Although Priestley lived in philosophic5 contentment with his lot at Warrington, happy in his occupations and in the society of congenial colleagues, the circumstances of the Academy were not fortunate. The institution never wholly recovered from the unhappy differences between the trustees and the first head of the Educational Staff, and in time many of the subscribers grew lukewarm in their support. Priestley had a remarkable6 power of adapting himself to his environment; he was one of the most even-tempered of men and had a capacity for being cheerful that would have extorted7 admiration8 even from Socrates. “But,” says Miss Aiken, “the Alma Mater of Warrington was ever a niggardly9 recompense of the distinguished10 abilities and virtues11 which were enlisted13 in her service.” One hundred pounds a year, with a house and a few boarders—hungry lads at ￡15 a year, exclusive of washing and candles—meant little towards the res angusta domi. Moreover, little Sarah Priestley had made her appearance, and the uncertain prospects15 which were before that young lady, coupled with the condition of her mother’s health, which was not wholly satisfactory at 67 Warrington, led him to contemplate17 the expediency18 of giving up school-mastering and of resuming his profession of the ministry19. Accordingly he was induced to accept an invitation to take charge of the congregation of Mill Hill Chapel, at Leeds, where he was already pretty well known, and thither20 he removed in 1767.[12]
Although it was no part of his duty to preach when at Warrington, he had from choice continued the practice, and wishing to maintain the character of a Dissenting21 minister, he had, as we have already seen, been ordained22 whilst there. His tendency to stammer23 was still a difficulty. Indeed, whilst at Nantwich it was so marked that he had almost resolved to abandon the calling. By reading aloud and very slowly every day, and by taking pains, he in some measure got the better of his defect, but he never wholly overcame it.
At Leeds he found a liberal, friendly and harmonious24 congregation, to whom his services, of which he was not sparing, were very acceptable. There, he says, he had no unreasonable25 prejudices to contend with, so that he had full scope for every kind of exertion26. His activity and zeal27 in the special duties of his office led him to prepare and print catechisms for the young and to form various classes of catechumens and to instruct them in the principles of religion. He also published discourses28 on “Family Prayer,” on the “Lord’s Supper” and on “Church Discipline,” some of which were not altogether to the liking30 of members of the Established Church. Indeed, the first of his controversial pieces was written in 68 answer to some angry remarks on one of these discourses written by a clergyman in the neighbourhood.
His return to the active duties of the ministry naturally induced him to resume the studies in Speculative Theology which had occupied him at Needham but which had been in large measure interrupted by the business of teaching at Nantwich and Warrington. He now published his Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion, and began the publication of The Theological Repository, a collection of papers on theological questions, contributed by himself and a number of neighbouring ministers and others. The work eventually extended to six volumes, three of which were printed whilst he was at Leeds.
“The Theological Repository,” says the Rev31. Charles Wicksteed,[13] “was one of those publications which will always appear from time to time in every body in which there is much activity and much freedom of thought. It had, however, a very slender circulation, and was very little read by any but theologians of the Liberal school. Indeed, it discussed questions which were viewed with terror by many even of the Liberal school itself, because it, in fact, purposely deserted32 the beaten track of opinion and opened out those questions on which difficulties began to be felt, or on which fresh light was wanted. It aimed at collecting the contributions of free, independent and thoughtful minds—towards correct ultimate decisions, without pretending itself to furnish those decisions. This is ever a position which the bigoted33 violently resent, which the unlearned cannot understand, on which even the candid34 and liberal often look with a dissatisfaction not unmingled with fear, but which is, notwithstanding, the essential preliminary of correct settled opinion in every age of thought. It is a position often assumed by the most contemplative and the most thoroughly35 honest men of the generation, but one which is never understood until the generation which produced and 69 neglected it is passed. If there were not this neutral ground on which inquiring spirits can meet, beyond the hackneyed and settled points in which alone the many are interested, there would be an end to thought, which in a short time would prove an end to active, healthy, influential36 and tested truth.”
Shortly after his removal to Leeds, Priestley avowed37 himself an adherent38 to that school of theological opinion which its enemies associate with the name of Fausto Sozzini; that is, he became what has been called a humanitarian39, or a believer in the doctrine40 that Jesus Christ was in nature solely41 and truly a man, however highly exalted42 by God.
Sozzini’s doctrine brought down upon its teacher the ill-will of a Cracow mob; his house was wrecked43, his books and manuscripts destroyed, his life threatened, and he was driven from the city. Two hundred years later the Socinian Priestley went through precisely44 the same experience. Wrecking45 the homes, pillaging46 the property and injuring the persons of heresiarchs might seem an extraordinary way of identifying oneself with the doctrine of the gentle author of the Sermon on the Mount if history had not made us pretty familiar with such spectacles. At Leeds, as already stated, Priestley published the first of the series of controversial pieces on religion and politics which ceased only with his death. By some strange irony47 of fate this man, who was by nature one of the most peaceable and peace-loving of men, singularly calm and dispassionate, not prone48 to disputation or given to wrangling49, acquired the reputation of being perhaps the most cantankerous50 man of his time, who delighted in tilting51 against established usage, and whose hand, Ishmael-like, was against every man’s. By sheer force of circumstances 70 he became an indefatigable52 pamphleteer, apparently53 ever ready to vindicate54 the cause of civil and religious liberty, to champion the principles and conduct of Dissenters55, and to attack what he considered the inveterate56 prejudices of the prevailing57 religion of his countrymen.
As a controversialist his methods were beyond reproach, and the arts of casuistry were wholly foreign to his character. He was so obviously sincere and fair-minded that he frequently overcame prejudice and disarmed58 criticism by his unconscious unwritten appeal to the finer instincts of his adversaries59. He made many enemies but he won far more friends: the enemies were for the most part men whom history willingly lets die; the friends were of every sect60, and some of them were among the chief glories of the eighteenth century.
The following characteristic letter to his friend, Miss Aiken, is interesting as illustrating61 the action of the active, eager mind which, as its owner says, found scope for every kind of exertion at this period of his life:—
“Leeds, 13th June 1769.
“Dear Miss Aikin,—You will be surprised when I tell you I write this on the behalf of Pascal Paoli and the brave Corsicans, but it is strictly62 true. Mr Turner of Wakefield, who says he reads your poems, not with admiration, but astonishment63, insists upon my writing to you to request that a copy of your poem, called Corsica, may be sent to Mr Boswell, with permission to publish it for the benefit of those noble islanders. He is confident that it cannot fail greatly to promote their interest, now that a subscription64 is open for them, by raising a generous ardour in the cause of liberty and admiration of their glorious struggle in its defence. Its being written by a lady, he thinks, will be a circumstance very much in their favour and that of the poem, but there is no occasion for Mr Boswell to be acquainted with your name unless it be your own choice some time hence. I own I entirely66 agree with Mr 71 Turner in these sentiments, and therefore hope Miss Aikin will not refuse so reasonable a request, which will, at the same time, lay a great obligation on her friends in England and contribute to the relief of her own heroes in Corsica. Consider that you are as much a general as Tyrt?us was, and your poems (which, I am confident, are much better than his ever were) may have as great an effect as his. They may be the coup16 de grace to the French troops in that island, and Paoli, who reads English, will cause it to be printed in every history of that renowned67 island.
“Without any joke, I wish you would comply with this request. In this case you have only to send a corrected copy to me at Leeds, to Mr Johnson in London, and I will take care to introduce it to the notice of Mr Boswell by means of Mr Vaughan or Mrs Macauley, or some other of the friends of liberty and Corsica in London. The sooner this is done the better. Mr Turner regrets very much that it was not done some time ago. I shall not tell you what I think of your poems for more than twenty reasons, one of which is that I am not able to express it. We are now all expectation at the opening of every packet from Warrington.
“My piece on Perspective is nearly ready for the press. Come and see us before it is quite printed, and I will engage to teach you the whole art and mystery of it in a few hours. If you come a month after I may know no more about the matter than anybody else. I am about to make a bolder push than ever for the pillory68, the King’s Bench Prison, or something worse. Tell Mr Aikin he may hug himself that I have no connection with the Academy. On Monday next Mr Turner and I set out on a visit to the Archdeacon at Richmond.
“With all our compliments to all your worthy69 family, I am, with the greatest cordiality, your friend and admirer,
“J. Priestley.”
Pasquale de Paoli, the Corsican patriot70, whose struggles to secure the independence of his native island had excited warm sympathy in England and had enlisted the pen of Boswell, was at that time a refugee in this country, having been defeated, after a stubborn resistance, 72 by the French under Count Vaux. The poem on “Corsica,” one of the earliest and most beautiful of Miss Aikin’s productions, was written in 1768, at about the period of the appearance of Boswell’s Account of Corsica, but it was first published in 1773 in a collection of her poems, of which four editions, the first in 4to, the three others in 8vo were printed in that year.
The copy seen by Priestley was in manuscript. Whether it was shown to Boswell or to Paoli is not recorded.
The piece on Perspective was published in 1770, under the title of “A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective. With copperplates.” He gave as his reason for writing it that, having occasion to make drawings of philosophical71 instruments and apparatus72 he had felt the need of a work treating of perspective. It will be seen in the various editions of his works that the words “Priestley del” are engraved73 at the left-hand corner of the copperplates of the illustrations. The book had a considerable sale and was frequently recommended by drawing-masters. A second edition appeared in 1782 and it continued to be used well into the nineteenth century.
It is interesting to note that the first printed account of the use of india-rubber for the purpose of erasing74 lead pencil marks occurs in the preface to this work. It ran thus:—
“Since this work was printed off I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping off from paper the marks of black lead pencil. It must therefore be of singular use to those who practise drawing. It is sold by Mr Nairne, mathematical instrument maker75, opposite the Royal Exchange. He sells a cubical piece of about half an inch for three shillings, and he says it will last several years.”
73
The “bolder push than ever for the pillory, the King’s Bench Prison, or something worse,” probably refers to the anonymous76 pieces which he published in support of “Wilkes and Liberty” in the course of the memorable77 struggle between the freeholders of Middlesex and the House of Commons concerning the rights of free representation by parliamentary constituencies which at that time agitated78 the country. Wilkes had shortly before the date of this letter been fined by the King’s Bench ￡1000 and sentenced to twenty-two months’ imprisonment79 for publishing an impious libel, and had been expelled from the House of Commons—to which, however, he was repeatedly returned by the electors of Middlesex.
The Richmond visit to Archdeacon Blackburne, whose son had been at the Warrington Academy, is memorable from the circumstance that on its occasion Priestley first met Theophilus Lindsey, with whom he contracted an intimate and lasting80 friendship, which greatly influenced the lives and fortunes of both, and of which Priestley subsequently wrote that it had been a source of more real satisfaction to him than any other circumstance in his whole life.
The busy pamphleteer found time, however, to put together more ambitious works than Wilkes and Liberty. The success of his History of Electricity induced him to attempt the compilation81 of the history of all the branches of experimental philosophy, and he made proposals to publish a History of Discoveries Relating to Vision Light and Colours. The subscription to this work was not, however, sufficient to induce him to proceed, and after a considerable outlay82 in the purchase of books and other material the project was abandoned.
Priestley was, perhaps, the most industrious83 bookmaker 74 of his age. Boswell indeed dubbed84 him a “literary Jack-of-all-Trades,” and he was busy with proof-sheets even to the day of his death. In fact, the closing act of his life, before he put his hand to his face to hide the last flicker85 of the vital spark, was to make a correction in a proof-sheet. He usually composed in shorthand, and much of this work was done in the family circle, sitting by the parlour fire. Conversation never disturbed him. Although his style is somewhat prolix86, his language is simple and direct and his meaning invariably clear. Charges that his writings were hasty performances in nowise disturbed him. Indeed, he was wont87 to say that some of those that were most hurriedly done were among those that were best received. Whatever might have been the time he spent on their composition he was confident that more would not have contributed to their perfection in any essential particular, and about anything farther he was never very solicitous88. His object, he said, was not to acquire the character of a fine writer but of a useful one. Pecuniary89 gain was never the chief object of his work; several of his books, indeed, were written with the prospect14 of certain loss. Many writers before and since the great lexicographer90 have left us what they have imagined to have been the secret of their success as literary craftsmen91, and have told us of the means by which they gained their proficiency92 of composition and mastery of style. Priestley has no pretensions94 to be considered a master of style; nevertheless, it is of interest to learn how he acquired facility in writing the simple, unaffected English which characterises his literary work. It came, he said, from a practice of committing to writing as much as he could of the sermons he heard, and of composing 75 much in verse. With regard to the sermons, he says:—
“This practice I began very early, and continued it until I was able from the heads of a discourse29 to supply the rest myself. For, not troubling myself to commit to memory much of the amplification95, and writing at home almost as much as I had heard, I insensibly acquired a habit of composing with great readiness, and from this practice I believe I have derived96 great advantage through life, composition seldom employing so much time as would be necessary to write in long hand anything I have published.”
As regards the verses, he says:—
“I was myself far from having any pretension93 to the character of a poet, but in the early part of my life I was a great versifier, and this, I believe, as well as my custom of writing after preachers, mentioned before, contributed to the ease with which I always wrote prose.”
If Priestley was not himself a poet, he was at least the cause of poetry in another. Miss Aikin once told him that it was the perusal97 of some verses of his that first induced her fledgling muse98 to soar—so that, he adds, “this country is in some measure indebted to me for one of the best poets it can boast of.” No example of Priestley’s abilities as a “versifier” has come down to us, but in that dainty little sketch99 of the Warrington society, by Miss Lucy Aikin, from which we have already quoted, allusion100 is made to his accomplishment101.
“Both bouts102 rimés and vers de société were in fashion with the set. Once it was their custom to slip anonymous pieces into Mrs Priestley’s work-bag. One ‘copy of verses,’ a very eloquent103 one, puzzled all guessers a long time; at length it was traced to Dr Priestley’s self.”
To the man of science the special interest of Priestley’s connection with Leeds arises from the fact that he began there that fruitful series of inquiries, relating to what 76 he called “the doctrine of air,” which eventually raised him to the position of one of the greatest chemical discoverers of his time. The house in which he first lived whilst at Leeds was in Meadow Lane and adjoined the public brew104 house of Jakes and Nell. He was thereby105 led, in the outset, to amuse himself by making experiments on the “fixed106 air,” or carbonic acid, which is largely produced in the process of fermentation. When he removed to his second house in Basinghall Street, on the site where the schools now stand, he was under the necessity of making the fixed air for himself; and, as he distinctly and faithfully notes in his various publications on the subject, he was led to make one experiment after another until he became, what he does not state, the greatest master of pneumatic chemistry of his age.
When he began these experiments he tells us he knew very little of chemistry. Indeed, he says he had in a manner no idea on the subject before his attention was drawn108 to it in a course of lectures delivered in the Warrington Academy by Dr Turner of Liverpool. But, as he says, on the whole, this circumstance was no disadvantage to him, as in the situation in which he found himself he was led to devise an apparatus and processes of his own adapted to his peculiar109 views. If he had been previously110 accustomed to the usual chemical processes he might not have so easily thought of any other; and without new modes of operation he thinks he should hardly have discovered anything materially new. His means did not permit him to purchase expensive apparatus. Indeed, this very circumstance materially contributed to his success by making his apparatus so simple that his experiments could be readily repeated and their accuracy thereby ensured.
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His first contribution to Pneumatic Chemistry was published in 1772. It was a small pamphlet on a method of impregnating water with fixed air, which, being immediately translated into French, excited a great degree of attention to the subject, and this was much increased by the publication of his first experimental paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Priestley’s earliest method of impregnating water with carbonic acid consisted in exposing it to the gas above the surface of fermenting111 wort. This process was no doubt accompanied with many disadvantages and the resulting solution could not have been very palatable112. Later on he adopted the method originally employed by Lane in 1709, although apparently in ignorance of Lane’s paper in the Philosophical Transactions, of making the gas from chalk and sulphuric acid and leading it directly into the water by means of a flexible tube provided with an intercepting113 bladder to retain any solid or acid substance projected from the effervescent materials in the generating flask114. At about this period increased attention was being paid to the question of the supply of drinking water in the Navy, owing to the publication of Irving’s plan of making fresh water from sea-water by distillation115, and Priestley conceived the idea that if some ready means could be devised of impregnating water with carbonic acid on shipboard the solution might be useful as a preventive of sea scurvy116.
Priestley brought his idea to the knowledge of the Duke of Northumberland, and showed a sample of the impregnated water to Sir George Savile, who introduced him to Lord Sandwich, at that time First Lord of the 78 Admiralty in Lord North’s Administration. The Board of Admiralty thought the matter was of sufficient importance to ask for a report from the College of Physicians, and Priestley was requested to appear before that body in order to explain and illustrate117 his process. The report from the College was favourable118, and in consequence two war-ships were fitted with the apparatus.
The idea that scurvy, in common with other so-called putrid119 diseases, was due to an insufficient120 supply of “fixed air” in the animal economy, and that it might be cured by the administration of that gas, originated with Dr Macbride about the middle of the eighteenth century, shortly after Black had established the individuality of the gas, and it was current doctrine with the faculty121 at the time of Priestley’s experiments. The reasons which Macbride gave in support of his hypothesis are contained in his Essays on Medical and Philosophical Subjects, and are sufficiently122 ingenious to be worth stating as characteristic of much of the therapeutics of the time. Macbride assumed that substances held together, and acquired the quality of firmness, by virtue12 of containing a “cementing principle,” which ensured the perfect cohesion123 of their constituent124 particles, and that as putrefaction125 resulted in the decomposition126 and disintegration127 of substances, putridity128 was connected with the loss or disappearance129 of this cementing or cohering130 principle. He found that “fixed air” was invariably produced when animal and vegetable substances putrefy, that a greater amount of fixed air is produced from vegetable substances than from animal substances, and that animal and vegetable matters putrefy more rapidly when mixed than when separate, and yield more fixed air in conjunction than apart.
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On the basis of these observations Macbride proceeded to explain the well-established fact that a diet mainly composed of animal food is apt to produce sea scurvy, the remedy for which is a sufficient supply of fresh vegetables, by assuming that the virtue of the vegetables was due to the evolution of a greater amount of carbonic acid in the process of digestion131, the fixed air so liberated132 in the body counteracting133, by its antiseptic powers, putridity in the circulating fluids.
We are not here concerned with the subsequent history of so-called ?rated or soda-water, as it came to be called, but it is worth noting that Priestley’s account of his process contains one remark which is not without significance in view of latter-day developments. He says:—
“I do not doubt but that, by the help of a condensing engine, water might be much more highly impregnated with the virtues of the Pyrmont spring, and it would not be difficult to contrive134 a method of doing it.”
The manufacture of these waters was subsequently taken up by Priestley’s friend and satellite, as he called himself, Richard Bewley, of Great Massingham, an apothecary135, and the inventor of the well-known “mephitic julep.” Bewley appears to have discovered that the addition of a small quantity of carbonate of soda to the water enabled it to absorb and retain an increased quantity of carbonic acid, and to him, therefore, is due the credit of first making what was long called “acidulous soda-water.” The receipt for its manufacture and use, given by Henry of Manchester, is sufficiently quaint65 to be worth reproduction:—
“To prepare Mr Bewley’s julep dissolve three drachms of fossil alkali in each quart of water, and throw in streams of 80 fixed air till the alkaline taste be destroyed. This julep should not be prepared in too large quantities, and should be kept in bottles very closely corked136 and sealed. Four ounces of it may be taken at a time, drinking a draught137 of lemonade or water acidulated with vinegar or weak spirit of vitriol, by which means the fixed air will be extricated138 in the stomach.”
It is hardly to be supposed that the Royal Society Club in 1773 adopted all the social manners and customs of the period. Nevertheless, its members, who were among the most influential fellows of the Society, were evidently greatly impressed with the merits of Priestley’s soda-water, since the Council of the Society were moved to reward its discoverer with the Copley Medal.
In making the award on St Andrew’s Day 1773, Sir John Pringle, then President of the Royal Society, said:—
“For having learned from Dr Black that this fixed or mephitic air could in great abundance be procured139 from chalk by means of diluted140 spirits of vitriol; from Dr Macbride that this fluid was of a considerable antiseptic nature; from Dr Cavendish that it could in a large quantity be absorbed by water; and from Dr Brownrigg that it was this very air which gave the briskness141 and chief virtues to the Spa and Pyrmont waters; Dr Priestley, I say, so well instructed, conceived that common water impregnated with this fluid alone might be useful in medicine, particularly for sailors on long voyages, for curing or preventing the sea scurvy.”
To-day the Copley Medal is regarded as the highest award which it is in the power of the Society to bestow142, and certainly no man starts his scientific career by acquiring it—not even for so signal an invention as that of soda-water.
Whilst Priestley was at Leeds a proposal was made to him that he should accompany Captain Cook in his second voyage to the South Seas. It probably arose 81 from his connection with the Admiralty in the matter of his invention. He tells us that as the terms were very advantageous143 he consented to it, the heads of his congregation agreeing to keep an assistant to supply his place during his absence. But Mr Banks informed him that he was objected to by some clergymen in the Board of Longitude144, who had the direction of this business, on account of his religious principles. “Whether,” said Huxley, in commenting on this circumstance in the course of his speech at the unveiling of the Priestley statue in Birmingham in 1874, “these worthy ecclesiastics145 feared that Priestley’s presence among the ship’s company might expose his Majesty’s sloop146 Resolution to the fate which aforetime befell a certain ship that went from Joppa to Tarshish, or whether they were alarmed lest a Socinian should undermine that piety147 which in the days of Commodore Trunnion so strikingly characterised sailors, does not appear.” The appointment was given to Reinhold Forster, a man, as Priestley fully107 admitted, far better qualified148 for the position.
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chapel
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speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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soda
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| n.苏打水；汽水 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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remarkable
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extorted
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admiration
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niggardly
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distinguished
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virtues
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virtue
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enlisted
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prospect
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prospects
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coup
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contemplate
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expediency
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ministry
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thither
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dissenting
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ordained
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stammer
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harmonious
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unreasonable
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exertion
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zeal
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discourses
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discourse
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liking
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rev
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deserted
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bigoted
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candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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35
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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36
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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37
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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38
adherent
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| n.信徒，追随者，拥护者 | |
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39
humanitarian
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| n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者 | |
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40
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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41
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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42
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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43
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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44
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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45
wrecking
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| 破坏 | |
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46
pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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47
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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48
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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49
wrangling
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| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的现在分词 ) | |
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50
cantankerous
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| adj.爱争吵的，脾气不好的 | |
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51
tilting
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| 倾斜，倾卸 | |
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52
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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53
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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54
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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55
dissenters
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| n.持异议者，持不同意见者( dissenter的名词复数 ) | |
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56
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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57
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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58
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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59
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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60
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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61
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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62
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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63
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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64
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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65
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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66
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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67
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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68
pillory
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| n.嘲弄；v.使受公众嘲笑；将…示众 | |
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69
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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70
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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71
philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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72
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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73
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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74
erasing
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| v.擦掉( erase的现在分词 )；抹去；清除 | |
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75
maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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76
anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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77
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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78
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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79
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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80
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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81
compilation
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| n.编译，编辑 | |
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82
outlay
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| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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83
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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84
dubbed
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| v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制 | |
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85
flicker
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| vi./n.闪烁，摇曳，闪现 | |
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86
prolix
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| adj.罗嗦的；冗长的 | |
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87
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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88
solicitous
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| adj.热切的，挂念的 | |
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89
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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90
lexicographer
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| n.辞典编纂人 | |
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91
craftsmen
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| n. 技工 | |
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92
proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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93
pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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94
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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95
amplification
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| n.扩大，发挥 | |
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96
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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97
perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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98
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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99
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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100
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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101
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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102
bouts
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| n.拳击（或摔跤）比赛( bout的名词复数 )；一段（工作）；（尤指坏事的）一通；（疾病的）发作 | |
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103
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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104
brew
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| v.酿造，调制 | |
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105
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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106
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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107
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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108
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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109
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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110
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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111
fermenting
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的现在分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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112
palatable
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| adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的 | |
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113
intercepting
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| 截取（技术），截接 | |
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114
flask
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| n.瓶，火药筒，砂箱 | |
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115
distillation
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| n.蒸馏，蒸馏法 | |
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116
scurvy
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| adj.下流的，卑鄙的，无礼的；n.坏血病 | |
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117
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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118
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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119
putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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120
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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121
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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122
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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123
cohesion
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| n.团结，凝结力 | |
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124
constituent
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| n.选民；成分，组分；adj.组成的，构成的 | |
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125
putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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126
decomposition
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| n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃 | |
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127
disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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128
putridity
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| n.腐败 | |
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129
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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130
cohering
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| v.黏合( cohere的现在分词 )；联合；结合；（指看法、推理等）前后一致 | |
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131
digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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132
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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133
counteracting
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| 对抗，抵消( counteract的现在分词 ) | |
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134
contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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135
apothecary
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| n.药剂师 | |
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136
corked
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| adj.带木塞气味的，塞着瓶塞的v.用瓶塞塞住( cork的过去式 ) | |
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137
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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138
extricated
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| v.使摆脱困难，脱身( extricate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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140
diluted
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| 无力的，冲淡的 | |
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141
briskness
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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142
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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143
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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144
longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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145
ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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146
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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147
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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148
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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