August 18, 1656
REVEREND FATHERS,
I have seen the letters which you are circulating in opposition1 to those which I wrote to one of my friends on your morality; and I perceive that one of the principal points of your defence is that I have not spoken of your maxims2 with sufficient seriousness. This charge you repeat in all your productions, and carry it so far as to allege3, that I have been “guilty of turning sacred things into ridicule4.”
Such a charge, fathers, is no less surprising than it is unfounded. Where do you find that I have turned sacred things into ridicule? You specify5 “the Mohatra contract, and the story of John d’Alba.” But are these what you call “sacred things?” Does it really appear to you that the Mohatra is something so venerable that it would be blasphemy6 not to speak of it with respect? And the lessons of Father Bauny on larceny7, which led John d’Alba to practise it at your expense, are they so sacred as to entitle you to stigmatize8 all who laugh at them as profane9 people?
What, fathers! must the vagaries10 of your doctors pass for the verities11 of the Christian12 faith, and no man be allowed to ridicule Escobar, or the fantastical and unchristian dogmas of your authors, without being stigmatized13 as jesting at religion? Is it possible you can have ventured to reiterate14 so often an idea so utterly15 unreasonable16? Have you no fears that, in blaming me for laughing at your absurdities17, you may only afford me fresh subject of merriment; that you may make the charge recoil19 on yourselves, by showing that I have really selected nothing from your writings as the matter of raillery but what was truly ridiculous; and that thus, in making a jest of your morality, I have been as far from jeering21 at holy things, as the doctrine22 of your casuists is far from being the holy doctrine of the Gospel?
Indeed, reverend sirs, there is a vast difference between laughing at religion and laughing at those who profane it by their extravagant23 opinions. It were impiety24 to be wanting in respect for the verities which the Spirit of God has revealed; but it were no less impiety of another sort to be wanting in contempt for the falsities which the spirit of man opposes to them.
For, fathers (since you will force me into this argument), I beseech26 you to consider that, just in proportion as Christian truths are worthy27 of love and respect, the contrary errors must deserve hatred28 and contempt; there being two things in the truths of our religion: a divine beauty that renders them lovely, and a sacred majesty29 that renders them venerable; and two things also about errors: an impiety, that makes them horrible, and an impertinence that renders them ridiculous. For these reasons, while the saints have ever cherished towards the truth the twofold sentiment of love and fear — the whole of their wisdom being comprised between fear, which is its beginning, and love, which is its end — they have, at the same time, entertained towards error the twofold feeling of hatred and contempt, and their zeal30 has been at once employed to repel31, by force of reasoning, the malice32 of the wicked, and to chastise33, by the aid of ridicule, their extravagance and folly34.
Do not then expect, fathers, to make people believe that it is unworthy of a Christian to treat error with derision. Nothing is easier than to convince all who were not aware of it before that this practice is perfectly35 just — that it is common with the fathers of the Church, and that it is sanctioned by Scripture36, by the example of the best of saints, and even by that of God himself.
Do we not find God at once hates and despises sinners; so that even at the hour of death, when their condition is most sad and deplorable, Divine Wisdom adds mockery to the vengeance37 which consigns38 them to eternal punishment? “In interitu vestro ridebo et subsannabo — I will laugh at your calamity39.” The saints, too, influenced by the same feeling, will join in the derision; for, according to David, when they witness the punishment of the wicked, “they shall fear, and yet laugh at it — videbunt justi et timebunt, et super eum ridebunt.” And Job says: “Innocens subsannabit eos — The innocent shall laugh at them.”
It is worthy of remark here that the very first words which God addressed to man after his fall contain, in the opinion of the fathers, “bitter irony40” and mockery. After Adam had disobeyed his Maker41, in the hope, suggested by the devil, of being like God, it appears from Scripture that God, as a punishment, subjected him to death; and after having reduced him to this miserable42 condition, which was due to his sin, He taunted43 him in that state with the following terms of derision: “Behold, the man has become as one of us! — Ecce Adam quasi unus ex nobis!”— which, according to St. Jerome and the interpreters, is “a grievous and cutting piece of irony,” with which God “stung him to the quick.” “Adam,” says Rupert, “deserved to be taunted in this manner, and he would be naturally made to feel his folly more acutely by this ironical44 expression than by a more serious one.” St. Victor, after making the same remark, adds, “that this irony was due to his sottish credulity, and that this species of rainery is an act of justice, merited by him against whom it was directed.”
Thus you see, fathers, that ridicule is, in some cases, a very appropriate means of reclaiming45 men from their errors, and that it is accordingly an act of justice, because, as Jeremiah says, “the actions of those that err18 are worthy of derision, because of their vanity — vana sunt es risu digna.” And so far from its being impious to laugh at them, St. Augustine holds it to be the effect of divine wisdom: “The wise laugh at the foolish, because they are wise, not after their own wisdom, but after that divine wisdom which shall laugh at the death of the wicked.”
The prophets, accordingly, filled with the Spirit of God, have availed themselves of ridicule, as we find from the examples of Daniel and Elias. In short, examples of it are not wanting in the discourses46 of Jesus Christ himself. St. Augustine remarks that, when he would humble47 Nicodemus, who deemed himself so expert in his knowledge of the law, “perceiving him to be pulled up with pride, from his rank as doctor of the Jews, he first beats down his presumption48 by the magnitude of his demands, and, having reduced him so low that he was unable to answer, What! says he, you a master in Israel, and not know these things! — as if he had said, Proud ruler, confess that thou knowest nothing.” St. Chrysostom and St. Cyril likewise observe upon this that “he deserved to be ridiculed49 in this manner.”
You may learn from this, fathers, that should it so happen, in our day that persons who enact50 the part of “masters” among Christians51, as Nicodemus and the Pharisees did among the Jews, show themselves so ignorant of the first principles of religion as to maintain, for example, that “a man may be saved who never loved God all his life,” we only follow the example of Jesus Christ when we laugh at such a combination of ignorance and conceit52.
I am sure, fathers, these sacred examples are sufficient to convince you that to deride53 the errors and extravagances of man is not inconsistent with the practice of the saints; otherwise we must blame that of the greatest doctors of the Church, who have been guilty of it — such as St. Jerome, in his letters and writings against Jovinian, Vigilantius, and the Pelagians; Tertullian, in his Apology against the follies54 of idolaters; St. Augustine against the monks55 of Africa, whom he styles “the hairy men”; St. Irenaeus the Gnostics; St. Bernard and the other fathers of the Church, who, having been the imitators of the apostles, ought to be imitated by the faithful in all time coming; for, say what we will, they are the true models for Christians, even of the present day.
In following such examples, I conceived that I could not go far wrong; and, as I think I have sufficiently57 established this position, I shall only add, in the admirable words of Tertullian, which give the true explanation of the whole of my proceeding58 in this matter: “What I have now done is only a little sport before the real combat. I have rather indicated the wounds that might be given you than inflicted59 any. If the reader has met with passages which have excited his risibility60, he must ascribe this to the subjects themselves. There are many things which deserve to be held up in this way to ridicule and mockery, lest, by a serious refutation, we should attach a weight to them which they do not deserve. Nothing is more due to vanity than laughter; and it is the Truth properly that has a right to laugh, because she is cheerful, and to make sport of her enemies, because she is sure of the victory. Care must be taken, indeed, that the raillery is not too low, and unworthy of the truth; but, keeping this in view, when ridicule may be employed with effect, it is a duty to avail ourselves of it.” Do you not think fathers, that this passage is singularly applicable to our subject? The letters which I have hitherto written are “merely a little sport before a real combat.” As yet, I have been only playing with the foils and “rather indicating the wounds that might be given you than inflicting61 any.” I have merely exposed your passages to the light, without making scarcely a reflection on them. “If the reader has met with any that have excited his risibility, he must ascribe this to the subjects themselves.” And, indeed, what is more fitted to raise a laugh than to see a matter so grave as that of Christian morality decked out with fancies so grotesque62 as those in which you have exhibited it? One is apt to form such high anticipations63 of these maxims, from being told that “Jesus Christ himself has revealed them to the fathers of the Society,” that when one discovers among them such absurdities as “that a priest, receiving money to say a mass, may take additional sums from other persons by giving up to them his own share in the sacrifice”; “that a monk56 is not to be excommunicated for putting off his habit, provided it is to dance, swindle, or go incognito64 into infamous65 houses”; and “that the duty of hearing mass may be fulfilled by listening to four quarters of a mass at once from different priests”— when, I say, one listens to such decisions as these, the surprise is such that it is impossible to refrain from laughing; for nothing is more calculated to produce that emotion than a startling contrast between the thing looked for and the thing looked at. And why should the greater part of these maxims be treated in any other way? As Tertullian says, “To treat them seriously would be to sanction them.”
What! is it necessary to bring up all the forces of Scripture and tradition, in order to prove that running a sword through a man’s body, covertly66 and behind his back, is to murder him in treachery? or, that to give one money as a motive67 to resign a benefice, is to purchase the benefice? Yes, there are things which it is duty to despise, and which “deserve only to be laughed at.” In short, the remark of that ancient author, “that nothing is more due to vanity than derision, with what follows, applies to the case before us so justly and so convincingly, as to put it beyond all question that we may laugh at errors without violating propriety68.
And let me add, fathers, that this may be done without any breach69 of charity either, though this is another of the charges you bring against me in your publications. For, according to St. Augustine, “charity may sometimes oblige us to ridicule the errors of men, that they may be induced to laugh at them in their turn, and renounce70 them — Haec tu misericorditer irride, ut eis ridenda ac fugienda commendes.” And the same charity may also, at other times, bind71 us to repel them with indignation, according to that other saying of St. Gregory of Nazianzen: “The spirit of meekness72 and charity hath its emotions and its heats.” Indeed, as St. Augustine observes, “who would venture to say that truth ought to stand disarmed73 against falsehood, or that the enemies of the faith shall be at liberty to frighten the faithful with hard words, and jeer20 at them with lively sallies of wit; while the Catholics ought never to write except with a coldness of style enough to set the reader asleep?”
Is it not obvious that, by following such a course, a wide door would be opened for the introduction of the most extravagant and pernicious dogmas into the Church; while none would be allowed to treat them with contempt, through fear of being charged with violating propriety, or to confute them with indignation, from the dread74 of being taxed with want of charity?
Indeed, fathers! shall you be allowed to maintain, “that it is lawful75 to kill a man to avoid a box on the ear or an affront,” and must nobody be permitted publicly to expose a public error of such consequence? Shall you be at liberty to say, “that a judge may in conscience retain a fee received for an act of injustice,” and shall no one be at liberty to contradict you? Shall you print, with the privilege and approbation76 of your doctors, “that a man may be saved without ever having loved God”; and will you shut the mouth of those who defend the true faith, by telling them that they would violate brotherly love by attacking you, and Christian modesty77 by laughing at your maxims? I doubt, fathers, if there be any persons whom you could make believe this; if however, there be any such, who are really persuaded that, by denouncing your morality, I have been deficient78 in the charity which I owe to you, I would have them examine, with great jealousy79, whence this feeling takes its rise within them. They may imagine that it proceeds from a holy zeal, which will not allow them to see their neighbour impeached80 without being scandalized at it; but I would entreat81 them to consider that it is not impossible that it may flow from another source, and that it is even extremely likely that it may spring from that secret, and often self-concealed dissatisfaction, which the unhappy corruption82 within us seldom fails to stir up against those who oppose the relaxation83 of morals. And, to furnish them with a rule which may enable them to ascertain84 the real principle from which it proceeds, I will ask them if, while they lament85 the way in which the religious have been treated, they lament still more the manner in which these religious have treated the truth; if they are incensed86, not only against the letters, but still more against the maxims quoted in them. I shall grant it to be barely possible that their resentment87 proceeds from some zeal, though not of the most enlightened kind; and, in this case, the passages I have just cited from the fathers will serve to enlighten them. But if they are merely angry at the reprehension88, and not at the things reprehended89, truly, fathers, I shall never scruple90 to tell them that they are grossly mistaken, and that their zeal is miserably91 blind.
Strange zeal, indeed! which gets angry at those that censure92 public faults, and not at those that commit them! Novel charity this, which groans93 at seeing error confuted, but feels no grief at seeing morality subverted94 by that error. If these persons were in danger of being assassinated95, pray, would they be offended at one advertising96 them of the stratagem97 that had been laid for them; and instead of turning out of their way to avoid it, would they trifle away their time in whining98 about the little charity manifested in discovering to them the criminal design of the assassins? Do they get waspish when one tells them not to eat such an article of food, because it is poisoned? or not to enter such a city, because it has the plague?
Whence comes it, then, that the same persons who set down a man as wanting in charity, for exposing maxims hurtful to religion, would, on the contrary, think him equally deficient in that grace were he not to disclose matters hurtful to health and life, unless it be from this, that their fondness for life induces them to take in good part every hint that contributes to its preservation99, while their indifference100 to truth leads them, not only to take no share in its defence, but even to view with pain the efforts made for the extirpation101 of falsehood?
Let them seriously ponder, as in the sight of God, how shameful102, and how prejudicial to the Church, is the morality which your casuists are in the habit of propagating; the scandalous and unmeasured license103 which they are introducing into public manners; the obstinate104 and violent hardihood with which you support them. And if they do not think it full time to rise against such disorders105, their blindness is as much to be pitied as yours, fathers; and you and they have equal reason to dread that saying of St. Augustine, founded on the words of Jesus Christ, in the Gospel: “Woe106 to the blind leaders! woe to the blind followers107! — Vae caecis ducentibus! vae caecis sequentibus!”
But, to leave you no room in future, either to create such impressions on the minds of others, or to harbour them in your own, I shall tell you, fathers (and I am ashamed I should have to teach you what I should have rather learnt from you), the marks which the fathers of the Church have given for judging when our animadversions flow from a principle of piety25 and charity, and when from a spirit of malice and impiety.
The first of these rules is that the spirit of piety always prompts us to speak with sincerity108 and truthfulness109; whereas malice and envy make use of falsehood and calumny110. “Splendentia et vehementia, sed rebus112 veris — Splendid and vehement111 in words, but true in things,” as St. Augustine says. The dealer113 in falsehood is an agent of the devil. No direction of the intention can sanctify slander114; and though the conversion115 of the whole earth should depend on it, no man may warrantably calumniate116 the innocent: because none may do the least evil, in order to accomplish the greatest good; and, as the Scripture says, “the truth of God stands in no need of our lie.” St. Hilary observes that “it is the bounden duty of the advocates of truth, to advance nothing in its support but true things.” Now, fathers, I can declare before God that there is nothing that I detest117 more than the slightest possible deviation118 from the truth, and that I have ever taken the greatest care, not only not to falsify (which would be horrible), but not to alter or wrest119, in the slightest possible degree, the sense of a single passage. So closely have I adhered to this rule that, if I may presume to apply them to the present case, I may safely say, in the words of the same St. Hilary: “If we advance things that are false, let our statements be branded with infamy120; but if we can show that they are public and notorious, it is no breach of apostolic modesty or liberty to expose them.”
It is not enough, however, to tell nothing but the truth; we must not always tell everything that is true; we should publish only those things which it is useful to disclose, and not those which can only hurt, without doing any good. And, therefore, as the first rule is to speak with truth, the second is to speak with discretion121. “The wicked,” says St. Augustine, “in persecuting122 the good, blindly follow the dictates123 of their passion; but the good, in their prosecution124 of the wicked, are guided by a wise discretion, even as the surgeon warily125 considers where he is cutting, while the murderer cares not where he strikes.” You must be sensible, fathers, that in selecting from the maxims of your authors, I have refrained from quoting those which would have galled126 you most, though I might have done it, and that without sinning against discretion, as others who were both learned and Catholic writers, have done before me. All who have read your authors know how far I have spared you in this respect. Besides, I have taken no notice whatever of what might be brought against individual characters among you; and I would have been extremely sorry to have said a word about secret and personal failings, whatever evidence I might have of them, being persuaded that this is the distinguishing property of malice, and a practice which ought never to be resorted to, unless where it is urgently demanded for the good of the Church. It is obvious, therefore, that, in what I have been compelled to advance against your moral maxims, I have been by no means wanting in due consideration: and that you have more reason to congratulate yourself on my moderation than to complain of my indiscretion.
The third rule, fathers, is: That when there is need to employ a little raillery, the spirit of piety will take care to employ it against error only, and not against things holy; whereas the spirit of buffoonery, impiety, and heresy127, mocks at all that is most sacred. I have already vindicated129 myself on that score; and indeed there is no great danger of falling into that vice130 so long as I confine my remarks to the opinions which I have quoted from your authors.
In short, fathers, to abridge131 these rules, I shall only mention another, which is the essence and the end of all the rest: That the spirit of charity prompts us to cherish in the heart a desire for the salvation132 of those against whom we dispute, and to address our prayers to God while we direct our accusations133 to men. “We ought ever,” says St. Augustine, “to preserve charity in the heart, even while we are obliged to pursue a line of external conduct which to man has the appearance of harshness; we ought to smite134 them with a sharpness, severe but kindly135, remembering that their advantage is more to be studied than their gratification.” I am sure, fathers, that there is nothing in my letters from which it can be inferred that I have not cherished such a desire towards you; and as you can find nothing to the contrary in them, charity obliges you to believe that I have been really actuated by it. It appears, then, that you cannot prove that I have offended against this rule, or against any of the other rules which charity inculcates; and you have no right to say, therefore, that I have violated it.
But, fathers, if you should now like to have the pleasure of seeing, within a short compass, a course of conduct directly at variance136 with each of these rules, and bearing the genuine stamp of the spirit of buffoonery, envy, and hatred, I shall give you a few examples of it; and, that they may be of the sort best known and most familiar to you, I shall extract them from your own writings.
To begin, then, with the unworthy manner in which your authors speak of holy things, whether in their sportive and gallant137 effusions, or in their more serious pieces, do you think that the parcel of ridiculous stories, which your father Binet has introduced into his Consolation138 to the Sick, are exactly suitable to his professed139 object, which is that of imparting Christian consolation to those whom God has chastened with affliction? Will you pretend to say that the profane, foppish140 style in which your Father Le Moine has talked of piety in his Devotion made Easy is more fitted to inspire respect than contempt for the picture that he draws of Christian virtues141? What else does his whole book of Moral Pictures breathe, both in its prose and poetry, but a spirit full of vanity, and the follies of this world? Take, for example, that ode in his seventh book, entitled, “Eulogy on Bashfulness, showing that all beautiful things are red, or inclined to redden.” Call you that a production worthy of a priest? The ode is intended to comfort a lady, called Delphina, who was sadly addicted142 to blushing. Each stanza143 is devoted144 to show that certain red things are the best of things, such as roses, pomegranates, the mouth, the tongue; and it is in the midst of this badinage145, so disgraceful in a clergyman, that he has the effrontery146 to introduce those blessed spirits that minister before God, and of whom no Christian should speak without reverence147:
“The cherubim — those glorious choirs-
Composed of head and plumes148,
Whom God with His own Spirit inspires,
And with His eyes illumes.
These splendid faces, as they fly,
Are ever red and burning high,
With fire angelic or divine;
And while their mutual149 flames combine,
The waving of their wings supplies
A fan to cool their ecstasies150!
But redness shines with better grace,
Delphina, on thy beauteous face,
Where modesty sits revelling-
Arrayed in purple, like a king,” &c.
What think you of this, fathers? Does this preference of the blushes of Delphina to the ardour of those spirits, which is neither more nor less than the ardour of divine love, and this simile151 of the fan applied152 to their mysterious wings, strike you as being very Christian-like in the lips which consecrate153 the adorable body of Jesus Christ? I am quite aware that he speaks only in the character of a gallant and to raise a smile; but this is precisely154 what is called laughing at things holy. And is it not certain, that, were he to get full justice, he could not save himself from incurring155 a censure? although, to shield himself from this, he pleads an excuse which is hardly less censurable156 than the offence, “that the Sorbonne has no jurisdiction157 over Parnassus, and that the errors of that land are subject neither to censure nor the Inquisition”; as if one could act the blasphemer and profane fellow only in prose! There is another passage, however, in the preface, where even this excuse fails him, when he says, “that the water of the river, on whose banks he composes his verses, is so apt to make poets, that, though it were converted into holy water, it would not chase away the demon158 of poesy.” To match this, I may add the following flight of your Father Garasse, in his Summary of the Capital Truths in Religion, where, speaking of the sacred mystery of the incarnation, he mixes up blasphemy and heresy in this fashion: “The human personality was grafted159, as it were, or set on horseback, upon the personality of the Word!” And omitting many others, I might mention another passage from the same author, who, speaking on the subject of the name of Jesus, ordinarily written thus,
+
I.H.S.
observes that “some have taken away the cross from the top of it, leaving the characters barely thus, I.H.S. — which,” says he, “is a stripped Jesus!”
Such is the indecency with which you treat the truths of religion, in the face of the inviolable law which binds160 us always to speak of them with reverence. But you have sinned no less flagrantly against the rule which obliges us to speak of them with truth and discretion. What is more common in your writings than calumny? Can those of Father Brisacier be called sincere? Does he speak with truth when he says that “the nuns161 of Port-Royal do not pray to the saints, and have no images in their church?” Are not these most outrageous162 falsehoods, when the contrary appears before the eyes of all Paris? And can he be said to speak with discretion when he stabs the fair reputation of these virgins163, who lead a life so pure and austere164, representing them as “impenitent, unsacramentalists, uncommunicants, foolish virgins, visionaries, Calagans, desperate creatures, and anything you please,” loading them with many other slanders165, which have justly incurred166 the censure of the late Archbishop of Paris? Or when he calumniates167 priests of the most irreproachable168 morals, by asserting “that they practise novelties in confession169, to entrap170 handsome innocent females, and that he would be horrified171 to tell the abominable172 crimes which they commit.” Is it not a piece of intolerable assurance to advance slanders so black and base, not merely without proof, but without the slightest shadow, or the most distant semblance173 of truth? I shall not enlarge on this topic, but defer174 it to a future occasion, for I have something more to say to you about it; but what I have now produced is enough to show that you have sinned at once against truth and discretion.
But it may be said, perhaps, that you have not offended against the last rule at least, which binds you to desire the salvation of those whom you denounce, and that none can charge you with this, except by unlocking the secrets of your breasts, which are only known to God. It is strange, fathers, but true, nevertheless, that we can convict you even of this offence; that while your hatred to your opponents has carried you so far as to wish their eternal perdition, your infatuation has driven you to discover the abominable wish that, so far from cherishing in secret desires for their salvation, you have offered up prayers in public for their damnation; and that, after having given utterance175 to that hideous176 vow177 in the city of Caen, to the scandal of the whole Church, you have since then ventured, in Paris, to vindicate128, in your printed books, the diabolical178 transaction. After such gross offences against piety, first ridiculing179 and speaking lightly of things the most sacred; next falsely and scandalously calumniating180 priests and virgins; and lastly, forming desires and prayers for their damnation, it would be difficult to add anything worse. I cannot conceive, fathers, how you can fail to be ashamed of yourselves, or how you could have thought for an instant of charging me with a want of charity, who have acted all along with so much truth and moderation, without reflecting on your own horrid181 violations182 of charity, manifested in those deplorable exhibitions, which make the charge recoil against yourselves.
In fine, fathers, to conclude with another charge which you bring against me, I see you complain that among the vast number of your maxims which I quote, there are some which have been objected to already, and that I “say over again, what others have said before me.” To this I reply that it is just because you have not profited by what has been said before that I say it over again. Tell me now what fruit has appeared from all the castigations183 you have received in all the books written by learned doctors and even the whole University? What more have your Fathers Annat, Caussin, Pintereau, and Le Moine done, in the replies they have put forth184, except loading with reproaches those who had given them salutary admonitions? Have you suppressed the books in which these nefarious185 maxims are taught? Have you restrained the authors of these maxims? Have you become more circumspect186 in regard to them? On the contrary, is it not the fact that since that time Escobar has been repeatedly reprinted in France and in the Low Countries, and that your fathers Cellot, Bagot, Bauny, Lamy, Le Moine, and others, persist in publishing daily the same maxims over again, or new ones as licentious187 as ever? Let us hear no more complaints, then, fathers, either because I have charged you with maxims which you have not disavowed, or because I have objected to some new ones against you, or because I have laughed equally at them all. You have only to sit down and look at them, to see at once your own confusion and my defence. Who can look without laughing at the decision of Bauny, respecting the person who employs another to set fire to his neighbour’s barn; that of Cellot on restitution188; the rule of Sanchez in favour of sorcerers; the plan of Hurtado for avoiding the sin of duelling by taking a walk through a field and waiting for a man; the compliments of Bauny for escaping usury189; the way of avoiding simony by a detour190 of the intention, and keeping clear of falsehood by speaking high and low; and such other opinions of your most grave and reverend doctors? Is there anything more necessary, fathers, for my vindication191? And, as Tertullian says, “can anything be more justly due to the vanity and weakness of these opinions than laughter?” But, fathers, the corruption of manners, to which your maxims lead, deserves another sort of consideration; and it becomes us to ask, with the same ancient writer: “Whether ought we to laugh at their folly, or deplore192 their blindness? — Rideam vanitatem, an exprobrem caecitatem?” My humble opinion is that one may either laugh at them or weep over them, as one is in the humour. “Haec tolerabilius vel ridentur, vel flentur, “ as St. Augustine says. The Scripture tells us that “there is a time to laugh, and a time to weep”; and my hope is, fathers, that I may not find verified, in your case, these words in the Proverbs: “If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage or laugh, there is no rest.”
P.S. — On finishing this letter, there was put in my hands one of your publications, in which you accuse me of falsification, in the case of six of your maxims quoted by me, and also with being in correspondence with heretics. You will shortly receive, I trust, a suitable reply; after which, fathers, I rather think you will not feel very anxious to continue this species of warfare193.
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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maxims
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| n.格言，座右铭( maxim的名词复数 ) | |
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allege
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| vt.宣称，申述，主张，断言 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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specify
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| vt.指定，详细说明 | |
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6
blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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larceny
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| n.盗窃（罪） | |
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stigmatize
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| v.污蔑，玷污 | |
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profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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10
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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11
verities
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| n.真实( verity的名词复数 )；事实；真理；真实的陈述 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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13
stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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14
reiterate
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| v.重申，反复地说 | |
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15
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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16
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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17
absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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18
err
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| vi.犯错误，出差错 | |
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19
recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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20
jeer
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| vi.嘲弄，揶揄；vt.奚落；n.嘲笑，讥评 | |
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21
jeering
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| adj.嘲弄的，揶揄的v.嘲笑( jeer的现在分词 ) | |
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22
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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23
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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24
impiety
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| n.不敬；不孝 | |
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25
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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26
beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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27
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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28
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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29
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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30
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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31
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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32
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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33
chastise
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| vt.责骂，严惩 | |
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34
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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35
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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36
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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37
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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38
consigns
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的第三人称单数 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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39
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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40
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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41
maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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42
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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43
taunted
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| 嘲讽( taunt的过去式和过去分词 )； 嘲弄； 辱骂； 奚落 | |
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44
ironical
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| adj.讽刺的，冷嘲的 | |
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45
reclaiming
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| v.开拓( reclaim的现在分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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46
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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47
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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48
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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49
ridiculed
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| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
enact
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| vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演 | |
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51
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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52
conceit
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| n.自负，自高自大 | |
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53
deride
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| v.嘲弄，愚弄 | |
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54
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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55
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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56
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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57
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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58
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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59
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
risibility
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| n.爱笑，幽默感 | |
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61
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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62
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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63
anticipations
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| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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64
incognito
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| adv.匿名地；n.隐姓埋名；adj.化装的，用假名的，隐匿姓名身份的 | |
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65
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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66
covertly
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| adv.偷偷摸摸地 | |
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67
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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68
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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69
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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70
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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71
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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72
meekness
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| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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73
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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74
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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75
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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76
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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77
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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78
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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79
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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80
impeached
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| v.控告（某人）犯罪( impeach的过去式和过去分词 )；弹劾；对（某事物）怀疑；提出异议 | |
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81
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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82
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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83
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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84
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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85
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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86
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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87
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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88
reprehension
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| n.非难，指责 | |
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89
reprehended
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| v.斥责，指摘，责备( reprehend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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91
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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92
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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93
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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94
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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95
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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96
advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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97
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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98
whining
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| n. 抱怨，牢骚 v. 哭诉，发牢骚 | |
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99
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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100
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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101
extirpation
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| n.消灭，根除，毁灭；摘除 | |
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102
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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103
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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104
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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105
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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106
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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107
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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108
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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109
truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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110
calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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111
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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112
rebus
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| n.谜,画谜 | |
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113
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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114
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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115
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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116
calumniate
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| v.诬蔑，中伤 | |
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117
detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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118
deviation
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| n.背离，偏离；偏差，偏向；离题 | |
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119
wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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120
infamy
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| n.声名狼藉，出丑，恶行 | |
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121
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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122
persecuting
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的现在分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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123
dictates
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| n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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124
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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125
warily
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| adv.留心地 | |
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126
galled
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| v.使…擦痛( gall的过去式和过去分词 )；擦伤；烦扰；侮辱 | |
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127
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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128
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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129
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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130
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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131
abridge
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| v.删减，删节，节略，缩短 | |
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132
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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133
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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134
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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135
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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136
variance
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| n.矛盾，不同 | |
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137
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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138
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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139
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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140
foppish
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| adj.矫饰的，浮华的 | |
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141
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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142
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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143
stanza
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| n.（诗）节，段 | |
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144
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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145
badinage
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| n.开玩笑，打趣 | |
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146
effrontery
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| n.厚颜无耻 | |
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147
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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148
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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150
ecstasies
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| 狂喜( ecstasy的名词复数 )； 出神； 入迷； 迷幻药 | |
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151
simile
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| n.直喻，明喻 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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153
consecrate
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| v.使圣化，奉…为神圣；尊崇；奉献 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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incurring
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| 遭受，招致，引起( incur的现在分词 ) | |
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censurable
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| adj.可非难的，该责备的 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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grafted
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| 移植( graft的过去式和过去分词 )； 嫁接； 使（思想、制度等）成为（…的一部份）； 植根 | |
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binds
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| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
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161
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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163
virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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slanders
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| 诽谤，诋毁( slander的名词复数 ) | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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calumniates
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| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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irreproachable
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| adj.不可指责的，无过失的 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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170
entrap
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| v.以网或陷阱捕捉，使陷入圈套 | |
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horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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172
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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defer
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| vt.推迟，拖延；vi.(to)遵从，听从，服从 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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176
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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177
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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ridiculing
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| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的现在分词 ) | |
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180
calumniating
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| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的现在分词 ) | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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182
violations
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| 违反( violation的名词复数 )； 冒犯； 违反（行为、事例）； 强奸 | |
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183
castigations
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| n.严厉的责骂、批评或惩罚( castigation的名词复数 ) | |
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184
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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185
nefarious
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| adj.恶毒的，极坏的 | |
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186
circumspect
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| adj.慎重的，谨慎的 | |
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187
licentious
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| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
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188
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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189
usury
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| n.高利贷 | |
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190
detour
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| n.绕行的路，迂回路；v.迂回，绕道 | |
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191
vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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192
deplore
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| vt.哀叹，对...深感遗憾 | |
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193
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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