Of these the two former might be called highland2 or mountain Indians, because they occupied the hill country east of the Alleghany ridge3, while the Powhatan nation inhabited the lowland region extending from the seacoast westward4 to the falls of the rivers and from the Patuxent southward to Carolina.
Mr. Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," estimates that the Powhatan confederacy at one time occupied about eight thousand square miles of territory, with a population of about eight thousand people, of whom twenty-four hundred were warriors6. When it is remembered that there were thirty tribes in this coalition7, and that this estimate is less than one hundred warriors to the tribe, it seems moderate enough, especially since it is recorded by an early writer that three hundred warriors appeared under one Indian chief in one body at one time and seven hundred at another, all of whom were apparently8 of his own tribe.
Moreover, the Powhatan confederacy inhabited a country upon which nature bestowed9 her favors with lavish10 profusion11. Their settlements were mostly on the banks of the James, Elizabeth, Nansamond, York and Chickahominy rivers, all of which abounded12 with fish and fowl13. The forest was filled with deer and wild turkey, while the toothsome oyster14 was found in great abundance on the shores of the Chesapeake and its numerous inlets. Indeed, the whole region seems to have been a veritable paradise for hunter and fisherman. Vast quantities of corn, too, yearly rewarded even the crude agriculture of the Indians, bestowed as it was upon the best portion of a fertile soil.
Captain John Smith, the hero and historian of early Virginia, informs us that at one time "the rivers became so covered with swans, geese, ducks and cranes that we daily feasted with good bread, Virginia pease, pumpions (pumpkins) and putchamins (a wild plum), fish, fowl and diverse sorts of wild beasts so fat as we could eat them." He might have added, "And the barbarous people showed us no little kindness," but at first were ready to divide with them their ample store, for on one occasion when Smith undertook an exploring tour into the interior late in the season a violent storm obliged him and his men to keep Christmas among the savages16. "And we were never more merry," he relates, "nor fed on more plenty of good oysters17, fish, flesh, wild fowl and good bread, nor ever had better fires in England."
The mention of oysters here is the first account of this palatable18 bivalve we have found in history. They also graced the first Thanksgiving dinner, as will be seen in another chapter. But it might be asked, why is it, since Virginia was a land of such great abundance of food, we read so much of famine and "the starving time" among the colonists at Jamestown? Simply because the men sent over by King James were for the most part so idle, improvident19 and utterly20 worthless that they would have literally21 starved to death "with stewed22 pigeons flying into their mouths." Shortly after the settlement at Jamestown Captains Smith and Newport, accompanied by twenty-three others, sailed up the James river to its falls. A few miles below where Richmond now stands, near what is known as Mayo's plantation23, they visited an Indian village of a dozen houses called Powhatan. Here they met and were entertained by the leading chief, or werowance, of the Powhatan confederacy, who, strange to say, was also called Powhatan. Indeed, the English understanding but little of the Indian language, and hearing this name often mentioned, and always with awe24 or reverence25, by turns regarded it as the name of a river, of the country, of the people, of a town and of their head sachem.
But little is known of this, the first interview between Captain Smith and company and the great sagamore and his people, but it is recorded that the English were kindly26 and hospitably27 received, as they usually were, and feasted on fruit, fish and vegetables, as well as roast deer and cakes.
Bancroft says the savages at first murmured at this intrusion of strangers into the country; but their crafty28 chief disguised his fear and would only say, "They hurt you not; they take but a little waste land."
But even Powhatan grew suspicious of a cross which Newport insisted on erecting29 as a sign of English dominion30 until the latter, probably at the suggestion of Smith, told him the arms represented Powhatan and himself, and the middle their united league. The interview ended by the return of the explorers to Jamestown, but before doing so Newport presented the chief with a hatchet31, with which he was much delighted.
The English invested savage15 life with all the dignity of European courts. Powhatan was styled "king" or "emperor," his wives, of whom he had many, were "queens," his daughter was a "princess" and his principal warriors were "lords of the kingdom."
In his younger days Powhatan had been a great warrior5. Hereditarily32 he was sachem of eight tribes and by his arms he subdued33 twenty-two others, so that at this time he was the mighty34 werowance, or sagamore, of thirty of the forty tribes of Virginia. This great chief has been called the Indian C?sar, and certainly his system of government was strikingly similar to that of the Roman Empire, for the hereditary35 chiefs or "kings" of the subject tribes were permitted to rule their own people as before the conquest and their local laws and customs were not interfered36 with on condition of their paying annual tribute to Powhatan of "skinnes, beads37, copper39, pearle, deere, turkies, wild beasts and corne. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing." Moreover, as if to make the resemblance more remarkable40, his subjects regarded him as half man and half god, just as the Roman people regarded their emperors as demi-gods.
He is described as a "tall, well-proportioned man with a sower looke, his head somewhat gray, his beard so thinne that it seemeth none at all, his age neare sixtie, of a very able and hardy41 body, to endure any labor42." And certainly the extent of his conquests, his unlimited43 power over his subjects and the pomp which he maintained invested Powhatan with no little courtly though savage dignity.
Besides this village of his own name where he entertained Smith and Newport, Powhatan had a larger town on the York river called We-ro-wo-co-mo-co, a hunting town in the wilderness44 called Orapax, and others. At each of his hereditary towns there was a house built in the form of a long arbor45 for his especial reception, and when the great chief made a visit to one of his towns a feast was made ready in advance and spread in the long house. A mile from Orapax, deep in the woods, he had another arbor-like house in which he kept all his treasures, such as furs, copper, pearls and beads, to have them ready for his burial. Though isolated46, the contents of this treasure-house were never disturbed, but whether this was due to the terror inspired by the owner or to superstitious47 reverence is not known. Perhaps it was both.
It is said that Powhatan had twenty sons and eleven daughters living at the time of the Jamestown settlement. We know nothing of his sons except Nantaquans, who is described as "the most manliest48, comliest and boldest spirit, ever seen in a savage."
Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Powhatan, was thought to have been born in 1594, which would make her about thirteen years of age at the time of Captain Smith's trial before her august father. Nothing is known of her mother; she was simply one of Powhatan's numerous wives, and it is within the bounds of possibility that, growing tired of her, the chief had presented her to one of his subjects whom he wished to honor, for such was his custom.
The Indians believed that a knowledge of the real names of persons gave their enemies power to cast spells upon them, so they were frequently known by several names and endeavored to conceal49 their true ones. They also had a custom of changing the name upon great occasions.
Pocahontas, signifying, it is said, "Bright Stream Between Two Hills," was the household name of Powhatan's "dearest daughter." She had also two other names, Amonate and Matoaka, the last being her "real name." Besides her favorite brother, Nantaquans, we know the names of two sisters, Matachanna and Cleopatre. The real name of Powhatan, it seems, was Wah-un-so-na-cook. This powerful Indian sagamore was at first attended by a bodyguard50 of forty or fifty tall warriors, which was increased to two hundred after hostilities51 commenced with the English.
Captain Smith informs us that "every night upon the foure quarters of his house are four sentinels, each from other a slight shoot, and at every halfe houre one from the corps52 on guard doth hollow, shaking his lips with his finger betweene them, unto whom every sentinel doth answer round from his stand; if any faile, they presently send forth53 an officer that beateth him extremely." This is the first description we have of the Indian warwhoop still in vogue54 among certain tribes, and while it was a safeguard to prevent surprise, it must have tended to murder sleep about every half-hour during the watch of the night.
We also read that Powhatan had a fleet, of which he was very proud. It consisted of a large number of the canoes called "dugouts," which are still in use among some tribes of Indians. These boats were made by a very laborious55 process. Trees of a kind of timber which would float readily were felled by fire and from the trunks a boat was shaped and hollowed out by means of burning and scraping with shells and tomahawks.
The family of Powhatan was numerous and influential56. Besides his sons and daughters there were also three brothers younger than himself; and upon them successively (and not his sons) according to their several ages, custom seems to have required that the government should devolve after his own death. The eldest57, Opitchipan, accordingly succeeded him, in form at least. But this chief proved to be an inactive and unambitious man, owing in part to the fact that he was well advanced in years. He was soon thrown into the shade by the superior energy and greater talent of Ope-chan-ca-nough, who, before many years, ruled the entire federation58 acquired by Powhatan. Of the younger brother, Kekataugh, scarcely anything is known. He is thought to have died before an opportunity occurred to show his ability in a public station.
It was Ope-chan-ca-nough, then sachem of the Pamunkies, who captured the indomitable Captain Smith while the latter was engaged in exploring the Chickahominy river.
Having gone as far as they could in a barge60, Captain Smith left it moored61 in the middle of a small lake out of the reach of the savages on the banks, and accompanied by Robinson, Emry and two friendly Indians, pushed on up the stream in a smaller boat. Those with the barge were ordered on no account to go ashore62. But the order was disobeyed and they came near forfeiting63 their lives by their rashness, for two or three hundred Indians lay in ambush64 on the banks. When, on landing, the English discovered the crouching65 savages, they fled precipitately66 to their boat and escaped, leaving one of their number, George Cassen, a prisoner. Him the Indians compelled to show the direction taken by Smith, after which he was put to death in a barbarous manner.
Smith's party was overtaken among the Chickahominy swamps or "slashes," as they are called in Virginia, Robinson and Emry were killed and Smith himself captured, but only after a terrible resistance. He fought like a lion at bay, tied one of the Indian guides to his left arm for a shield, killed three Indians, wounded several others and would have escaped had he not stepped backward into a deep quagmire67.
He now surrendered to the Indian sachem Ope-chan-ca-nough, who conducted him in triumph through the Indian villages on the Potomac and the Rappahannock, thence to his own town, Pamunkey. At this place the medicine men practiced incantations and ceremonies for the space of three days, hoping to obtain some insight into the mysterious character and designs of the captive in order to determine his fate. By this time Smith had so overawed his captors that they feared to inflict68 the death penalty without the concurrence69 of their great werowance, Powhatan. Accordingly he was conveyed to We-ro-wo-co-mo-co, the favorite home of this chieftain of the chiefs, on the York river, a few miles from the historic field of Yorktown.
Arriving at We-ro-wo-co-mo-co, Captain Smith was detained near the town until preparations had been made to receive him in state. When Powhatan and his train had time to array themselves in all "their greatest braveries" the noted70 prisoner was admitted to the great chief's presence. Powhatan "looked every inch a king" as he sat on a kind of throne in the longhouse, covered with a robe of raccoon skin, and with a coronet of immense gaily71 colored plumes72 on his head. His two favorite daughters sat on right and left while files of warriors and women of rank, his favorite wives or sisters, were ranged around the hall.
On Smith's entrance into the hall of state a great shout arose from those present. At a signal a handsome Indian woman, perhaps a sister of the great chief, whom Smith styles "the Queen of Appamatuck," brought water in a copper basin to wash the prisoner's hands, while her companion presented a bunch of feathers with which to dry them.
Powhatan now proceeded to question Smith closely as to where he was from, where he was going, what brought the whites to his country, what were their intentions, what kind of a country they lived in and how many warriors they had. No doubt the captain was equal to the occasion, but it is quite probable that the grim old savage regarded him as a liar73. Again quoting Smith, "A long consultation74 was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan, then as many savages as could, layd hands on him, dragged him to them and thereon layd his head," in position to be crushed with a war club. A stalwart warrior was appointed executioner. The signal was given, the grim executioner raised his heavy war club and another moment had decided76 the fate both of the illustrious captive and his colony. But that uplifted bludgeon was not destined77 to fall upon the head of Smith. Matoaka, or Pocahontas, the eldest daughter of Powhatan, sprang from her seat, and rushing between the big warrior and his intended victim, she clasped "his head in her arms and laid her own upon his to save him from death." She held on with the resolution of despair until her father, yielding to her frantic78 appeals, lifted them up and ordered Smith to be released. "The Emperor was contented79; he should live to make him hatchets80" (like the one Newport had presented) "and her beads and copper trinkets."
Ridpath well says, "There is no reason in the world for doubting the truth of this affecting and romantic story, one of the most marvelous and touching81 in the history of any nation."
Bancroft also records the incident as a historical fact and moralizes on it by saying, "The gentle feelings of humanity are the same in every race and in every period of life; they bloom, though unconsciously, even in the bosom82 of a young Indian maiden83."
The truth of this beautiful story was never doubted until 1866, when the eminent84 antiquarian, Dr. Charles Deane, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in reprinting Smith's first book, "The True Relation of 1609," pointed75 out that it contains no reference to this hair-breadth escape. Since then many American historians and scholars have concluded that it never happened at all, and in order to be consistent they have tried to prove that Smith was a blustering85 braggadocio86, which is the very last thing that could in truth be said of him. The rescue of a captive doomed87 to death, by a woman, is not such an unheard-of thing in Indian stories.
If the truth of this deliverance be denied, how then did Smith come back to Jamestown loaded with presents when the other three men were killed, George Cassen, in particular, in a most horrible manner? And how is it, supposing Smith's account of it to be false, that Pocahontas afterward88 frequently came to Jamestown with her attendants bringing baskets of corn and was, next to Smith himself, the salvation89 of the colony? She was also sent by her father to intercede90 with Smith for the release of prisoners. The fact is, nobody doubted the story in Smith's life time and he had enemies enough. Pocahontas never visited Jamestown after Smith went to England in October, 1609, until she was kidnapped and taken there in April, 1613, by the infamous91 Captain Argall, with the aid of Japazaws, the chief sachem of the Patawomekes or Potomacs.
Smith making toys.
It is true there is no mention of Pocahontas saving the life of Smith in the "True Relation," but it must not be forgotten that it is confessed that the editor came upon his copy at second or third hand; that is, we suppose that it had been copied in MS. He also confesses to selecting what he thought "fit to be printed." "Can any one doubt," says Eggleston, "that the 'True Relation' was carefully revised, not to say corrupted92, in the interest of the company and the colony? And, if so, what more natural than that the hostility93 of so great a chief as Powhatan would be concealed94? For the great need of the colony was a fresh supply of colonists. Nothing would have so much tended to check emigration to Virginia (especially women) as a belief that the most powerful neighboring prince was at war with the settlement."
But Smith does mention the thrilling incident in his letter to Queen Anne, on behalf of his protege, and rings the changes on it. Said he, "Pocahontas, the King's most dear and well-beloved daughter, being but a child of twelve or thirteen years of age, whose compassionate95, pitiful heart, of desperate estate, gave me much cause to respect her." . . . For "at the minute of my execution she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father that I was safely conducted to Jamestown."
The amiable96 young "princess," Pocahontas, became the first Christian97 convert in Virginia, as well as the first bride, when she married John Rolfe, in 1613. At her baptism she received the name "Lady Rebecca," no doubt in allusion98 to Rebekah, the wife of Isaac, who became the mother of two distinct nations and two manner of people.
In 1616 she and her husband went to England. Here the "Lady Rebecca" received great attentions at court and was entertained by the Bishop99 of London. Pocahontas remained in England about a year; and when, with her husband and son, she was about to return to Virginia, with her father's counselor100, Tomocomo, she was seized with smallpox101 at Gravesend and died in June,1617, aged59 twenty-two.
It may assist the reader to remember the place by recalling that at Gravesend her beautiful life came to an end and she found a grave under the chancel of the parish church.
John Rolfe returned to Virginia and became a prominent official of the colony. His son, Thomas Rolfe, was taken to London, where he was brought up by an uncle. When he was a young man he came to Virginia, and, as "Lieutenant102 Rolfe," commanded Fort James, on the Chickahominy.
In 1644, when about twenty-six, he petitioned the Governor for permission to visit his great uncle, Ope-chan-ca-nough, and his aunt, Cleopatre, who still lived in the woods on the York river. He married a young lady of England, became a gentleman of "note and fortune" in Virginia, and some of the most prominent families of that State are descended103 from him.
John Randolph, of Roanoke, was the best known of his descendants and was proud of his Indian blood. His manner of walking and the peculiar104 brightness of his eyes are said to have shown his origin, and he once said he came of a race who never forgot a kindness or forgave an injury. Randolph was sixth in descent from Pocahontas, through Jane Rolfe, her grand-daughter. "And," as John Esten Cook says, "the blood of Powhatan mingled105 with that of his old enemies. Dead for many years, and asleep in his sepulcher106 at Orapax, the savage old Emperor still spoke107 in the voice of his great descendant, the orator108 of Roanoke."
The crafty Powhatan, seeing how much superior the English weapons were to his own, determined109 to possess some of them. Accordingly, after sparing the life of Captain Smith, he told him that they were now friends and that he would presently send him home, and when he arrived at Jamestown he must send him two great guns and a grindstone. He also promised to consider him his son and give him the country of Capahowosick.
Smith was shortly afterward sent to Jamestown with twelve guides and arrived safely after seven weeks' captivity110. Here he treated his savage guides with great hospitality and showed Rawhunt, their leader, two demi-culverins (long cannon111 carrying a nine-pound shot) and a millstone to carry to Powhatan. The Indians, however, "found them somewhat too heavy." To give them a wholesome112 fright, Smith caused a cannon to be loaded with stone and fired among the boughs113 of trees filled with icicles. The effect may easily be imagined.
Presents of various toys and trinkets were now given the Indians for Powhatan and his family and they went away satisfied.
During the same winter Smith visited Powhatan in company with Newport. Attended by a guard of thirty or forty men they sailed as far as We-ro-wo-co-mo-co the first day. Here Newport's courage failed him. But Smith, with twenty men, went on and visited the chief at his town.
Powhatan exerted himself to the utmost to give his adopted son a royal entertainment. The warriors shouted for joy to see Smith; orations114 were addressed to him and a plentiful115 feast provided to refresh him after his journey. The great sachem received him, reclining upon his bed of mats, his pillow of dressed skin lying beside him with its brilliant embroidery116 of shells and beads, and his dress consisting chiefly of a handsome fur robe. Along the sides of the house sat twenty comely117 females, each with her head and shoulders painted red and a great chain of white beads about her neck. "Before these sat his chiefest men in like order, and more than fortie platters of fine bread stood in two piles on each side of the door. Foure or five hundred people made a guard behind them for our passage; and Proclamation was made, none upon paine of death to presume to doe us any wrong or discourtesie. With many pretty discourses118 to renew their old acquaintance, this great king and our captain spent the time, till the ebbe left our barge aground. Then renewing their feast with feates, dauncing and singing, and such like mirth, we quartered that night with Powhatan."
The next day Captain Newport came ashore and was received with savage pomp, Smith taking the part of interpreter. Newport presented Powhatan with a boy named Thomas Salvage119. In return the chief gave him a servant of his named Namontack, and several days were spent in feasting, dancing and trading, during which time the old sachem manifested so much dignity and so much discretion120 as to create a high admiration121 of his talents in the minds of his guests.
Newport had brought with him a variety of articles for barter122, such as he supposed would command a high price in corn. Not finding the lower class of Indians profitable, as they dealt on a small scale and had but little corn to spare, he was anxious to drive a bargain with Powhatan himself. This, however, the haughty123 chief affected124 to decline and despise.
"Captain Newport," said he, "it is not agreeable to my greatness to truck in this peddling125 manner for trifles. I am a great werowance and I esteem126 you the same. Therefore lay me down all your commodities together; what I like I will take and in return you shall have what I conceive to be a fair value."
Newport fell into the trap. He did as requested, contrary to Smith's advice. Powhatan selected the best of his goods and valued his corn so high that Smith says it might as well have been purchased in old Spain. They did not get four bushels, where they expected twenty hogsheads.
It was now Smith's turn to try his skill; and he made his experiment not upon the sagacity of Powhatan but upon his simplicity127. Picking up a string of large brilliant blue beads he contrived128 to glance them as if by accident, so that their glint attracted the eye of the chief, who at once became eager to see them. Smith denied having them, then protested he could not sell them as they were made of the same stuff as the sky and only to be worn by the greatest kings on earth.
Powhatan immediately became "half-mad" to own "such strange jewels." It ended by Smith securing two or three hundred bushels of corn for a pound or two of blue beads. Having loaded their barges129, they floated with the next tide. They also visited Ope-chan-ca-nough before their return and "fitted this chief with blue beads on the same terms."
On September 10, 1608, Smith was made President of the colony and things had begun to run smoothly130 when the marplot Newport returned with several wild schemes. He brought with him orders from King James for a coronation of Powhatan as Emperor, together with elaborate presents for the old chief. A more foolish thing was never perpetrated. Smith, with his usual hard sense, protested against it. He well knew that it would tend to increase the haughty chief's notions of his own importance and make it impossible to maintain friendly relations with him. Finding his opposition131 in vain he insisted on at least trying to get Powhatan to come to Jamestown for the ceremony, and even offered to go himself and extend the invitation to the chief.
Smith took with him four companions only and went across the woods by land, about twelve miles, to We-ro-wo-co-mo-co. Powhatan was then absent at a distance of twenty or thirty miles. Pocahontas immediately sent for him and he arrived the following day. Smith now delivered his message desiring him to visit "his father" Newport at Jamestown for the purpose of receiving the newly arrived presents and also concerting a campaign in common against the Monacans. But this proud representative in the American forest of the divine right of kings haughtily132 replied, "If your King has sent me a present, I also am a King and this is my land; eight days I will stay to receive them. Your father is to come to me, not I to him, nor yet to your fort neither will I bite at such a bait; as for the Monacans I can revenge my own injuries."
"This is the lofty potentate," says a charming writer, "whom Smith could have tickled133 out of his senses with a glass bead38 and who would have infinitely134 preferred a big shining copper kettle to the misplaced honor intended to be thrust upon him, but the offer of which puffed135 him up beyond the reach of negotiation136."
After some further general conversation Smith returned with his answer. If the mountain would not come to Mahomet, then Mahomet must go to the mountain. The presents were sent by water around to We-ro-wo-co-mo-co and the two captains with a guard of fifty men went by land. Smith describes the ridiculous ceremony of the coronation, the last act of which shows that the old sachem himself saw the size of the joke. "The presents were brought him, his basin and ewer137, bed and furniture setup, his scarlet138 cloak and apparel with much adoe put on him, being assured they would not hurt him. But a foule trouble there was to make him kneel to receive his crown; he not knowing the majesty139, nor wearing of a crown, nor bending of the knee, endured so many persuasions140, examples and instructions as tyred them all. At last by bearing hard on his shoulders, he a little stooped, and three having the crown in their hands, put it on his head, when by the warning of a pistoll the boats were prepared with such a volly of shot, that the king started up in a horrible feare, till he saw all was well. Then, remembering himself, to congratulate their kindness, he gave his old shoes (moccasins) and his mantell (of raccoon skins) to Captain Newport." The mountain labored141 and brought forth a mouse.
Little was heard of Powhatan for some time after this, except occasionally through the medium of some of his tribes, who refused to trade with the English in consequence of his orders to that effect. He had evidently become jealous, but appearances were still kept up, and in December, 1608, the Emperor (for he is now one of the crowned heads) invited the captain to visit him. He wanted his assistance in building a house, and if he would bring with him a grindstone, fifty swords, a few muskets142, a cock and hen, with a quantity of beads and copper, he might depend upon getting a ship load of corn.
Smith accepted the invitation and set off with a pinnace and two barges manned by forty-six volunteers. It was on this occasion that a severe storm drove Smith and his men to seek shelter and spend Christmas with friendly Indians, where they enjoyed the good cheer and hospitality mentioned elsewhere in this narrative143.
They reached We-ro-wo-co-mo-co January 12, quartered without much ceremony at the first house they found, and sent to Powhatan for a supply of provisions. The wily old chief furnished them with plenty of bread, venison and turkeys, but pretended not to have sent for them at all. In reply Smith asked if he had forgotten his own invitation thus suddenly, and then produced the messengers who had carried it, and who happened to be near at hand. Powhatan affected to regard the whole affair as a mere144 joke and laughed heartily145. Smith reproached him with deceit and hostility. The chief replied by wordy evasions146 and seemed very indifferent about his new house. He demanded guns and swords in exchange for corn, which Smith, of course, refused. By this time the captain was provoked and gave the chief to understand that necessity might force him to use disagreeable expedients147 in relieving his own wants and the need of the colony. Powhatan listened to this declaration with cool gravity and replied with corresponding frankness. Said he, "I will spare you what I can and that within two days. But, Captain Smith, I have some doubts as to your object in this visit. I am informed that you wish to conquer more than to trade, and at all events you know my people must be afraid to come near you with their corn so long as you go armed and with such a retinue148. Lay aside your weapons then. Here they are needless. We are all friends, all Powhatans." The information here alluded149 to was probably gained from the two Dutchmen who had deserted150 the colony and gone among the Indians.
A great contest of ingenuity151 now ensued between the Englishman and the savage, the latter endeavoring to temporize152 only for the purpose of putting Smith and his men off their guard. He especially insisted on the propriety153 of laying aside their arms.
"Captain Smith," he continued, "I am old and I know well the difference between peace and war. I wish to live quietly with you and I wish the same for my successors. Now, rumors154 which reach me on all hands make me uneasy. What do you expect to gain by destroying us who provide you with food? And what can you get by war if we escape you and hide our provisions in the woods? We are unarmed, too, you see. Do you believe me such a fool as not to prefer eating good meat, sleeping quietly with my wives and children, laughing and making merry with you, having copper and hatchets and anything else—as your friend—to flying from you as your enemy, lying cold in the woods, eating acorns155 and roots, and being so hunted by you meanwhile that if but a twig156 break, my men will cry out, 'There comes Captain Smith.' Let us be friends, then. Do not invade us with such an armed force. Lay aside these arms."
But Smith was proof against this eloquence157, which, it will be conceded, was of a high order. Believing the chief's purpose was to disarm158 the English and then massacre159 them, he ordered the ice broken and the pinnace brought nearer shore. More men were then landed preparatory to an attack.
The white man and the Indian were well matched in general intelligence, insight into character and craftiness160. No diplomacy161 inferior to that of the Indian Emperor could have so long retained the upper hand of Smith. No leader of less courage and resources than John Smith could so long have maintained a starving colony in the hostile dominions162 of the great Powhatan.
While waiting until the re-enforcements could land. Smith tried to keep Powhatan engaged in a lengthy163 conversation. But the Indian outwitted him. Leaving three of his handsomest and most entertaining wives to occupy Smith's attention, Powhatan slipped through the rear of his bark dwelling164 and escaped, while his warriors surrounded the house. When Smith discovered the danger he rushed boldly out. Flourishing his sword and firing his pistol at the nearest savage he escaped to the river, where his men had just landed.
The English had already traded a copper kettle to Powhatan for eighty bushels of corn. This was now delivered, and with loaded muskets they forced the Indians to fill the boat.
By the time this was done night had come on, but the loaded vessel165 could not be moved until high tide. Smith and his men must remain ashore until morning. Powhatan and his warriors plotted to attack them while at their supper. Once again Pocahontas saved Smith. Slipping into the camp she hurriedly warned him of his danger and revealed the whole plot. The captain offered her handsome presents and rewards, but with tears in her eyes she refused them all, saying it would cost her her life to be seen to have them.
Pocahontas
Presently ten lusty warriors came bearing a hot supper for the English and urging them to eat. But Smith compelled the waiters first to taste their own food as an assurance against poison. He then sent them back to tell Powhatan the English were ready for him.
No one was permitted to sleep that night, but all were ordered to be ready to fight any moment, as large numbers of Indians could be seen lurking166 around. Their vigilance saved them, and with the high tide of the morning the homeward trip was commenced.
Such benefits resulted from the marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas that Governor Dale piously167 ascribed it to the divine approval resting on the conversion168 of the heathen, and reflecting that another daughter of Powhatan would form an additional pledge of peace, sent Ralph Hamer and the interpreter, Thomas Savage, to Powhatan to procure169 a second daughter for himself.
They found the aged chief at Matchcat, further up the river than We-ro-wo-co-mo-co, and after a pipe of tobacco had been passed around Powhatan inquired anxiously about his daughter's welfare, "her marriage, his unknown son, and how they liked, lived and loved together." Hamer answered that they "lived civilly and lovingly together," and "that his daughter was so well content that she would not change her life to return and live with him, whereat he laughed heartily and said he was very glad of it."
Powhatan now asked the particular cause of Mr. Hamer's visit. On being told it was private, the Emperor ordered the room cleared of all except the inevitable170 pair of queens, who sat on either side of the monarch171. Hamer began by saying that he was the bearer of a number of presents from Governor Dale, consisting of coffee, beads, combs, fish hooks and knives, and a promise of the much-talked-of grindstone whenever Powhatan would send for it. He then added that the Governor, hearing of the fame of the Emperor's youngest daughter, was desirous of making her "his nearest companion and wife." He conceived there could not be a finer bond of union between the two people than such a connection; and, besides, Pocahontas was exceedingly anxious for her sister's companionship at Jamestown. He hoped that Powhatan would at least suffer her to visit the colony when he should return.
Powhatan more than once came very near interrupting the delivery of this message. But he controlled himself, and when Hamer had finished, the Emperor gracefully172 acknowledged the compliment, but protested that his daughter had been three days married to a certain young chief. To this the brazen173 Hamer replied that this was nothing; that the groom174 would readily relinquish175 her for the ample presents which Governor Dale would make, and further that a prince of his greatness might easily exert his authority to reclaim176 his daughter on some pretext177. To this base proposition the old sachem made an answer of which the nobility and purity might have put to shame the unscrupulous Hamer. He confessed that he loved his daughter as his life and though he had many children he delighted in her most of all. He could not live without seeing her every day and that would be impossible if she went among the colonists, for he had resolved upon no account to put himself in their power or to visit them. He desired no other pledge of friendship than the one already existing in the marriage of his Pocahontas, unless she should die, in which case he would give up another child. He concluded with the following pathetic eloquence: "I hold it not a brotherly part for your King to endeavor to bereave178 me of my two darling children at once. Give him to understand that if he had no pledge at all, he need not distrust any injury from me or my people. There has already been too much of blood and war; too many of my people and of his have already fallen in our strife179, and by my occasion there shall never be any more. I, who have power to perform it, have said it; no, not though I should have just occasion offered, for I am now grown old and would gladly end my few remaining days in peace and quiet. Even if the English should offer me injury, I would not resent it. My country is large enough and I would remove myself further from you. I hope this will give satisfaction to my brother, he can not have my daughter. If he is not satisfied, I will move three days' journey from him and never see Englishmen more."
His speech was ended. The barbarian180's hall of state was silent. The council fire unreplenished had burned low during the interview and the great crackling logs lay reduced to a dull heap of embers—fit symbol of the aged chieftain who had just spoken.
As Mason well says, "Call him a savage, but remember that his shining love for his daughter only throws into darker shadow the infamous proposition of the civilized181 Englishman to tear away the three days' bride from the arms of her Indian lover and give her to a man who had already a wife in England. Call him a barbarian, but forget not that when his enemies hungered he gave them food. When his people were robbed, whipped and imprisoned182 by the invaders183 of his country, he had only retaliated184 and had never failed to buy the peace to which he was entitled without money and without price. Call him a heathen, but do not deny that when he said that, if the English should do him an injury, he would not resent it but only move further from them, he more nearly followed the rule of the Master, of whom he was ignorant, than did the faithless, pilfering185 adventurers at the fort, who rolled their eyes heavenward and called themselves Christians186."
No candid187 person can read the history of this famous Indian with an attentive188 consideration of the circumstances under which he was placed without forming a high estimate of his character as a warrior, statesman and a patriot189. His deficiencies were those of education and not of genius. His faults were those of the people whom he governed and of the period in which he lived. His great talents, on the other hand, were his own and these are acknowledged even by those historians who still regard him with prejudice.
Smith calls him "a prince of excellent sense and parts, and a great master of all the savage arts of government and policy."
He died in 1618, just one year after the untimely death of Pocahontas, "full of years and satiated with fightings, and the delights of savage life." He is a prominent character in the early history of our country and well does he deserve it. In his prime he was as ambitious as Julius C?sar and not less successful, considering his surroundings. He and Pocahontas were the real "F. F. V.'s," for, beyond controversy190, they were of the "First Families of Virginia."
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1
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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oyster
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| n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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palatable
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| adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的 | |
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improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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stewed
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| adj.焦虑不安的，烂醉的v.炖( stew的过去式和过去分词 )；煨；思考；担忧 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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hereditarily
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| 世袭地，遗传地 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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37
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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bead
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| n.念珠；(pl.)珠子项链；水珠 | |
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39
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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40
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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41
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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42
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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43
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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44
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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45
arbor
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| n.凉亭；树木 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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48
manliest
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| manly（有男子气概的）的最高级形式 | |
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49
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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50
bodyguard
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| n.护卫，保镖 | |
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51
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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52
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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53
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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54
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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55
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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56
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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57
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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58
federation
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| n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会 | |
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59
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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60
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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61
moored
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| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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62
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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63
forfeiting
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的现在分词 ) | |
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64
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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65
crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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66
precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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67
quagmire
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| n.沼地 | |
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68
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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72
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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73
liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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80
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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81
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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82
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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85
blustering
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| adj.狂风大作的，狂暴的v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的现在分词 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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braggadocio
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| n.吹牛大王 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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intercede
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| vi.仲裁，说情 | |
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infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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93
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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94
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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compassionate
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| adj.有同情心的，表示同情的 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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counselor
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| n.顾问，法律顾问 | |
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101
smallpox
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| n.天花 | |
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102
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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103
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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106
sepulcher
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| n.坟墓 | |
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107
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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108
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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111
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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112
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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113
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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114
orations
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| n.（正式仪式中的）演说，演讲( oration的名词复数 ) | |
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115
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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116
embroidery
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| n.绣花，刺绣；绣制品 | |
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117
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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118
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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119
salvage
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| v.救助，营救，援救；n.救助，营救 | |
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120
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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121
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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122
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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123
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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124
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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125
peddling
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| 忙于琐事的，无关紧要的 | |
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126
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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128
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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129
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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130
smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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131
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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132
haughtily
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| adv. 傲慢地, 高傲地 | |
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133
tickled
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| （使）发痒( tickle的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）愉快，逗乐 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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135
puffed
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| adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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136
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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137
ewer
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| n.大口水罐 | |
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138
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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140
persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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142
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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143
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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144
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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146
evasions
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| 逃避( evasion的名词复数 )； 回避； 遁辞； 借口 | |
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147
expedients
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| n.应急有效的，权宜之计的( expedient的名词复数 ) | |
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148
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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152
temporize
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| v.顺应时势；拖延 | |
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153
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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154
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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155
acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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156
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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157
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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158
disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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159
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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160
craftiness
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| 狡猾，狡诈 | |
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161
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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163
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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164
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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165
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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166
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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167
piously
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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168
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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169
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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170
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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171
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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172
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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173
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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174
groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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175
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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176
reclaim
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| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
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177
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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178
bereave
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| v.使痛失(亲人等)，剥夺，使丧失 | |
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179
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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180
barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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181
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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182
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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183
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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184
retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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185
pilfering
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| v.偷窃（小东西），小偷( pilfer的现在分词 )；偷窃（一般指小偷小摸） | |
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186
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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187
candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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188
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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189
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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190
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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