“One day in the autumn of 1845, I accidentally lighted on a MS. volume of verse, in my sister Emily’s handwriting. Of course, I was not surprised, knowing that she could and did write verse: I looked it over, and something more than surprise seized me—a deep conviction that these were not common effusions, nor at all like the poetry women generally write. I thought them condensed and terse3, vigorous and genuine. To my ear they had also a peculiar4 music, wild, melancholy5, and elevating. My sister Emily was not a person of demonstrative character, nor one on the recesses6 of whose mind and feelings even those nearest and dearest to her could, with impunity7, intrude9 unlicensed: it took hours to reconcile her to the discovery I had made, and days to persuade her that such poems merited publication . . . Meantime, my younger sister quietly produced some of her own compositions, intimating that since Emily’s had given me pleasure, I might like to look at hers. I could not but be a partial judge, yet I thought that these verses too had a sweet sincere pathos of their own. We had very early cherished the dream of one day being authors. We agreed to arrange a small selection of our poems, and, if possible, get them printed. Averse10 to personal publicity11, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated12 by a sort of conscientious13 scruple14 at assuming Christian15 names, positively16 masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because—without at the time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called ‘feminine,’ we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement17 the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise. The bringing out of our little book was hard work. As was to be expected, neither we nor our poems were at all wanted; but for this we had been prepared at the outset; though inexperienced ourselves, we had read the experience of others. The great puzzle lay in the difficulty of getting answers of any kind from the publishers to whom we applied18. Being greatly harassed19 by this obstacle, I ventured to apply to the Messrs. Chambers20, of Edinburgh, for a word of advice; they may have forgotten the circumstance, but I have not, for from them I received a brief and business-like, but civil and sensible reply, on which we acted, and at last made way.”
I inquired from Mr. Robert Chambers, and found, as Miss Brontë conjectured21, that he had entirely22 forgotten the application which had been made to him and his brother for advice; nor had they any copy or memorandum23 of the correspondence.
There is an intelligent man living in Haworth, who has given me some interesting particulars relating to the sisters about this period. He says:—
“I have known Miss Brontë, as Miss Brontë, a long time; indeed, ever since they came to Haworth in 1819. But I had not much acquaintance with the family till about 1843, when I began to do a little in the stationery25 line. Nothing of that kind could be had nearer than Keighley before I began. They used to buy a great deal of writing paper, and I used to wonder whatever they did with so much. I sometimes thought they contributed to the Magazines. When I was out of stock, I was always afraid of their coming; they seemed so distressed26 about it, if I had none. I have walked to Halifax (a distance of ten miles) many a time, for half a ream of paper, for fear of being without it when they came. I could not buy more at a time for want of capital. I was always short of that. I did so like them to come when I had anything for them; they were so much different to anybody else; so gentle and kind, and so very quiet. They never talked much. Charlotte sometimes would sit and inquire about our circumstances so kindly27 and feelingly! . . . Though I am a poor working man (which I have never felt to be any degradation), I could talk with her with the greatest freedom. I always felt quite at home with her. Though I never had any school education, I never felt the want of it in her company.”
The publishers to whom she finally made a successful application for the production of “Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell’s poems,” were Messrs. Aylott and Jones, Paternoster Row. Mr. Aylott has kindly placed the letters which she wrote to them on the subject at my disposal. The first is dated January 28th, 1846, and in it she inquires if they will publish one volume octavo of poems; if not at their own risk, on the author’s account. It is signed “C. Brontë.” They must have replied pretty speedily, for on January 31st she writes again:—
“GENTLEMEN,
“Since you agree to undertake the publication of the work respecting which I applied to you, I should wish now to know, as soon as possible, the cost of paper and printing. I will then send the necessary remittance28, together with the manuscript. I should like it to be printed in one octavo volume, of the same quality of paper and size of type as Moxon’s last edition of Wordsworth. The poems will occupy, I should think, from 200 to 250 pages. They are not the production of a clergyman, nor are they exclusively of a religious character; but I presume these circumstances will be immaterial. It will, perhaps, be necessary that you should see the manuscript, in order to calculate accurately30 the expense of publication; in that case I will send it immediately. I should like, however, previously31, to have some idea of the probable cost; and if, from what I have said, you can make a rough calculation on the subject, I should be greatly obliged to you.”
In her next letter, February 6th, she says:—
“You will perceive that the poems are the work of three persons, relatives—their separate pieces are distinguished32 by their respective signatures.”
She writes again on February 15th; and on the 16th she says:—
“The MS. will certainly form a thinner volume than I had anticipated. I cannot name another model which I should like it precisely33 to resemble, yet, I think, a duodecimo form, and a somewhat reduced, though still clear type, would be preferable. I only stipulate34 for clear type, not too small, and good paper.”
On February 21st she selects the “long primer type” for the poems, and will remit29 31l. 10s. in a few days.
Minute as the details conveyed in these notes are, they are not trivial, because they afford such strong indications of character. If the volume was to be published at their own risk, it was necessary that the sister conducting the negotiation35 should make herself acquainted with the different kinds of type, and the various sizes of books. Accordingly she bought a small volume, from which to learn all she could on the subject of preparation for the press. No half-knowledge—no trusting to other people for decisions which she could make for herself; and yet a generous and full confidence, not misplaced, in the thorough probity36 of Messrs. Aylott and Jones. The caution in ascertaining37 the risk before embarking38 in the enterprise, and the prompt payment of the money required, even before it could be said to have assumed the shape of a debt, were both parts of a self-reliant and independent character. Self-contained also was she. During the whole time that the volume of poems was in the course of preparation and publication, no word was written telling anyone, out of the household circle, what was in progress.
I have had some of the letters placed in my hands, which she addressed to her old schoolmistress, Miss W-. They begin a little before this time. Acting39 on the conviction, which I have all along entertained, that where Charlotte Brontë’s own words could be used, no others ought to take their place, I shall make extracts from this series, according to their dates.
“Jan. 30th, 1846.
“MY DEAR MISS W---,
“I have not yet paid my visit to ---; it is, indeed, more than a year since I was there, but I frequently hear from E., and she did not fail to tell me that you were gone into Worcestershire; she was unable, however, to give me your exact address. Had I known it, I should have written to you long since. I thought you would wonder how we were getting on, when you heard of the railway panic; and you may be sure that I am very glad to be able to answer your kind inquiries40 by the assurance that our small capital is as yet undiminished. The York and Midland is, as you say, a very good line, yet, I confess to you, I should wish, for my own part, to be wise in time. I cannot think that even the very best lines will continue for many years at their present premiums41; and I have been most anxious for us to sell our shares ere it be too late, and to secure the proceeds in some safer, if, for the present, less profitable investment. I cannot, however, persuade my sisters to regard the affair precisely from my point of view; and I feel as if I would rather run the risk of loss than hurt Emily’s feelings by acting in direct opposition42 to her opinion. She managed in a most handsome and able manner for me, when I was in Brussels, and prevented by distance from looking after my own interests; therefore, I will let her manage still, and take the consequences. Disinterested44 and energetic she certainly is; and if she be not quite so tractable45 or open to conviction as I could wish, I must remember perfection is not the lot of humanity; and as long as we can regard those we love, and to whom we are closely allied46, with profound and never-shaken esteem47, it is a small thing that they should vex48 us occasionally by what appear to us unreasonable49 and headstrong notions.
“You, my dear Miss W---, know, full as well as I do, the value of sisters’ affection to each other; there is nothing like it in this world, I believe, when they are nearly equal in age, and similar in education, tastes, and sentiments. You ask about Branwell; he never thinks of seeking employment, and I begin to fear that he has rendered himself incapable50 of filling any respectable station in life; besides, if money were at his disposal, he would use it only to his own injury; the faculty51 of self-government is, I fear, almost destroyed in him. You ask me if I do not think that men are strange beings? I do, indeed. I have often thought so; and I think, too, that the mode of bringing them up is strange: they are not sufficiently52 guarded from temptation. Girls are protected as if they were something very frail53 or silly indeed, while boys are turned loose on the world, as if they, of all beings in existence, were the wisest and least liable to be led astray. I am glad you like Broomsgrove, though, I dare say, there are few places you would not like, with Mrs. M. for a companion. I always feel a peculiar satisfaction when I hear of your enjoying yourself, because it proves that there really is such a thing as retributive justice even in this world. You worked hard; you denied yourself all pleasure, almost all relaxation54, in your youth, and in the prime of life; now you are free, and that while you have still, I hope, many years of vigour55 and health in which you can enjoy freedom. Besides, I have another and very egotistical motive56 for being pleased; it seems that even ‘a lone57 woman’ can be happy, as well as cherished wives and proud mothers. I am glad of that. I speculate much on the existence of unmarried and never-to-be-married women now-a-days; and I have already got to the point of considering that there is no more respectable character on this earth than an unmarried woman, who makes her own way through life quietly, perseveringly58, without support of husband or brother; and who, having attained59 the age of forty-five or upwards60, retains in her possession a well-regulated mind, a disposition61 to enjoy simple pleasures, and fortitude62 to support inevitably63 pains, sympathy with the sufferings of others, and willingness to relieve want as far as her means extend.”
During the time that the negotiation with Messrs. Aylott and Co. was going on, Charlotte went to visit her old school-friend, with whom she was in such habits of confidential64 intimacy65; but neither then nor afterwards, did she ever speak to her of the publication of the poems; nevertheless, this young lady suspected that the sisters wrote for Magazines; and in this idea she was confirmed when, on one of her visits to Haworth, she saw Anne with a number of “Chambers’s Journal,” and a gentle smile of pleasure stealing over her placid66 face as she read.
“What is the matter?” asked the friend. “Why do you smile?”
“Only because I see they have inserted one of my poems,” was the quiet reply; and not a word more was said on the subject.
To this friend Charlotte addressed the following letters:—
“March 3rd, 1846.
“I reached home a little after two o’clock, all safe and right yesterday; I found papa very well; his sight much the same. Emily and Anne were going to Keighley to meet me; unfortunately, I had returned by the old road, while they were gone by the new, and we missed each other. They did not get home till half-past four, and were caught in the heavy shower of rain which fell in the afternoon. I am sorry to say Anne has taken a little cold in consequence, but I hope she will soon be well. Papa was much cheered by my report of Mr. C.’s opinion, and of old Mrs. E.’s experience; but I could perceive he caught gladly at the idea of deferring67 the operation a few months longer. I went into the room where Branwell was, to speak to him, about an hour after I got home: it was very forced work to address him. I might have spared myself the trouble, as he took no notice, and made no reply; he was stupified. My fears were not in vain. I hear that he got a sovereign while I have been away, under pretence68 of paying a pressing debt; he went immediately and changed it at a public-house, and has employed it as was to be expected. --- concluded her account by saying he was a ‘hopeless being;’ it is too true. In his present state it is scarcely possible to stay in the room where he is. What the future has in store I do not know.”
“March 31st, 1846.
“Our poor old servant Tabby had a sort of fit, a fortnight since, but is nearly recovered now. Martha” (the girl they had to assist poor old Tabby, and who remains69 still the faithful servant at the parsonage,) “is ill with a swelling70 in her knee, and obliged to go home. I fear it will be long before she is in working condition again. I received the number of the ‘Record’ you sent . . . I read D’Aubigné’s letter. It is clever, and in what he says about Catholicism very good. The Evangelical Alliance part is not very practicable, yet certainly it is more in accordance with the spirit of the Gospel to preach unity8 among Christians71 than to inculcate mutual72 intolerance and hatred73. I am very glad I went to—when I did, for the changed weather has somewhat changed my health and strength since. How do you get on? I long for mild south and west winds. I am thankful papa continues pretty well, though often made very miserable74 by Branwell’s wretched conduct. There—there is no change but for the worse.”
Meanwhile the printing of the volume of poems was quietly proceeding75. After some consultation76 and deliberation, the sisters had determined77 to correct the proofs themselves, Up to March 28th the publishers had addressed their correspondent as C. Brontë, Esq.; but at this time some “little mistake occurred,” and she desired Messrs. Aylott and Co. in future to direct to her real address, “Miss Brontë,” &c. She had, however, evidently left it to be implied that she was not acting on her own behalf, but as agent for the real authors, since in a note dated April 6th, she makes a proposal on behalf of “C., E., and A. Bell,” which is to the following effect, that they are preparing for the press a work of fiction, consisting of three distinct and unconnected tales, which may be published either together, as a work of three volumes, of the ordinary novel size, or separately, as single volumes, as may be deemed most advisable. She states, in addition, that it is not their intention to publish these tales on their own account; but that the authors direct her to ask Messrs. Aylott and Co. whether they would be disposed to undertake the work, after having, of course, by due inspection78 of the MS., ascertained79 that its contents are such as to warrant an expectation of success. To this letter of inquiry80 the publishers replied speedily, and the tenor81 of their answer may be gathered from Charlotte’s, dated April 11th.
“I beg to thank you, in the name of C., E., and A. Bell, for your obliging offer of advice. I will avail myself of it, to request information on two or three points. It is evident that unknown authors have great difficulties to contend with, before they can succeed in bringing their works before the public. Can you give me any hint as to the way in which these difficulties are best met? For instance, in the present case, where a work of fiction is in question, in what form would a publisher be most likely to accept the MS.? Whether offered as a work of three vols., or as tales which might be published in numbers, or as contributions to a periodical?
“What publishers would be most likely to receive favourably82 a proposal of this nature?
“Would it suffice to write to a publisher on the subject, or would it be necessary to have recourse to a personal interview?
“Your opinion and advice on these three points, or on any other which your experience may suggest as important, would be esteemed83 by us as a favour.”
It is evident from the whole tenor of this correspondence, that the truthfulness84 and probity of the firm of publishers with whom she had to deal in this her first literary venture, were strongly impressed upon her mind, and was followed by the inevitable85 consequence of reliance on their suggestions. And the progress of the poems was not unreasonably86 lengthy87 or long drawn88 out. On April 20th she writes to desire that three copies may be sent to her, and that Messrs. Aylott will advise her as to the reviewers to whom copies ought to be sent.
I give the next letter as illustrating89 the ideas of these girls as to what periodical reviews or notices led public opinion.
“The poems to be neatly90 done up in cloth. Have the goodness to send copies and advertisements, as early as possible, to each of the undermentioned periodicals.
“‘Colburn’s New Monthly Magazine.’
“‘Bentley’s Magazine.’
“‘Hood’s Magazine.’
“‘Jerrold’s Shilling Magazine.’
“‘Blackwood’s Magazine.’
“‘The Edinburgh Review.’
“‘Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine.’
“‘The Dublin University Magazine.’
“Also to the ‘Daily News’ and to the ‘Britannia’ papers.
“If there are any other periodicals to which you have been in the habit of sending copies of works, let them be supplied also with copies. I think those I have mentioned will suffice for advertising91.”
In compliance92 with this latter request, Messrs. Aylott suggest that copies and advertisements of the work should be sent to the “Athenæum,” “Literary Gazette,” “Critic,” and “Times;” but in her reply Miss Brontë says, that she thinks the periodicals she first mentioned will be sufficient for advertising in at present, as the authors do not wish to lay out a larger sum than two pounds in advertising, esteeming93 the success of a work dependent more on the notice it receives from periodicals than on the quantity of advertisements. In case of any notice of the poems appearing, whether favourable94 or otherwise, Messrs. Aylott and Co. are requested to send her the name and number of those periodicals in which such notices appear; as otherwise, since she has not the opportunity of seeing periodicals regularly, she may miss reading the critique. “Should the poems be remarked upon favourably, it is my intention to appropriate a further sum for advertisements. If, on the other hand, they should pass unnoticed or be condemned95, I consider it would be quite useless to advertise, as there is nothing, either in the title of the work, or the names of the authors, to attract attention from a single individual.”
I suppose the little volume of poems was published some time about the end of May, 1846. It stole into life; some weeks passed over, without the mighty96 murmuring public discovering that three more voices were uttering their speech. And, meanwhile, the course of existence moved drearily97 along from day to day with the anxious sisters, who must have forgotten their sense of authorship in the vital care gnawing98 at their hearts. On June 17th, Charlotte writes:—
“Branwell declares that he neither can nor will do anything for himself; good situations have been offered him, for which, by a fortnight’s work, he might have qualified99 himself, but he will do nothing except drink and make us all wretched.”
In the “Athenæum” of July 4th, under the head of poetry for the million, came a short review of the poems of C., E., and A. Bell. The reviewer assigns to Ellis the highest rank of the three “brothers,” as he supposes them to be; he calls Ellis “a fine, quaint24 spirit;” and speaks of “an evident power of wing that may reach heights not here attempted.” Again, with some degree of penetration100, the reviewer says, that the poems of Ellis “convey an impression of originality101 beyond what his contributions to these volumes embody102.” Currer is placed midway between Ellis and Acton. But there is little in the review to strain out, at this distance of time, as worth preserving. Still, we can fancy with what interest it was read at Haworth Parsonage, and how the sisters would endeavour to find out reasons for opinions, or hints for the future guidance of their talents.
I call particular attention to the following letter of Charlotte’s, dated July 10th, 1846. To whom it was written, matters not; but the wholesome103 sense of duty in it—the sense of the supremacy104 of that duty which God, in placing us in families, has laid out for us, seems to deserve especial regard in these days.
“I see you are in a dilemma105, and one of a peculiar and difficult nature. Two paths lie before you; you conscientiously106 wish to choose the right one, even though it be the most steep, strait, and rugged107; but you do not know which is the right one; you cannot decide whether duty and religion command you to go out into the cold and friendless world, and there to earn your living by governess drudgery108, or whether they enjoin109 your continued stay with your aged43 mother, neglecting, for the present, every prospect110 of independency for yourself, and putting up with daily inconvenience, sometimes even with privations. I can well imagine, that it is next to impossible for you to decide for yourself in this matter, so I will decide it for you. At least, I will tell you what is my earnest conviction on the subject; I will show you candidly111 how the question strikes me. The right path is that which necessitates112 the greatest sacrifice of self-interest—which implies the greatest good to others; and this path, steadily113 followed, will lead, I believe, in time, to prosperity and to happiness, though it may seem, at the outset, to tend quite in a contrary direction. Your mother is both old and infirm; old and infirm people have but few sources of happiness—fewer almost than the comparatively young and healthy can conceive; to deprive them of one of these is cruel. If your mother is more composed when you are with her, stay with her. If she would be unhappy in case you left her, stay with her. It will not apparently114, as far as short-sighted humanity can see, be for your advantage to remain at ---, nor will you be praised and admired for remaining at home to comfort your mother; yet, probably, your own conscience will approve, and if it does, stay with her. I recommend you to do what I am trying to do myself.”
The remainder of this letter is only interesting to the reader as it conveys a peremptory115 disclaimer of the report that the writer was engaged to be married to her father’s curate—the very same gentleman to whom, eight years afterwards, she was united; and who, probably, even now, although she was unconscious of the fact, had begun his service to her, in the same tender and faithful spirit as that in which Jacob served for Rachel. Others may have noticed this, though she did not.
A few more notes remain of her correspondence “on behalf of the Messrs. Bell” with Mr. Aylott. On July 15th she says, “I suppose, as you have not written, no other notices have yet appeared, nor has the demand for the work increased. Will you favour me with a line stating whether any, or how many copies have yet been sold?”
But few, I fear; for, three days later, she wrote the following:—
“The Messrs. Bell desire me to thank you for your suggestion respecting the advertisements. They agree with you that, since the season is unfavourable, advertising had better be deferred116. They are obliged to you for the information respecting the number of copies sold.”
On July 23rd she writes to the Messrs. Aylott:—
“The Messrs. Bell would be obliged to you to post the enclosed note in London. It is an answer to the letter you forwarded, which contained an application for their autographs from a person who professed117 to have read and admired their poems. I think I before intimated, that the Messrs. Bell are desirous for the present of remaining unknown, for which reason they prefer having the note posted in London to sending it direct, in order to avoid giving any clue to residence, or identity by post-mark, &c.”
Once more, in September, she writes, “As the work has received no further notice from any periodical, I presume the demand for it has not greatly increased.”
In the biographical notice of her sisters, she thus speaks of the failure of the modest hopes vested in this publication. “The book was printed; it is scarcely known, and all of it that merits to be known are the poems of Ellis Bell.
“The fixed1 conviction I held, and hold, of the worth of these poems, has not, indeed, received the confirmation118 of much favourable criticism; but I must retain it notwithstanding.”
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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terse
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| adj.(说话，文笔)精炼的，简明的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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intrude
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| vi.闯入；侵入；打扰，侵扰 | |
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averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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conjectured
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entirely
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memorandum
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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stationery
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| n.文具；(配套的)信笺信封 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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kindly
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remittance
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remit
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| v.汇款，汇寄；豁免（债务），免除（处罚等） | |
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accurately
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previously
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distinguished
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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34
stipulate
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| vt.规定，（作为条件）讲定，保证 | |
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35
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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36
probity
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| n.刚直；廉洁，正直 | |
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37
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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38
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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41
premiums
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| n.费用( premium的名词复数 )；保险费；额外费用；（商品定价、贷款利息等以外的）加价 | |
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42
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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43
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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44
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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45
tractable
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| adj.易驾驭的；温顺的 | |
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46
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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47
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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48
vex
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| vt.使烦恼，使苦恼 | |
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49
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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50
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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51
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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52
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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53
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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54
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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57
lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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perseveringly
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| 坚定地 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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61
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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62
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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deferring
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| v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的现在分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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71
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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76
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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78
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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81
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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83
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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84
truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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85
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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86
unreasonably
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| adv. 不合理地 | |
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87
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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88
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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93
esteeming
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| v.尊敬( esteem的现在分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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96
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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97
drearily
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| 沉寂地，厌倦地，可怕地 | |
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98
gnawing
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| a.痛苦的，折磨人的 | |
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99
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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100
penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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101
originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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102
embody
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| vt.具体表达，使具体化；包含，收录 | |
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103
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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104
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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105
dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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106
conscientiously
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| adv.凭良心地；认真地，负责尽职地；老老实实 | |
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107
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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108
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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109
enjoin
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| v.命令；吩咐；禁止 | |
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110
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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111
candidly
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| adv.坦率地，直率而诚恳地 | |
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112
necessitates
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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113
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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114
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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115
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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116
deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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117
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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118
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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