seen that before. It does not hurt a pin-prick. But what does it show? The capacity for pain is not needed in the muscle, and it is not placed there,--is but little needed in the skin, and only here and there over the thigh is a spot capable of feeling pain. Pain is simply our intrinsic medical adviser58 to warn us and stimulate59 us. Not all living flesh is painful; nor is all nerve, not even all sensory60 nerve. There's no taint61 of pain, real pain, in the sensations of the optic nerve. If you wound the optic nerve, you merely see flashes of light,--just as disease of the auditory nerve merely means a humming in our ears. Plants do not feel pain, nor the lower animals; it's possible that such animals as the starfish and crayfish do not feel pain at all. Then with men, the more intelligent they become, the more intelligently they will see after their own welfare, and the less they will need the goad62 to keep them out of danger. I never yet heard of a useless thing that was not ground out of existence by evolution sooner or later. Did you? And pain gets needless.
"Then I am a religious man, Prendick, as every sane63 man must be. It may be, I fancy, that I have seen more of the ways of this world's Maker64 than you,--for I have sought his laws, in _my_ way, all my life, while you, I understand, have been collecting butterflies. And I tell you, pleasure and pain have nothing to do with heaven or hell. Pleasure and pain--bah! What is your theologian's ecstasy65 but Mahomet's houri in the dark? This store which men and women set on pleasure and pain, Prendick, is the mark of the beast upon them,--the mark of the beast from which they came! Pain, pain and pleasure, they are for us only so long as we wriggle66 in the dust.
"You see, I went on with this research just the way it led me. That is the only way I ever heard of true research going. I asked a question, devised some method of obtaining an answer, and got a fresh question. Was this possible or that possible? You cannot imagine what this means to an investigator36, what an intellectual passion grows upon him! You cannot imagine the strange, colourless delight of these intellectual desires! The thing before you is no longer an animal, a fellow-creature, but a problem! Sympathetic pain,--all I know of it I remember as a thing I used to suffer from years ago. I wanted--it was the one thing I wanted--to find out the extreme limit of plasticity in a living shape."
"But," said I, "the thing is an abomination--"
"To this day I have never troubled about the ethics67 of the matter," he continued. "The study of Nature makes a man at last as remorseless as Nature. I have gone on, not heeding68 anything but the question I was pursuing; and the material has--dripped into the huts yonder. It is nearly eleven years since we came here, I and Montgomery and six Kanakas. I remember the green stillness of the island and the empty ocean about us, as though it was yesterday. The place seemed waiting for me.
"The stores were landed and the house was built. The Kanakas founded some huts near the ravine. I went to work here upon what I had brought with me. There were some disagreeable things happened at first. I began with a sheep, and killed it after a day and a half by a slip of the scalpel. I took another sheep, and made a thing of pain and fear and left it bound up to heal. It looked quite human to me when I had finished it; but when I went to it I was discontented with it. It remembered me, and was terrified beyond imagination; and it had no more than the wits of a sheep. The more I looked at it the clumsier it seemed, until at last I put the monster out of its misery69. These animals without courage, these fear-haunted, pain-driven things, without a spark of pugnacious70 energy to face torment,--they are no good for man-making.
"Then I took a gorilla71 I had; and upon that, working with infinite care and mastering difficulty after difficulty, I made my first man. All the week, night and day, I moulded him. With him it was chiefly the brain that needed moulding; much had to be added, much changed. I thought him a fair specimen72 of the negroid type when I had finished him, and he lay bandaged, bound, and motionless before me. It was only when his life was assured that I left him and came into this room again, and found Montgomery much as you are. He had heard some of the cries as the thing grew human,--cries like those that disturbed _you_ so. I didn't take him completely into my confidence at first. And the Kanakas too, had realised something of it. They were scared out of their wits by the sight of me. I got Montgomery over to me--in a way; but I and he had the hardest job to prevent the Kanakas deserting. Finally they did; and so we lost the yacht. I spent many days educating the brute,--altogether I had him for three or four months. I taught him the rudiments73 of English; gave him ideas of counting; even made the thing read the alphabet. But at that he was slow, though I've met with idiots slower. He began with a clean sheet, mentally; had no memories left in his mind of what he had been. When his scars were quite healed, and he was no longer anything but painful and stiff, and able to converse74 a little, I took him yonder and introduced him to the Kanakas as an interesting stowaway75.
"They were horribly afraid of him at first, somehow,--which offended me rather, for I was conceited76 about him; but his ways seemed so mild, and he was so abject77, that after a time they received him and took his education in hand. He was quick to learn, very imitative and adaptive, and built himself a hovel rather better, it seemed to me, than their own shanties78. There was one among the boys a bit of a missionary79, and he taught the thing to read, or at least to pick out letters, and gave him some rudimentary ideas of morality; but it seems the beast's habits were not all that is desirable.
"I rested from work for some days after this, and was in a mind to write an account of the whole affair to wake up English physiology. Then I came upon the creature squatting80 up in a tree and gibbering at two of the Kanakas who had been teasing him. I threatened him, told him the inhumanity of such a proceeding81, aroused his sense of shame, and came home resolved to do better before I took my work back to England. I have been doing better. But somehow the things drift back again: the stubborn beast-flesh grows day by day back again. But I mean to do better things still. I mean to conquer that. This puma--
"But that's the story. All the Kanaka boys are dead now;
one fell overboard of the launch, and one died of a wounded
heel that he poisoned in some way with plant-juice. Three
went away in the yacht, and I suppose and hope were drowned.
The other one--was killed. Well, I have replaced them.
Montgomery went on much as you are disposed to do at first,
and then--
"What became of the other one?" said I, sharply,--"the other Kanaka who was killed?"
"The fact is, after I had made a number of human creatures I made a Thing--" He hesitated.
"Yes?" said I.
"It was killed."
"I don't understand," said I; "do you mean to say--"
"It killed the Kanaka--yes. It killed several other things that it caught. We chased it for a couple of days. It only got loose by accident--I never meant it to get away. It wasn't finished. It was purely82 an experiment. It was a limbless thing, with a horrible face, that writhed83 along the ground in a serpentine84 fashion. It was immensely strong, and in infuriating pain. It lurked85 in the woods for some days, until we hunted it; and then it wriggled86 into the northern part of the island, and we divided the party to close in upon it. Montgomery insisted upon coming with me. The man had a rifle; and when his body was found, one of the barrels was curved into the shape of an S and very nearly bitten through. Montgomery shot the thing. After that I stuck to the ideal of humanity--except for little things."
He became silent. I sat in silence watching his face.
"So for twenty years altogether--counting nine years in England--I have been going on; and there is still something in everything I do that defeats me, makes me dissatisfied, challenges me to further effort. Sometimes I rise above my level, sometimes I fall below it; but always I fall short of the things I dream. The human shape I can get now, almost with ease, so that it is lithe87 and graceful88, or thick and strong; but often there is trouble with the hands and the claws,--painful things, that I dare not shape too freely. But it is in the subtle grafting and reshaping one must needs do to the brain that my trouble lies. The intelligence is often oddly low, with unaccountable blank ends, unexpected gaps. And least satisfactory of all is something that I cannot touch, somewhere--I cannot determine where--in the seat of the emotions. Cravings, instincts, desires that harm humanity, a strange hidden reservoir to burst forth4 suddenly and inundate89 the whole being of the creature with anger, hate, or fear. These creatures of mine seemed strange and uncanny to you so soon as you began to observe them; but to me, just after I make them, they seem to be indisputably human beings. It's afterwards, as I observe them, that the persuasion90 fades. First one animal trait, then another, creeps to the surface and stares out at me. But I will conquer yet! Each time I dip a living creature into the bath of burning pain, I say, 'This time I will burn out all the animal; this time I will make a rational creature of my own!' After all, what is ten years? Men have been a hundred thousand in the making." He thought darkly. "But I am drawing near the fastness. This puma of mine--" After a silence, "And they revert91. As soon as my hand is taken from them the beast begins to creep back, begins to assert itself again." Another long silence.
"Then you take the things you make into those dens92?" said I.
"They go. I turn them out when I begin to feel the beast in them, and presently they wander there. They all dread93 this house and me. There is a kind of travesty94 of humanity over there. Montgomery knows about it, for he interferes95 in their affairs. He has trained one or two of them to our service. He's ashamed of it, but I believe he half likes some of those beasts. It's his business, not mine. They only sicken me with a sense of failure. I take no interest in them. I fancy they follow in the lines the Kanaka missionary marked out, and have a kind of mockery of a rational life, poor beasts! There's something they call the Law. Sing hymns96 about 'all thine.' They build themselves their dens, gather fruit, and pull herbs--marry even. But I can see through it all, see into their very souls, and see there nothing but the souls of beasts, beasts that perish, anger and the lusts97 to live and gratify themselves.--Yet they're odd; complex, like everything else alive. There is a kind of upward striving in them, part vanity, part waste sexual emotion, part waste curiosity. It only mocks me. I have some hope of this puma. I have worked hard at her head and brain--
"And now," said he, standing98 up after a long gap of silence, during which we had each pursued our own thoughts, "what do you think? Are you in fear of me still?"
I looked at him, and saw but a white-faced, white-haired man, with calm eyes. Save for his serenity99, the touch almost of beauty that resulted from his set tranquillity100 and his magnificent build, he might have passed muster101 among a hundred other comfortable old gentlemen. Then I shivered. By way of answer to his second question, I handed him a revolver with either hand.
"Keep them," he said, and snatched at a yawn. He stood up, stared at me for a moment, and smiled. "You have had two eventful days," said he. "I should advise some sleep. I'm glad it's all clear. Good-night." He thought me over for a moment, then went out by the inner door.
I immediately turned the key in the outer one. I sat down again; sat for a time in a kind of stagnant102 mood, so weary, emotionally, mentally, and physically103, that I could not think beyond the point at which he had left me. The black window stared at me like an eye. At last with an effort I put out the light and got into the hammock. Very soon I was asleep.
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dictatorial
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| adj. 独裁的，专断的 | |
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puma
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| 美洲豹 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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supremely
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| adv.无上地，崇高地 | |
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sarcasm
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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squint
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| v. 使变斜视眼, 斜视, 眯眼看, 偏移, 窥视; n. 斜视, 斜孔小窗; adj. 斜视的, 斜的 | |
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pigmentary
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| adj.颜料的，色素的 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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secretion
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| n.分泌 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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grafting
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| 嫁接法，移植法 | |
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snipped
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| v.剪( snip的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rhinoceros
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| n.犀牛 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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temerity
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| n.鲁莽，冒失 | |
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physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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vaccination
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| n.接种疫苗，种痘 | |
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inoculation
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| n.接芽；预防接种 | |
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transfusion
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| n.输血，输液 | |
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practitioners
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| n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师） | |
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dwarfs
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| n.侏儒，矮子（dwarf的复数形式）vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的第三人称单数形式） | |
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vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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mountebank
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| n.江湖郎中；骗子 | |
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systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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investigators
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| n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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investigator
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| n.研究者，调查者，审查者 | |
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recur
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| vi.复发，重现，再发生 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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superseding
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| 取代，接替( supersede的现在分词 ) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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perversion
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| n.曲解；堕落；反常 | |
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pugnacity
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| n.好斗，好战 | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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materialist
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| n. 唯物主义者 | |
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underlies
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| v.位于或存在于（某物）之下( underlie的第三人称单数 )；构成…的基础（或起因），引起 | |
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52
shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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sophistry
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| n.诡辩 | |
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speck
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| n.微粒，小污点，小斑点 | |
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55
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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56
thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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57
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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sensory
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| adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的 | |
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taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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goad
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| n.刺棒，刺痛物；激励；vt.激励，刺激 | |
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sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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ecstasy
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| n.狂喜，心醉神怡，入迷 | |
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wriggle
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| v./n.蠕动，扭动；蜿蜒 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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heeding
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| v.听某人的劝告，听从( heed的现在分词 ) | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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pugnacious
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| adj.好斗的 | |
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gorilla
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| n.大猩猩，暴徒，打手 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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rudiments
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| n.基础知识，入门 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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stowaway
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| n.（藏于轮船，飞机中的）偷乘者 | |
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conceited
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| adj.自负的，骄傲自满的 | |
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abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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shanties
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| n.简陋的小木屋( shanty的名词复数 )；铁皮棚屋；船工号子；船歌 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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squatting
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的现在分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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writhed
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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serpentine
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| adj.蜿蜒的，弯曲的 | |
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85
lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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wriggled
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的过去式和过去分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等） | |
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lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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inundate
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| vt.淹没，泛滥，压倒 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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dens
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| n.牙齿，齿状部分；兽窝( den的名词复数 )；窝点；休息室；书斋 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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travesty
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| n.歪曲，嘲弄，滑稽化 | |
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interferes
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| vi. 妨碍，冲突，干涉 | |
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hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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97
lusts
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| 贪求（lust的第三人称单数形式） | |
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98
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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99
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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101
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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102
stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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103
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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