Part 2 Chapter 9

Winston was gelatinous with fatigue¹. Gelatinous was the right word. It had come into his head spontaneously. His body seemed to have not only the weakness of a jelly, but its translucency². He felt that if he held up his hand he would be able to see the light through it. All the blood and lymph had been drained out of him by an enormous debauch³ of work, leaving only a frail⁴ structure of nerves, bones, and skin. All sensations seemed to be magnified. His overalls⁵ fretted⁶ his shoulders, the pavement tickled⁷ his feet, even the opening and closing of a hand was an effort that made his joints⁸ creak.

He had worked more than ninety hours in five days. So had everyone else in the Ministry⁹. Now it was all over, and he had literally¹⁰ nothing to do, no Party work of any description, until tomorrow morning. He could spend six hours in the hiding-place and another nine in his own bed. Slowly, in mild afternoon sunshine, he walked up a dingy¹¹ street in the direction of Mr Charrington's shop, keeping one eye open for the patrols, but irrationally¹² convinced that this afternoon there was no danger of anyone interfering¹³ with him. The heavy brief-case that he was carrying bumped against his knee at each step, sending a tingling¹⁴ sensation up and down the skin of his leg. Inside it was the book, which he had now had in his possession for six days and had not yet opened, nor even looked at.

On the sixth day of Hate Week, after the processions, the speeches, the shouting, the singing, the banners, the posters, the films, the waxworks¹⁵, the rolling of drums and squealing¹⁶ of trumpets¹⁷, the tramp of marching feet, the grinding of the caterpillars¹⁸ of tanks, the roar of massed planes, the booming of guns -- after six days of this, when the great orgasm was quivering to its climax¹⁹ and the general hatred²⁰ of Eurasia had boiled up into such delirium²¹ that if the crowd could have got their hands on the 2,000 Eurasian war-criminals who were to be publicly hanged on the last day of the proceedings²², they would unquestionably have torn them to pieces -- at just this moment it had been announced that Oceania was not after all at war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Eurasia was an ally.

There was, of course, no admission that any change had taken place. Merely it became known, with extreme suddenness and everywhere at once, that Eastasia and not Eurasia was the enemy. Winston was taking part in a demonstration²⁵ in one of the central London squares at the moment when it happened. It was night, and the white faces and the scarlet²⁶ banners were luridly²⁷ floodlit. The square was packed with several thousand people, including a block of about a thousand schoolchildren in the uniform of the Spies. On a scarlet-draped platform an orator²⁸ of the Inner Party, a small lean man with disproportionately long arms and a large bald skull³⁰ over which a few lank³¹ locks straggled, was haranguing³² the crowd. A little Rumpelstiltskin figure, contorted with hatred, he gripped the neck of the microphone with one hand while the other, enormous at the end of a bony arm, clawed the air menacingly above his head. His voice, made metallic³³ by the amplifiers, boomed forth³⁴ an endless catalogue of atrocities³⁵, massacres³⁶, deportations, lootings, rapings, torture of prisoners, bombing of civilians³⁹, lying propaganda, unjust aggressions, broken treaties. It was almost impossible to listen to him without being first convinced and then maddened. At every few moments the fury of the crowd boiled over and the voice of the speaker was drowned by a wild beast-like roaring that rose uncontrollably from thousands of throats. The most savage⁴⁰ yells of all came from the schoolchildren. The speech had been proceeding²³ for perhaps twenty minutes when a messenger hurried on to the platform and a scrap⁴¹ of paper was slipped into the speaker's hand. He unrolled and read it without pausing in his speech. Nothing altered in his voice or manner, or in the content of what he was saying, but suddenly the names were different. Without words said, a wave of understanding rippled⁴³ through the crowd. Oceania was at war with Eastasia! The next moment there was a tremendous commotion⁴⁴. The banners and posters with which the square was decorated were all wrong! Quite half of them had the wrong faces on them. It was sabotage⁴⁵! The agents of Goldstein had been at work! There was a riotous⁴⁶ interlude while posters were ripped from the walls, banners torn to shreds⁴⁷ and trampled⁴⁸ underfoot. The Spies performed prodigies⁴⁹ of activity in clambering over the rooftops and cutting the streamers that fluttered from the chimneys. But within two or three minutes it was all over. The orator, still gripping the neck of the microphone, his shoulders hunched⁵⁰ forward, his free hand clawing at the air, had gone straight on with his speech. One minute more, and the feral roars of rage were again bursting from the crowd. The Hate continued exactly as before, except that the target had been changed.

The thing that impressed Winston in looking back was that the speaker had switched from one line to the other actually in midsentence, not only without a pause, but without even breaking the syntax. But at the moment he had other things to preoccupy⁵¹ him. It was during the moment of disorder⁵² while the posters were being torn down that a man whose face he did not see had tapped him on the shoulder and said, 'Excuse me, I think you've dropped your brief-case.' He took the brief-case abstractedly, without speaking. He knew that it would be days before he had an opportunity to look inside it. The instant that the demonstration was over he went straight to the Ministry of Truth, though the time was now nearly twenty-three hours. The entire staff of the Ministry had done likewise. The orders already issuing from the telescreen, recalling them to their posts, were hardly necessary.

Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete⁵³. Reports and records of all kinds, newspapers, books, pamphlets, films, sound-tracks, photographs -- all had to be rectified⁵⁴ at lightning speed. Although no directive was ever issued, it was known that the chiefs of the Department intended that within one week no reference to the war with Eurasia, or the alliance with Eastasia, should remain in existence anywhere. The work was overwhelming, all the more so because the processes that it involved could not be called by their true names. Everyone in the Records Department worked eighteen hours in the twenty-four, with two three-hour snatches of sleep. Mattresses⁵⁵ were brought up from the cellars and pitched all over the corridors: meals consisted of sandwiches and Victory Coffee wheeled round on trolleys⁵⁶ by attendants from the canteen. Each time that Winston broke off for one of his spells of sleep he tried to leave his desk clear of work, and each time that he crawled back sticky-eyed and aching, it was to find that another shower of paper cylinders⁵⁸ had covered the desk like a snowdrift, half burying the speakwrite and overflowing⁵⁹ on to the floor, so that the first job was always to stack them into a neat enough pile to give him room to work. What was worst of all was that the work was by no means purely⁶⁰ mechanical. Often it was enough merely to substitute one name for another, but any detailed⁶¹ report of events demanded care and imagination. Even the geographical⁶² knowledge that one needed in transferring the war from one part of the world to another was considerable.

By the third day his eyes ached unbearably⁶³ and his spectacles needed wiping every few minutes. It was like struggling with some crushing physical task, something which one had the right to refuse and which one was nevertheless neurotically⁶⁴ anxious to accomplish. In so far as he had time to remember it, he was not troubled by the fact that every word he murmured into the speakwrite, every stroke of his ink-pencil, was a deliberate lie. He was as anxious as anyone else in the Department that the forgery⁶⁵ should be perfect. On the morning of the sixth day the dribble⁶⁶ of cylinders slowed down. For as much as half an hour nothing came out of the tube; then one more cylinder⁵⁷, then nothing. Everywhere at about the same time the work was easing off. A deep and as it were secret sigh went through the Department. A mighty⁶⁷ deed, which could never be mentioned, had been achieved. It was now impossible for any human being to prove by documentary evidence that the war with Eurasia had ever happened. At twelve hundred it was unexpectedly announced that all workers in the Ministry were free till tomorrow morning. Winston, still carrying the brief-case containing the book, which had remained between his feet while he worked and under his body while he slept, went home, shaved himself, and almost fell asleep in his bath, although the water was barely more than tepid⁶⁸.

With a sort of voluptuous⁶⁹ creaking in his joints he climbed the stair above Mr Charrington's shop. He was tired, but not sleepy any longer. He opened the window, lit the dirty little oilstove and put on a pan of water for coffee. Julia would arrive presently: meanwhile there was the book. He sat down in the sluttish armchair and undid⁷⁰ the straps⁷¹ of the brief-case.

A heavy black volume, amateurishly⁷² bound, with no name or title on the cover. The print also looked slightly irregular. The pages were worn at the edges, and fell apart, easily, as though the book had passed through many hands. The inscription⁷³ on the title-page ran:

. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF

OLIGARCHICAL⁷⁴ COLLECTIVISM

by

Emmanuel Goldstein

Winston began reading:

Chapter I

Ignorance is Strength

Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of the Neolithic⁷⁵ Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low. They have been subdivided⁷⁶ in many ways, they have borne countless⁷⁷ different names, and their relative numbers, as well as their attitude towards one another, have varied⁷⁸ from age to age: but the essential structure of society has never altered. Even after enormous upheavals⁷⁹ and seemingly irrevocable changes, the same pattern has always reasserted itself, just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibrium⁸⁰, however far it is pushed one way or the other.

The aims of these groups are entirely⁸¹ irreconcilable⁸²... .

Winston stopped reading, chiefly in order to appreciate the fact that he was reading, in comfort and safety. He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. The sweet summer air played against his cheek. From somewhere far away there floated the faint shouts of children: in the room itself there was no sound except the insect voice of the clock. He settled deeper into the arm-chair and put his feet up on the fender. It was bliss⁸³, it was eternity⁸⁴. Suddenly, as one sometimes does with a book of which one knows that one will ultimately read and re-read every word, he opened it at a different place and found himself at Chapter III. He went on reading:

. Chapter III

War is Peace

The splitting up of the world into three great super-states was an event which could be and indeed was foreseen before the middle of the twentieth century. With the absorption of Europe by Russia and of the British Empire by the United States, two of the three existing powers, Eurasia and Oceania, were already effectively in being. The third, Eastasia, only emerged as a distinct unit after another decade of confused fighting. The frontiers between the three super-states are in some places arbitrary, and in others they fluctuate according to the fortunes of war, but in general they follow geographical lines. Eurasia comprises the whole of the northern part of the European and Asiatic land-mass, from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceania comprises the Americas, the Atlantic islands including the British Isles⁸⁵, Australasia, and the southern portion of Africa. Eastasia, smaller than the others and with a less definite western frontier, comprises China and the countries to the south of it, the Japanese islands and a large but fluctuating portion of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Tibet.

In one combination or another, these three super-states are permanently⁸⁶ at war, and have been so for the past twenty-five years. War, however, is no longer the desperate, annihilating⁸⁷ struggle that it was in the early decades of the twentieth century. It is a warfare⁸⁸ of limited aims between combatants who are unable to destroy one another, have no material cause for fighting and are not divided by any genuine ideological⁸⁹ difference. This is not to say that either the conduct of war, or the prevailing⁹⁰ attitude towards it, has become less bloodthirsty or more chivalrous⁹¹. On the contrary, war hysteria is continuous and universal in all countries, and such acts as raping³⁸, looting, the slaughter⁹² of children, the reduction of whole populations to slavery, and reprisals⁹³ against prisoners which extend even to boiling and burying alive, are looked upon as normal, and, when they are committed by one's own side and not by the enemy, meritorious⁹⁴. But in a physical sense war involves very small numbers of people, mostly highly-trained specialists, and causes comparatively few casualties. The fighting, when there is any, takes place on the vague frontiers whose whereabouts the average man can only guess at, or round the Floating Fortresses⁹⁵ which guard strategic spots on the sea lanes. In the centres of civilization war means no more than a continuous shortage of consumption goods, and the occasional crash of a rocket bomb which may cause a few scores of deaths. War has in fact changed its character. More exactly, the reasons for which war is waged have changed in their order of importance. Motives⁹⁸ which were already present to some small extent in the great wars of the early twentieth century have now become dominant⁹⁹ and are consciously recognized and acted upon.

To understand the nature of the present war -- for in spite of the regrouping which occurs every few years, it is always the same war -- one must realize in the first place that it is impossible for it to be decisive. None of the three super-states could be definitively¹⁰⁰ conquered even by the other two in combination. They are too evenly matched, and their natural defences are too formidable. Eurasia is protected by its vast land spaces. Oceania by the width of the Atlantic and the Pacific, Eastasia by the fecundity¹⁰¹ and industriousness¹⁰² of its inhabitants. Secondly¹⁰⁴, there is no longer, in a material sense, anything to fight about. With the establishment of self-contained economies, in which production and consumption are geared to one another, the scramble¹⁰⁵ for markets which was a main cause of previous wars has come to an end, while the competition for raw materials is no longer a matter of life and death. In any case each of the three super-states is so vast that it can obtain almost all the materials that it needs within its own boundaries. In so far as the war has a direct economic purpose, it is a war for labour power. Between the frontiers of the super-states, and not permanently in the possession of any of them, there lies a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, and Hong Kong, containing within it about a fifth of the population of the earth. It is for the possession of these thickly-populated regions, and of the northern ice-cap, that the three powers are constantly struggling. In practice no one power ever controls the whole of the disputed area. Portions of it are constantly changing hands, and it is the chance of seizing this or that fragment by a sudden stroke of treachery that dictates¹⁰⁶ the endless changes of alignment¹⁰⁷.

All of the disputed territories contain valuable minerals, and some of them yield important vegetable products such as rubber which in colder climates it is necessary to synthesize by comparatively expensive methods. But above all they contain a bottomless reserve of cheap labour. Whichever power controls equatorial Africa, or the countries of the Middle East, or Southern India, or the Indonesian Archipelago, disposes also of the bodies of scores or hundreds of millions of ill-paid and hard-working coolies. The inhabitants of these areas, reduced more or less openly to the status of slaves, pass continually from conqueror¹⁰⁸ to conqueror, and are expended¹⁰⁹ like so much coal or oil in the race to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory, to control more labour power, to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory, and so on indefinitely. It should be noted¹¹⁰ that the fighting never really moves beyond the edges of the disputed areas. The frontiers of Eurasia flow back and forth between the basin of the Congo and the northern shore of the Mediterranean¹¹¹; the islands of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific are constantly being captured and recaptured by Oceania or by Eastasia; in Mongolia the dividing line between Eurasia and Eastasia is never stable; round the Pole all three powers lay claim to enormous territories which in fact are largely unihabited and unexplored: but the balance of power always remains¹¹² roughly even, and the territory which forms the heartland of each super-state always remains inviolate¹¹³. Moreover, the labour of the exploited peoples round the Equator is not really necessary to the world's economy. They add nothing to the wealth of the world, since whatever they produce is used for purposes of war, and the object of waging a war is always to be in a better position in which to wage another war. By their labour the slave populations allow the tempo¹¹⁴ of continuous warfare to be speeded up. But if they did not exist, the structure of world society, and the process by which it maintains itself, would not be essentially¹¹⁵ different.

The primary aim of modern warfare (in accordance with the principles of doublethink, this aim is simultaneously¹¹⁶ recognized and not recognized by the directing brains of the Inner Party) is to use up the products of the machine without raising the general standard of living. Ever since the end of the nineteenth century, the problem of what to do with the surplus of consumption goods has been latent in industrial society. At present, when few human beings even have enough to eat, this problem is obviously not urgent, and it might not have become so, even if no artificial processes of destruction had been at work. The world of today is a bare, hungry, dilapidated place compared with the world that existed before 1914, and still more so if compared with the imaginary future to which the people of that period looked forward. In the early twentieth century, the vision of a future society unbelievably rich, leisured, orderly, and efficient -- a glittering antiseptic world of glass and steel and snow-white concrete -- was part of the consciousness of nearly every literate¹¹⁷ person. Science and technology were developing at a prodigious¹¹⁸ speed, and it seemed natural to assume that they would go on developing. This failed to happen, partly because of the impoverishment¹¹⁹ caused by a long series of wars and revolutions, partly because scientific and technical progress depended on the empirical habit of thought, which could not survive in a strictly¹²⁰ regimented society. As a whole the world is more primitive¹²¹ today than it was fifty years ago. Certain backward areas have advanced, and various devices, always in some way connected with warfare and police espionage¹²², have been developed, but experiment and invention have largely stopped, and the ravages¹²³ of the atomic war of the nineteen-fifties have never been fully¹²⁴ repaired. Nevertheless the dangers inherent in the machine are still there. From the moment when the machine first made its appearance it was clear to all thinking people that the need for human drudgery¹²⁵, and therefore to a great extent for human inequality, had disappeared. If the machine were used deliberately¹²⁶ for that end, hunger, overwork, dirt, illiteracy¹²⁷, and disease could be eliminated within a few generations. And in fact, without being used for any such purpose, but by a sort of automatic process -- by producing wealth which it was sometimes impossible not to distribute -- the machine did raise the living standards of the average human being very greatly over a period of about fifty years at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.
But it was also clear that an all-round increase in wealth threatened the destruction -- indeed, in some sense was the destruction -- of a hierarchical society. In a world in which everyone worked short hours, had enough to eat, lived in a house with a bathroom and a refrigerator, and possessed¹²⁸ a motor-car or even an aeroplane, the most obvious and perhaps the most important form of inequality would already have disappeared. If it once became general, wealth would confer no distinction. It was possible, no doubt, to imagine a society in which wealth, in the sense of personal possessions and luxuries, should be evenly distributed, while power remained in the hands of a small privileged caste. But in practice such a society could not long remain stable. For if leisure and security were enjoyed by all alike, the great mass of human beings who are normally stupefied by poverty would become literate and would learn to think for themselves; and when once they had done this, they would sooner or later realize that the privileged minority had no function, and they would sweep it away. In the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance. To return to the agricultural past, as some thinkers about the beginning of the twentieth century dreamed of doing, was not a practicable solution. It conflicted with the tendency towards mechanization which had become quasi-instinctive throughout almost the whole world, and moreover, any country which remained industrially backward was helpless in a military sense and was bound to be dominated, directly or indirectly¹³⁰, by its more advanced rivals.

Nor was it a satisfactory solution to keep the masses in poverty by restricting the output of goods. This happened to a great extent during the final phase of capitalism¹³¹, roughly between 1920 and 1940. The economy of many countries was allowed to stagnate¹³², land went out of cultivation¹³³, capital equipment was not added to, great blocks of the population were prevented from working and kept half alive by State charity. But this, too, entailed¹³⁴ military weakness, and since the privations it inflicted¹³⁵ were obviously unnecessary, it made opposition¹³⁶ inevitable¹³⁷. The problem was how to keep the wheels of industry turning without increasing the real wealth of the world. Goods must be produced, but they must not be distributed. And in practice the only way of achieving this was by continuous warfare.

The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the products of human labour. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent. Even when weapons of war are not actually destroyed, their manufacture is still a convenient way of expending¹³⁸ labour power without producing anything that can be consumed. A Floating Fortress⁹⁶, for example, has locked up in it the labour that would build several hundred cargo-ships. Ultimately it is scrapped¹³⁹ as obsolete, never having brought any material benefit to anybody, and with further enormous labours another Floating Fortress is built. In principle the war effort is always so planned as to eat up any surplus that might exist after meeting the bare needs of the population. In practice the needs of the population are always underestimated, with the result that there is a chronic¹⁴⁰ shortage of half the necessities of life; but this is looked on as an advantage. It is deliberate policy to keep even the favoured groups somewhere near the brink¹⁴¹ of hardship, because a general state of scarcity¹⁴² increases the importance of small privileges and thus magnifies the distinction between one group and another. By the standards of the early twentieth century, even a member of the Inner Party lives an austere¹⁴³, laborious¹⁴⁴ kind of life. Nevertheless, the few luxuries that he does enjoy his large, well-appointed flat, the better texture¹⁴⁵ of his clothes, the better quality of his food and drink and tobacco, his two or three servants, his private motor-car or helicopter -- set him in a different world from a member of the Outer Party, and the members of the Outer Party have a similar advantage in comparison with the submerged masses whom we call 'the proles'. The social atmosphere is that of a besieged¹⁴⁶ city, where the possession of a lump of horseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. And at the same time the consciousness of being at war, and therefore in danger, makes the handing-over of all power to a small caste seem the natural, unavoidable condition of survival.

War, it will be seen, accomplishes the necessary destruction, but accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way. In principle it would be quite simple to waste the surplus labour of the world by building temples and pyramids, by digging holes and filling them up again, or even by producing vast quantities of goods and then setting fire to them. But this would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society. What is concerned here is not the morale¹⁴⁷ of masses, whose attitude is unimportant so long as they are kept steadily¹⁴⁸ at work, but the morale of the Party itself. Even the humblest Party member is expected to be competent, industrious¹⁰³, and even intelligent within narrow limits, but it is also necessary that he should be a credulous¹⁴⁹ and ignorant fanatic¹⁵⁰ whose prevailing moods are fear, hatred, adulation, and orgiastic triumph. In other words it is necessary that he should have the mentality¹⁵¹ appropriate to a state of war. It does not matter whether the war is actually happening, and, since no decisive victory is possible, it does not matter whether the war is going well or badly. All that is needed is that a state of war should exist. The splitting of the intelligence which the Party requires of its members, and which is more easily achieved in an atmosphere of war, is now almost universal, but the higher up the ranks one goes, the more marked it becomes. It is precisely¹⁵² in the Inner Party that war hysteria and hatred of the enemy are strongest. In his capacity as an administrator¹⁵³, it is often necessary for a member of the Inner Party to know that this or that item of war news is untruthful, and he may often be aware that the entire war is spurious and is either not happening or is being waged for purposes quite other than the declared ones: but such knowledge is easily neutralized¹⁵⁵ by the technique of doublethink. Meanwhile no Inner Party member wavers for an instant in his mystical belief that the war is real, and that it is bound to end victoriously¹⁵⁶, with Oceania the undisputed master of the entire world.

All members of the Inner Party believe in this coming conquest as an article of faith. It is to be achieved either by gradually acquiring more and more territory and so building up an overwhelming preponderance of power, or by the discovery of some new and unanswerable weapon. The search for new weapons continues unceasingly, and is one of the very few remaining activities in which the inventive or speculative¹⁵⁷ type of mind can find any outlet¹⁵⁸. In Oceania at the present day, Science, in the old sense, has almost ceased to exist. In Newspeak there is no word for 'Science'. The empirical method of thought, on which all the scientific achievements of the past were founded, is opposed to the most fundamental principles of Ingsoc. And even technological¹⁵⁹ progress only happens when its products can in some way be used for the diminution¹⁶⁰ of human liberty. In all the useful arts the world is either standing⁴² still or going backwards¹⁶¹. The fields are cultivated with horse-ploughs while books are written by machinery¹⁶². But in matters of vital importance -- meaning, in effect, war and police espionage -- the empirical approach is still encouraged, or at least tolerated. The two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought. There are therefore two great problems which the Party is concerned to solve. One is how to discover, against his will, what another human being is thinking, and the other is how to kill several hundred million people in a few seconds without giving warning beforehand. In so far as scientific research still continues, this is its subject matter. The scientist of today is either a mixture of psychologist and inquisitor, studying with real ordinary minuteness the meaning of facial expressions, gestures, and tones of voice, and testing the truth-producing effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture; or he is chemist, physicist¹⁶³, or biologist concerned only with such branches of his special subject as are relevant to the taking of life. In the vast laboratories of the Ministry of Peace, and in the experimental stations hidden in the Brazilian forests, or in the Australian desert, or on lost islands of the Antarctic, the teams of experts are indefatigably¹⁶⁴ at work. Some are concerned simply with planning the logistics of future wars; others devise larger and larger rocket bombs, more and more powerful explosives, and more and more impenetrable armour-plating; others search for new and deadlier gases, or for soluble¹⁶⁵ poisons capable of being produced in such quantities as to destroy the vegetation of whole continents, or for breeds of disease germs immunized against all possible antibodies; others strive to produce a vehicle that shall bore its way under the soil like a submarine under the water, or an aeroplane as independent of its base as a sailing-ship; others explore even remoter possibilities such as focusing the sun's rays through lenses suspended thousands of kilometres away in space, or producing artificial earthquakes and tidal waves by tapping the heat at the earth's centre.

But none of these projects ever comes anywhere near realization¹⁶⁶, and none of the three super-states ever gains a significant lead on the others. What is more remarkable¹⁶⁷ is that all three powers already possess, in the atomic bomb, a weapon far more powerful than any that their present researches are likely to discover. Although the Party, according to its habit, claims the invention for itself, atomic bombs first appeared as early as the nineteen-forties, and were first used on a large scale about ten years later. At that time some hundreds of bombs were dropped on industrial centres, chiefly in European Russia, Western Europe, and North America. The effect was to convince the ruling groups of all countries that a few more atomic bombs would mean the end of organized society, and hence of their own power. Thereafter, although no formal agreement was ever made or hinted at, no more bombs were dropped. All three powers merely continue to produce atomic bombs and store them up against the decisive opportunity which they all believe will come sooner or later. And meanwhile the art of war has remained almost stationary¹⁶⁸ for thirty or forty years. Helicopters are more used than they were formerly¹⁶⁹, bombing planes have been largely superseded¹⁷⁰ by self-propelled projectiles¹⁷¹, and the fragile movable battleship has given way to the almost unsinkable Floating Fortress; but otherwise there has been little development. The tank, the submarine, the torpedo¹⁷², the machine gun, even the rifle and the hand grenade are still in use. And in spite of the endless slaughters¹⁷³ reported in the Press and on the telescreens, the desperate battles of earlier wars, in which hundreds of thousands or even millions of men were often killed in a few weeks, have never been repeated.

None of the three super-states ever attempts any manoeuvre¹⁷⁴ which involves the risk of serious defeat. When any large operation is undertaken, it is usually a surprise attack against an ally. The strategy that all three powers are following, or pretend to themselves that they are following, is the same. The plan is, by a combination of fighting, bargaining, and well-timed strokes of treachery, to acquire a ring of bases completely encircling one or other of the rival states, and then to sign a pact¹⁷⁵ of friendship with that rival and remain on peaceful terms for so many years as to lull¹⁷⁶ suspicion to sleep. During this time rockets loaded with atomic bombs can be assembled at all the strategic spots; finally they will all be fired simultaneously, with effects so devastating¹⁷⁷ as to make retaliation¹⁷⁸ impossible. It will then be time to sign a pact of friendship with the remaining world-power, in preparation for another attack. This scheme, it is hardly necessary to say, is a mere²⁴ daydream¹⁷⁹, impossible of realization. Moreover, no fighting ever occurs except in the disputed areas round the Equator and the Pole: no invasion of enemy territory is ever undertaken. This explains the fact that in some places the frontiers between the superstates are arbitrary. Eurasia, for example, could easily conquer the British Isles, which are geographically¹⁸⁰ part of Europe, or on the other hand it would be possible for Oceania to push its frontiers to the Rhine or even to the Vistula. But this would violate the principle, followed on all sides though never formulated¹⁸¹, of cultural integrity. If Oceania were to conquer the areas that used once to be known as France and Germany, it would be necessary either to exterminate¹⁸² the inhabitants, a task of great physical difficulty, or to assimilate a population of about a hundred million people, who, so far as technical development goes, are roughly on the Oceanic level. The problem is the same for all three super-states. It is absolutely necessary to their structure that there should be no contact with foreigners, except, to a limited extent, with war prisoners and coloured slaves. Even the official ally of the moment is always regarded with the darkest suspicion. War prisoners apart, the average citizen of Oceania never sets eyes on a citizen of either Eurasia or Eastasia, and he is forbidden the knowledge of foreign languages. If he were allowed contact with foreigners he would discover that they are creatures similar to himself and that most of what he has been told about them is lies. The sealed world in which he lives would be broken, and the fear, hatred, and self-righteousness on which his morale depends might evaporate. It is therefore realized on all sides that however often Persia, or Egypt, or Java, or Ceylon may change hands, the main frontiers must never be crossed by anything except bombs.

Under this lies a fact never mentioned aloud, but tacitly understood and acted upon: namely, that the conditions of life in all three super-states are very much the same. In Oceania the prevailing philosophy is called Ingsoc, in Eurasia it is called Neo-Bolshevism, and in Eastasia it is called by a Chinese name usually translated as Death-Worship, but perhaps better rendered as Obliteration¹⁸³ of the Self. The citizen of Oceania is not allowed to know anything of the tenets of the other two philosophies, but he is taught to execrate¹⁸⁴ them as barbarous outrages¹⁸⁵ upon morality and common sense. Actually the three philosophies are barely distinguishable, and the social systems which they support are not distinguishable at all. Everywhere there is the same pyramidal structure, the same worship of semi-divine leader, the same economy existing by and for continuous warfare. It follows that the three super-states not only cannot conquer one another, but would gain no advantage by doing so. On the contrary, so long as they remain in conflict they prop²⁹ one another up, like three sheaves of corn. And, as usual, the ruling groups of all three powers are simultaneously aware and unaware¹⁸⁶ of what they are doing. Their lives are dedicated¹⁸⁷ to world conquest, but they also know that it is necessary that the war should continue everlastingly¹⁸⁸ and without victory. Meanwhile the fact that there is no danger of conquest makes possible the denial of reality which is the special feature of Ingsoc and its rival systems of thought. Here it is necessary to repeat what has been said earlier, that by becoming continuous war has fundamentally changed its character.

In past ages, a war, almost by definition, was something that sooner or later came to an end, usually in unmistakable victory or defeat. In the past, also, war was one of the main instruments by which human societies were kept in touch with physical reality. All rulers in all ages have tried to impose a false view of the world upon their followers¹⁸⁹, but they could not afford to encourage any illusion that tended to impair¹⁹⁰ military efficiency. So long as defeat meant the loss of independence, or some other result generally held to be undesirable¹⁹¹, the precautions against defeat had to be serious. Physical facts could not be ignored. In philosophy, or religion, or ethics¹⁹², or politics, two and two might make five, but when one was designing a gun or an aeroplane they had to make four. Inefficient¹⁹³ nations were always conquered sooner or later, and the struggle for efficiency was inimical to illusions. Moreover, to be efficient it was necessary to be able to learn from the past, which meant having a fairly accurate idea of what had happened in the past. Newspapers and history books were, of course, always coloured and biased¹⁹⁴, but falsification of the kind that is practised today would have been impossible. War was a sure safeguard of sanity¹⁹⁵, and so far as the ruling classes were concerned it was probably the most important of all safeguards. While wars could be won or lost, no ruling class could be completely irresponsible.

But when war becomes literally continuous, it also ceases to be dangerous. When war is continuous there is no such thing as military necessity. Technical progress can cease and the most palpable facts can be denied or disregarded. As we have seen, researches that could be called scientific are still carried out for the purposes of war, but they are essentially a kind of daydreaming¹⁹⁶, and their failure to show results is not important. Efficiency, even military efficiency, is no longer needed. Nothing is efficient in Oceania except the Thought Police. Since each of the three super-states is unconquerable, each is in effect a separate universe within which almost any perversion¹⁹⁷ of thought can be safely practised. Reality only exerts its pressure through the needs of everyday life -- the need to eat and drink, to get shelter and clothing, to avoid swallowing poison or stepping out of top-storey windows, and the like. Between life and death, and between physical pleasure and physical pain, there is still a distinction, but that is all. Cut off from contact with the outer world, and with the past, the citizen of Oceania is like a man in interstellar space, who has no way of knowing which direction is up and which is down. The rulers of such a state are absolute, as the Pharaohs or the Caesars could not be. They are obliged to prevent their followers from starving to death in numbers large enough to be inconvenient¹⁹⁸, and they are obliged to remain at the same low level of military technique as their rivals; but once that minimum is achieved, they can twist reality into whatever shape they choose.

The war, therefore, if we judge it by the standards of previous wars, is merely an imposture¹⁹⁹. It is like the battles between certain ruminant animals whose horns are set at such an angle that they are incapable²⁰⁰ of hurting one another. But though it is unreal it is not meaningless. It eats up the surplus of consumable goods, and it helps to preserve the special mental atmosphere that a hierarchical society needs. War, it will be seen, is now a purely internal affair. In the past, the ruling groups of all countries, although they might recognize their common interest and therefore limit the destructiveness of war, did fight against one another, and the victor always plundered²⁰¹ the vanquished²⁰². In our own day they are not fighting against one another at all. The war is waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not to make or prevent conquests of territory, but to keep the structure of society intact. The very word 'war', therefore, has become misleading. It would probably be accurate to say that by becoming continuous war has ceased to exist. The peculiar²⁰³ pressure that it exerted on human beings between the Neolithic Age and the early twentieth century has disappeared and been replaced by something quite different. The effect would be much the same if the three super-states, instead of fighting one another, should agree to live in perpetual peace, each inviolate within its own boundaries. For in that case each would still be a self-contained universe, freed for ever from the sobering influence of external danger. A peace that was truly permanent would be the same as a permanent war. This -- although the vast majority of Party members understand it only in a shallower sense -- is the inner meaning of the Party slogan: War is Peace. .
Winston stopped reading for a moment. Somewhere in remote distance a rocket bomb thundered. The blissful feeling of being alone with the forbidden book, in a room with no telescreen, had not worn off. Solitude²⁰⁴ and safety were physical sensations, mixed up somehow with the tiredness of his body, the softness of the chair, the touch of the faint breeze from the window that played upon his cheek. The book fascinated him, or more exactly it reassured²⁰⁵ him. In a sense it told him nothing that was new, but that was part of the attraction. It said what he would have said, if it had been possible for him to set his scattered²⁰⁶ thoughts in order. It was the product of a mind similar to his own, but enormously more powerful, more systematic²⁰⁷, less fear-ridden. The best books, he perceived, are those that tell you what you know already. He had just turned back to Chapter I when he heard Julia's footstep on the stair and started out of his chair to meet her. She dumped her brown tool-bag on the floor and flung herself into his arms. It was more than a week since they had seen one another.

'I've got the book,' he said as they disentangled themselves.

'Oh, you've got it? Good,' she said without much interest, and almost immediately knelt down beside the oilstove to make the coffee.

They did not return to the subject until they had been in bed for half an hour. The evening was just cool enough to make it worth while to pull up the counterpane. From below came the familiar sound of singing and the scrape of boots on the flagstones. The brawny²⁰⁸ red-armed woman whom Winston had seen there on his first visit was almost a fixture²⁰⁹ in the yard. There seemed to be no hour of daylight when she was not marching to and fro between the washtub and the line, alternately gagging herself with clothes pegs²¹⁰ and breaking forth into lusty song. Julia had settled down on her side andseemed to be already on the point of falling asleep. He reached out for the book, which was lying on the floor, and sat up against the bedhead.

'We must read it,' he said. 'You too. All members of the Brotherhood²¹¹ have to read it.'

'You read it,' she said with her eyes shut. 'Read it aloud. That's the best way. Then you can explain it to me as you go.'

The clock's hands said six, meaning eighteen. They had three or four hours ahead of them. He propped²¹² the book against his knees and began reading:

. Chapter I

Ignorance is Strength

Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of the Neolithic Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low. They have been subdivided in many ways, they have borne countless different names, and their relative numbers, as well as their attitude towards one another, have varied from age to age: but the essential structure of society has never altered. Even after enormous upheavals and seemingly irrevocable changes, the same pattern has always reasserted itself, just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibnum, however far it is pushed one way or the other -- .

'Julia, are you awake?' said Winston.

'Yes, my love, I'm listening. Go on. It's marvellous.'

He continued reading:

. The aims of these three groups are entirely irreconcilable. The aim of the High is to remain where they are. The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have an aim -- for it is an abiding²¹³ characteristic of the Low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more than intermittently²¹⁴ conscious of anything outside their daily lives -- is to abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all men shall be equal. Thus throughout history a struggle which is the same in its main outlines recurs²¹⁵ over and over again. For long periods the High seem to be securely in power, but sooner or later there always comes a moment when they lose either their belief in themselves or their capacity to govern efficiently²¹⁶, or both. They are then overthrown²¹⁷ by the Middle, who enlist²¹⁸ the Low on their side by pretending to them that they are fighting for liberty and justice. As soon as they have reached their objective, the Middle thrust the Low back into their old position of servitude, and themselves become the High. Presently a new Middle group splits off from one of the other groups, or from both of them, and the struggle begins over again. Of the three groups, only the Low are never even temporarily successful in achieving their aims. It would be an exaggeration to say that throughout history there has been no progress of a material kind. Even today, in a period of decline, the average human being is physically²¹⁹ better off than he was a few centuries ago. But no advance in wealth, no softening²²⁰ of manners, no reform or revolution has ever brought human equality a millimetre nearer. From the point of view of the Low, no historic change has ever meant much more than a change in the name of their masters.

By the late nineteenth century the recurrence²²¹ of this pattern had become obvious to many observers. There then rose schools of thinkers who interpreted history as a cyclical process and claimed to show that inequality was the unalterable law of human life. This doctrine²²², of course, had always had its adherents²²³, but in the manner in which it was now put forward there was a significant change. In the past the need for a hierarchical form of society had been the doctrine specifically of the High. It had been preached by kings and aristocrats²²⁴ and by the priests, lawyers, and the like who were parasitical²²⁵ upon them, and it had generally been softened²²⁶ by promises of compensation in an imaginary world beyond the grave. The Middle, so long as it was struggling for power, had always made use of such terms as freedom, justice, and fraternity. Now, however, the concept of human brotherhood began to be assailed²²⁷ by people who were not yet in positions of command, but merely hoped to be so before long. In the past the Middle had made revolutions under the banner of equality, and then had established a fresh tyranny as soon as the old one was overthrown. The new Middle groups in effect proclaimed their tyranny beforehand. Socialism, a theory which appeared in the early nineteenth century and was the last link in a chain of thought stretching back to the slave rebellions of antiquity²²⁸, was still deeply infected by the Utopianism of past ages. But in each variant²²⁹ of Socialism that appeared from about 1900 onwards the aim of establishing liberty and equality was more and more openly abandoned. The new movements which appeared in the middle years of the century, Ingsoc in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia, Death-Worship, as it is commonly called, in Eastasia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating²³⁰ unfreedom and inequality. These new movements, of course, grew out of the old ones and tended to keep their names and pay lip-service to their ideology²³¹. But the purpose of all of them was to arrest progress and freeze history at a chosen moment. The familiar pendulum²³² swing was to happen once more, and then stop. As usual, the High were to be turned out by the Middle, who would then become the High; but this time, by conscious strategy, the High would be able to maintain their position permanently.

The new doctrines²³³ arose partly because of the accumulation of historical knowledge, and the growth of the historical sense, which had hardly existed before the nineteenth century. The cyclical movement of history was now intelligible²³⁴, or appeared to be so; and if it was intelligible, then it was alterable. But the principal, underlying²³⁵ cause was that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, human equality had become technically²³⁶ possible. It was still true that men were not equal in their native talents and that functions had to be specialized²³⁷ in ways that favoured some individuals against others; but there was no longer any real need for class distinctions or for large differences of wealth. In earlier ages, class distinctions had been not only inevitable but desirable. Inequality was the price of civilization. With the development of machine production, however, the case was altered. Even if it was still necessary for human beings to do different kinds of work, it was no longer necessary for them to live at different social or economic levels. Therefore, from the point of view of the new groups who were on the point of seizing power, human equality was no longer an ideal to be striven after, but a danger to be averted²³⁹. In more primitive ages, when a just and peaceful society was in fact not possible, it had been fairly easy to believe it. The idea of an earthly paradise in which men should live together in a state of brotherhood, without laws and without brute²⁴⁰ labour, had haunted the human imagination for thousands of years. And this vision had had a certain hold even on the groups who actually profited by each historical change. The heirs of the French, English, and American revolutions had partly believed in their own phrases about the rights of man, freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the like, and have even allowed their conduct to be influenced by them to some extent. But by the fourth decade of the twentieth century all the main currents of political thought were authoritarian²⁴¹. The earthly paradise had been discredited²⁴² at exactly the moment when it became realizable. Every new political theory, by whatever name it called itself, led back to hierarchy²⁴³ and regimentation²⁴⁴. And in the general hardening of outlook that set in round about 1930, practices which had been long abandoned, in some cases for hundreds of years -- imprisonment²⁴⁵ without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves, public executions, torture to extract confessions²⁴⁶, the use of hostages, and the deportation³⁷ of whole populations -- not only became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive.

It was only after a decade of national wars, civil wars, revolutions, and counter-revolutions in all parts of the world that Ingsoc and its rivals emerged as fully worked-out political theories. But they had been foreshadowed by the various systems, generally called totalitarian, which had appeared earlier in the century, and the main outlines of the world which would emerge from the prevailing chaos²⁴⁸ had long been obvious. What kind of people would control this world had been equally obvious. The new aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats²⁴⁹, scientists, technicians, trade-union organizers, publicity²⁵⁰ experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians. These people, whose origins lay in the salaried middle class and the upper grades of the working class, had been shaped and brought together by the barren world of monopoly industry and centralized government. As compared with their opposite numbers in past ages, they were less avaricious²⁵¹, less tempted²⁵² by luxury, hungrier for pure power, and, above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intent on crushing opposition. This last difference was cardinal²⁵³. By comparison with that existing today, all the tyrannies of the past were half-hearted and inefficient. The ruling groups were always infected to some extent by liberal ideas, and were content to leave loose ends everywhere, to regard only the overt¹²⁹ act and to be uninterested in what their subjects were thinking. Even the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages was tolerant by modern standards. Part of the reason for this was that in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried the process further. With the development of television, and the technical advance which made it possible to receive and transmit simultaneously on the same instrument, private life came to an end. Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, with all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of enforcing not only complete obedience²⁵⁴ to the will of the State, but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects, now existed for the first time.

After the revolutionary period of the fifties and sixties, society regrouped itself, as always, into High, Middle, and Low. But the new High group, unlike all its forerunners²⁵⁵, did not act upon instinct but knew what was needed to safeguard its position. It had long been realized that the only secure basis for oligarchy²⁵⁶ is collectivism. Wealth and privilege are most easily defended when they are possessed jointly²⁵⁷. The so-called 'abolition²⁵⁸ of private property' which took place in the middle years of the century meant, in effect, the concentration of property in far fewer hands than before: but with this difference, that the new owners were a group instead of a mass of individuals. Individually, no member of the Party owns anything, except petty personal belongings²⁵⁹. Collectively, the Party owns everything in Oceania, because it controls everything, and disposes of the products as it thinks fit. In the years following the Revolution it was able to step into this commanding position almost unopposed, because the whole process was represented as an act of collectivization. It had always been assumed that if the capitalist class were expropriated, Socialism must follow: and unquestionably the capitalists had been expropriated. Factories, mines, land, houses, transport -- everything had been taken away from them: and since these things were no longer private property, it followed that they must be public property. Ingsoc, which grew out of the earlier Socialist²⁶⁰ movement and inherited its phraseology, has in fact carried out the main item in the Socialist programme; with the result, foreseen and intended beforehand, that economic inequality has been made permanent.

But the problems of perpetuating a hierarchical society go deeper than this. There are only four ways in which a ruling group can fall from power. Either it is conquered from without, or it governs so inefficiently²⁶¹ that the masses are stirred to revolt, or it allows a strong and discontented Middle group to come into being, or it loses its own self-confidence and willingness to govern. These causes do not operate singly, and as a rule all four of them are present in some degree. A ruling class which could guard against all of them would remain in power permanently. Ultimately the determining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself.

After the middle of the present century, the first danger had in reality disappeared. Each of the three powers which now divide the world is in fact unconquerable, and could only become conquerable through slow demographic changes which a government with wide powers can easily avert²³⁸. The second danger, also, is only a theoretical one. The masses never revolt of their own accord, and they never revolt merely because they are oppressed. Indeed, so long as they are not permitted to have standards of comparison, they never even become aware that they are oppressed. The recurrent economic crises of past times were totally unnecessary and are not now permitted to happen, but other and equally large dislocations can and do happen without having political results, because there is no way in which discontent can become articulate. As for the problem of overproduction, which has been latent in our society since the development of machine technique, it is solved by the device of continuous warfare (see Chapter III), which is also useful in keying up public morale to the necessary pitch. From the point of view of our present rulers, therefore, the only genuine dangers are the splitting-off of a new group of able, under-employed, power-hungry people, and the growth of liberalism and scepticism in their own ranks. The problem, that is to say, is educational. It is a problem of continuously moulding the consciousness both of the directing group and of the larger executive group that lies immediately below it. The consciousness of the masses needs only to be influenced in a negative way.

Given this background, one could infer, if one did not know it already, the general structure of Oceanic society. At the apex²⁶² of the pyramid comes Big Brother. Big Brother is infallible and all-powerful. Every success, every achievement, every victory, every scientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, all virtue²⁶³, are held to issue directly from his leadership and inspiration. Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty²⁶⁴ as to when he was born. Big Brother is the guise²⁶⁵ in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to act as a focusing point for love, fear, and reverence²⁶⁶, emotions which are more easily felt towards an individual than towards an organization. Below Big Brother comes the Inner Party, its numbers limited to six millions, or something less than 2 per cent of the population of Oceania. Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands. Below that come the dumb masses whom we habitually²⁶⁷ refer to as 'the proles', numbering perhaps 85 per cent of the population. In the terms of our earlier classification, the proles are the Low: for the slave population of the equatorial lands who pass constantly from conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure.

In principle, membership of these three groups is not hereditary²⁶⁸. The child of Inner Party parents is in theory not born into the Inner Party. Admission to either branch of the Party is by examination, taken at the age of sixteen. Nor is there any racial discrimination, or any marked domination of one province by another. Jews, Negroes, South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party, and the administrators²⁶⁹ of any area are always drawn²⁷⁰ from the inhabitants of that area. In no part of Oceania do the inhabitants have the feeling that they are a colonial population ruled from a distant capital. Oceania has no capital, and its titular²⁷¹ head is a person whose whereabouts nobody knows. Except that English is its chief lingua franca and Newspeak its official language, it is not centralized in any way. Its rulers are not held together by blood-ties but by adherence²⁷² to a common doctrine. It is true that our society is stratified, and very rigidly²⁷³ stratified, on what at first sight appear to be hereditary lines. There is far less to-and-fro movement between the different groups than happened under capitalism or even in the pre-industrial age. Between the two branches of the Party there is a certain amount of interchange, but only so much as will ensure that weaklings are excluded from the Inner Party and that ambitious members of the Outer Party are made harmless by allowing them to rise. Proletarians, in practice, are not allowed to graduate into the Party. The most gifted among them, who might possibly become nuclei²⁷⁴ of discontent, are simply marked down by the Thought Police and eliminated. But this state of affairs is not necessarily permanent, nor is it a matter of principle. The Party is not a class in the old sense of the word. It does not aim at transmitting power to its own children, as such; and if there were no other way of keeping the ablest people at the top, it would be perfectly²⁷⁵ prepared to recruit an entire new generation from the ranks of the proletariat. In the crucial years, the fact that the Party was not a hereditary body did a great deal to neutralize¹⁵⁴ opposition. The older kind of Socialist, who had been trained to fight against something called 'class privilege' assumed that what is not hereditary cannot be permanent. He did not see that the continuity of an oligarchy need not be physical, nor did he pause to reflect that hereditary aristocracies have always been shortlived, whereas adoptive organizations such as the Catholic Church have sometimes lasted for hundreds or thousands of years. The essence of oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but the persistence²⁷⁶ of a certain world-view and a certain way of life, imposed by the dead upon the living. A ruling group is a ruling group so long as it can nominate its successors. The Party is not concerned with perpetuating its blood but with perpetuating itself. Who wields²⁷⁷ power is not important, provided that the hierarchical structure remains always the same.

All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived. Physical rebellion, or any preliminary move towards rebellion, is at present not possible. From the proletarians nothing is to be feared. Left to themselves, they will continue from generation to generation and from century to century, working, breeding, and dying, not only without any impulse to rebel, but without the power of grasping that the world could be other than it is. They could only become dangerous if the advance of industrial technique made it necessary to educate them more highly; but, since military and commercial rivalry²⁷⁸ are no longer important, the level of popular education is actually declining. What opinions the masses hold, or do not hold, is looked on as a matter of indifference²⁷⁹. They can be granted intellectual liberty because they have no intellect. In a Party member, on the other hand, not even the smallest deviation²⁸⁰ of opinion on the most unimportant subject can be tolerated.

A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of the Thought Police. Even when he is alone he can never be sure that he is alone. Wherever he may be, asleep or awake, working or resting, in his bath or in bed, he can be inspected without warning and without knowing that he is being inspected. Nothing that he does is indifferent. His friendships, his relaxations²⁸¹, his behaviour towards his wife and children, the expression of his face when he is alone, the words he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movements of his body, are all jealously scrutinized²⁸². Not only any actual misdemeanour, but any eccentricity²⁸³, however small, any change of habits, any nervous mannerism²⁸⁴ that could possibly be the symptom of an inner struggle, is certain to be detected. He has no freedom of choice in any direction whatever. On the other hand his actions are not regulated by law or by any clearly formulated code of behaviour. In Oceania there is no law. Thoughts and actions which, when detected, mean certain death are not formally forbidden, and the endless purges²⁸⁵, arrests, tortures, imprisonments, and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishment for crimes which have actually been committed, but are merely the wiping-out of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at some time in the future. A Party member is required to have not only the right opinions, but the right instincts. Many of the beliefs and attitudes demanded of him are never plainly stated, and could not be stated without laying bare the contradictions inherent in Ingsoc. If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak a goodthinker), he will in all circumstances know, without taking thought, what is the true belief or the desirable emotion. But in any case an elaborate mental training, undergone in childhood and grouping itself round the Newspeak words crimestop, blackwhite, and doublethink, makes him unwilling²⁸⁶ and unable to think too deeply on any subject whatever.

A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites²⁸⁷ from enthusiasm. He is supposed to live in a continuous frenzy²⁸⁸ of hatred of foreign enemies and internal traitors²⁸⁹, triumph over victories, and self-abasement before the power and wisdom of the Party. The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards²⁹⁰ and dissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and the speculations²⁹¹ which might possibly induce a sceptical or rebellious²⁹² attitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline. The first and simplest stage in the discipline, which can be taught even to young children, is called, in Newspeak, crimestop. Crimestop means the faculty²⁹³ of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled²⁹⁴ by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity. But stupidity is not enough. On the contrary, orthodoxy in the full sense demands a control over one's own mental processes as complete as that of a contortionist over his body. Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief that Big Brother is omnipotent²⁹⁵ and that the Party is infallible. But since in reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the party is not infallible, there is need for an unwearying, moment-to-moment flexibility²⁹⁶ in the treatment of facts. The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory²⁹⁷ meanings. Applied²⁹⁸ to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently²⁹⁹ claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration³⁰⁰ of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink.

The alteration of the past is necessary for two reasons, one of which is subsidiary and, so to speak, precautionary. The subsidiary reason is that the Party member, like the proletarian, tolerates present-day conditions partly because he has no standards of comparison. He must be cut off from the past, just as he must be cut off from foreign countries, because it is necessary for him to believe that he is better off than his ancestors and that the average level of material comfort is constantly rising. But by far the more important reason for the readjustment of the past is the need to safeguard the infallibility of the Party. It is not merely that speeches, statistics, and records of every kind must be constantly brought up to date in order to show that the predictions of the Party were in all cases right. It is also that no change in doctrine or in political alignment can ever be admitted. For to change one's mind, or even one's policy, is a confession²⁴⁷ of weakness. If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten. This day-to-day falsification of the past, carried out by the Ministry of Truth, is as necessary to the stability of the regime as the work of repression³⁰¹ and espionage carried out by the Ministry of Love.

The mutability of the past is the central tenet of Ingsoc. Past events, it is argued, have no objective existence, but survive only in written records and in human memories. The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it. It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never has been altered in any specific instance. For when it has been recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new version is the past, and no different past can ever have existed. This holds good even when, as often happens, the same event has to be altered out of recognition several times in the course of a year. At all times the Party is in possession of absolute truth, and clearly the absolute can never have been different from what it is now. It will be seen that the control of the past depends above all on the training of memory. To make sure that all written records agree with the orthodoxy of the moment is merely a mechanical act. But it is also necessary to remember that events happened in the desired manner. And if it is necessary to rearrange one's memories or to tamper³⁰² with written records, then it is necessary to forget that one has done so. The trick of doing this can be learned like any other mental technique. It is learned by the majority of Party members, and certainly by all who are intelligent as well as orthodox. In Oldspeak it is called, quite frankly³⁰³, 'reality control'. In Newspeak it is called doublethink, though doublethink comprises much else as well.

Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt³⁰⁴. doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception³⁰⁵ while retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies -- all this is indispensably necessary. Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is tampering³⁰⁶ with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases³⁰⁷ this knowledge; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth. Ultimately it is by means of doublethink that the Party has been able -- and may, for all we know, continue to be able for thousands of years -- to arrest the course of history.

All past oligarchies³⁰⁸ have fallen from power either because they ossified³⁰⁹ or because they grew soft. Either they became stupid and arrogant³¹⁰, failed to adjust themselves to changing circumstances, and were overthrown; or they became liberal and cowardly, made concessions³¹¹ when they should have used force, and once again were overthrown. They fell, that is to say, either through consciousness or through unconsciousness. It is the achievement of the Party to have produced a system of thought in which both conditions can exist simultaneously. And upon no other intellectual basis could the dominion³¹² of the Party be made permanent. If one is to rule, and to continue ruling, one must be able to dislocate the sense of reality. For the secret of rulership is to combine a belief in one's own infallibility with the Power to learn from past mistakes.

It need hardly be said that the subtlest practitioners³¹³ of doublethink are those who invented doublethink and know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society, those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those who are furthest from seeing the world as it is. In general, the greater the understanding, the greater the delusion³¹⁴; the more intelligent, the less sane³¹⁵. One clear illustration of this is the fact that war hysteria increases in intensity³¹⁶ as one rises in the social scale. Those whose attitude towards the war is most nearly rational are the subject peoples of the disputed territories. To these people the war is simply a continuous calamity³¹⁷ which sweeps to and fro over their bodies like a tidal wave. Which side is winning is a matter of complete indifference to them. They are aware that a change of overlordship means simply that they will be doing the same work as before for new masters who treat them in the same manner as the old ones. The slightly more favoured workers whom we call 'the proles' are only intermittently conscious of the war. When it is necessary they can be prodded³¹⁸ into frenzies³¹⁹ of fear and hatred, but when left to themselves they are capable of forgetting for long periods that the war is happening. It is in the ranks of the Party, and above all of the Inner Party, that the true war enthusiasm is found. World-conquest is believed in most firmly by those who know it to be impossible. This peculiar linking-together of opposites -- knowledge with ignorance, cynicism with fanaticism³²⁰ -- is one of the chief distinguishing marks of Oceanic society. The official ideology abounds³²¹ with contradictions even when there is no practical reason for them. Thus, the Party rejects and vilifies³²² every principle for which the Socialist movement originally stood, and it chooses to do this in the name of Socialism. It preaches a contempt for the working class unexampled for centuries past, and it dresses its members in a uniform which was at one time peculiar to manual workers and was adopted for that reason. It systematically³²³ undermines the solidarity³²⁴ of the family, and it calls its leader by a name which is a direct appeal to the sentiment of family loyalty³²⁵. Even the names of the four Ministries³²⁶ by which we are governed exhibit a sort of impudence³²⁷ in their deliberate reversal of the facts. The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy³²⁸; they are deliberate exercises in doublethink. For it is only by reconciling contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely. In no other way could the ancient cycle be broken. If human equality is to be for ever averted -- if the High, as we have called them, are to keep their places permanently -- then the prevailing mental condition must be controlled insanity³²⁹.

But there is one question which until this moment we have almost ignored. It is; why should human equality be averted? Supposing that the mechanics of the process have been rightly described, what is the motive⁹⁷ for this huge, accurately³³⁰ planned effort to freeze history at a particular moment of time?

Here we reach the central secret. As we have seen, the mystique of the Party, and above all of the Inner Party, depends upon doublethink. But deeper than this lies the original motive, the never-questioned instinct that first led to the seizure³³¹ of power and brought doublethink, the Thought Police, continuous warfare, and all the other necessary paraphernalia³³² into existence afterwards. This motive really consists... .

Winston became aware of silence, as one becomes aware of a new sound. It seemed to him that Julia had been very still for some time past. She was lying on her side, naked from the waist upwards³³³, with her cheek pillowed on her hand and one dark lock tumbling across her eyes. Her breast rose and fell slowly and regularly.

'Julia'.

No answer.

'Julia, are you awake?'

No answer. She was asleep. He shut the book, put it carefully on the floor, lay down, and pulled the coverlet over both of them.

He had still, he reflected, not learned the ultimate secret. He understood how; he did not understand why. Chapter I, like Chapter III, had not actually told him anything that he did not know, it had merely systematized the knowledge that he possessed already. But after reading it he knew better than before that he was not mad. Being in a minority, even a minority of one, did not make you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad. A yellow beam from the sinking sun slanted³³⁴ in through the window and fell across the pillow. He shut his eyes. The sun on his face and the girl's smooth body touching³³⁵ his own gave him a strong, sleepy, confident feeling. He was safe, everything was all right. He fell asleep murmuring 'Sanity is not statistical,' with the feeling that this remark contained in it a profound wisdom.


温斯顿累得人都冻胶了。“冻胶”，是个很确切的字眼。

它是自动在他脑海中出现的。他的身体不但象冻胶那么软，而且象冻胶那么半透明。他觉得要是举起手来，他就可以看透另一面的光。大量的工作把他全身的血液和淋巴液都挤干了，只剩下神经、骨骼、皮肤所组成的脆弱架子。所有的知觉都很敏感。穿上制服，肩膀感到重压；走在路上，脚底感到酸痛；甚至手掌的一张一合也造成关节咯咯的响。

他在五天之内工作了九十多个小时。部里的人都是如此。现在工作已经结束，到明天早上以前，他几乎无事可做，任何党的工作都没有。他可以在那个秘密的幽会地方呆六个小时，然后回自己家中的床上睡九个小时。在下午温煦的阳光照沐下，他沿着一条肮脏的街道，朝着却林顿先生的铺子慢慢地走去，一边留神注意着有没有巡逻队，一边又毫无理由地认为这天下午不会有人来打扰他。他的公文包沉甸甸的，每走一步就碰一下他的膝盖，使他的大腿的皮肤感到上下一阵发麻。公文包里放着那本书，他到手已有六天了，可是还没有打开来过，甚至连看一眼也没有看过。

仇恨周已进行了六天，在这六天里，天天是游行，演讲、呼喊、歌唱、旗帜、标语、电影、蜡像、敲鼓、吹号、齐步前进、坦克咯咯、飞机轰鸣、炮声隆隆。在这六天里，群众的情绪激动得到了最高峰。大家对欧亚国的仇恨沸腾得到了发狂的程度，要是在那最后一天要公开绞死的二千名欧亚国战俘落入群众之手的话，他们毫无疑问地会被撕成粉碎。就在这个时候忽然宣布，大洋国并没有在同欧亚国作战。大洋国是在同东亚国作战。欧亚国是个盟国。

当然，没有人承认发生过什么变化。只不过是极其突然地，一下子到处都让人知道了：敌人是东亚国，不是欧亚国。

温斯顿当时正在伦敦的一个市中心广场参加示威。时间是在夜里，人们的苍白的脸和鲜红的旗帜都沐浴在强烈的泛光灯灯光里。广场里挤满了好几千人，其中有一批大约一千名学童，穿着少年侦察队的制服，集中在一起。在用红布装饰的台上，一个核心党的党员在发表演讲，他是个瘦小的人，胳臂却长得出奇，与身材不合比例，光秃的大脑袋上只有少数几绺头发。他是个象神话中的小妖精式人物，满腔仇恨，一手抓着话筒，一手张牙舞爪地在头顶上挥舞，这只手长在瘦瘦的胳臂上，显得特别粗大。他的讲话声音从扩大器中传出来，特别洪亮刺耳，没完没了地列举一些暴行、屠杀、驱逐、抢劫、强奸、虐待俘虏、轰炸平民、撒谎宣传、无端侵略、撕毁条约的罪状。听了以后无法不相信他，也无法不感到愤怒。隔几分钟，群众的情绪就激愤起来，讲话人的声音就被淹没在好几千人不可控制地提高嗓门喊出来的野兽般咆哮之中。最野蛮的喊叫声来自那些学童。那人大约已经讲了有二十分钟的时候，有一个通讯员急急忙忙地走上了讲台，把一张纸递到讲话人的手里。他打开那张纸，一边继续讲话，一边看了那张纸。他的声音和态度都一点也没有变，他讲话的内容也一点没有变，但是突然之间，名字却变了。不需要说什么话，群众都明白了，好象一阵浪潮翻过去似的。大洋国是在同东亚国打仗！接着就发生了一场大混乱。广场上挂的旗帜、招贴都错了！其中一半所画的脸就不对。这是破坏！这是果尔德施坦因的特务搞的！于是大家乱哄哄地把招贴从墙上揭下来，把旗帜撕得粉碎，踩在脚下。少年侦察队的表现特别精采，他们爬上了屋顶，把挂在烟囱上的横幅剪断。不过在两三分钟之内，这一切就都结束了。讲话的人仍抓着话筒，向前耸着肩膀，另外一只手在头上挥舞，继续讲话。再过一分钟，群众中又爆发出一阵愤怒的吼声。仇恨继续进行，一如既往，只是已换了对象。

温斯顿后来回顾起来感到印象深刻的是，那个讲话的人居然是在一句话讲到一半的时候转换对象的，不仅没有停顿一下，甚至连句子结构都没有打乱。不过当时有另外的事情分了他的心。那是发生在揭招贴的混乱的时候，有一个人连长得怎么样他也没有瞧清，拍拍他的肩膀说，“对不起，你大概把你的公文包丢了。”他二话不说，心不在焉地把公文包接了过来。他知道要过好几天才有机会看公文包里的东西。

示威一结束，他就回到真理部里，尽管已经快二十三点了。

部里的全体工作人员也都已回来。电幕上已经发出指示，要他们回到工作岗位，不过完全没有必要发这指示。

大洋国在同东亚国作战：大洋国一向是在同东亚国作战。五年来的政治文籍现在有一大部分完全要作废了。各种各样的报告、记录、报纸、书籍、小册子、电影、录音带、照片——这一切都得以闪电速度加以改正。虽然没有发出明确指示，不过大家都知道，纪录司的首长要在一个星期之内做到任何地方都没有留下曾经提到与欧亚国打过仗，同东亚国结过盟的材料。工作吓人，尤其是因为这件事不能明说。

纪录司人人都一天工作十八小时，分两次睡觉，一次睡三小时。地下室里搬来了床垫，在走廊里到处都铺开了。吃饭由食堂服务员用小车推来，吃的是夹肉面包和胜利牌咖啡。温斯顿每次停下工作去睡一小时，总尽量把桌面上的工作处理干净，但每次他睡眼惺忪、腰酸背痛地回来时，桌上又是文件山积，几乎把听写器也掩没了，还掉落在地上，因此第一件事就是把它们好歹整理一下，好腾出地方来工作。最糟糕的是，这项工作一点也不是纯粹机械性的。尽管在大多数的情况下，这不过是更换一下名字，但是一些详细的报导就需要你十分仔细，需要你发挥想象力。为了要把战争从世界上的这一地区挪到另外一个地区，你所需要的地理知识也很惊人。

到第三天，他的眼睛痛得无法忍受，每隔几分钟就需要把眼镜擦一擦。这好象是在努力完成一顷繁重的体力工作，你有权利拒绝不干，但又急于想完成，这种心情甚至是有点神经质的。如果他有时间来记的话，对于他在听写器上说的每一句话，他的墨水铅笔的每一笔勾划都是蓄意说谎这一点，他并不感到不安。他象司里的每一个人一样，竭力想把谎话圆得很完美。到第六天早晨，纸条慢慢地减少了。有半小时之久，气力传送管里没有送东西出来。后来又送来一条，接着就没有了。几乎在同一时候，到处工作都搞完了。整个司里的人都深深地——也是暗地里——松了一口气。完成了一项伟大的任务，但是谁也不会提到这件事。现在无论哪一个人都无法用文件来证明曾经同欧亚国打过仗。到十二点钟的时候突然宣布全部工作人员放假到明天早晨。温斯顿在工作的时候，把那装着那本书的公文包放在两只脚之间，睡觉的时候放在枕头下，这时就提着它回了家，刮了胡子，洗了一个澡，尽管水不热，几乎一边洗一边就在澡盆里睡着了。

他爬上却林顿先生铺子楼梯时，全身关节咯咯作响。他很疲倦，但是已没有睡意。他打开窗户，点燃了肮脏的小煤油炉，放了一壶水在上面准备烧咖啡。裘莉亚马上就来；同时还有那本书。他在那张邋遢的沙发上坐下来，把公文包的搭扣带松开。

这是一本黑面厚书，自己装订的，封面上没有书名或作者名字。印刷的字体也有点不规则。书页边上都有点揉烂了，很容易掉页，看来这本书已转了好几个人之手。书名扉页上印的是：

《寡头政治集体主义的理论与实践》爱麦虞埃尔　果尔德施坦因著

温斯顿开始阅读。

第一KK　无知即力量

有史以来，大概自从新石器时代结束以来，世上就有三种人，即上等人、中等人、下等人。他们又再进一步分为好几种，有各种各样不同的名字，他们的相对人数和他们的相互态度因时代而异；但是社会的基本结构不变。即使在发生了大动荡和似乎无法挽回的变化以后，总又恢复原来的格局，好象陀螺仪总会恢复平衡一样，不管你把它朝哪个方向推着转。

这三种人的目标是完全不可调和的……

温斯顿停了下来，主要是为了要享受一下这样的感觉：

他是在舒服和安全的环境中读书。他独处一室，没有电幕，隔墙无耳，不需要神经紧张地张望一下背后有没有人在偷看，或者急忙用手把书掩上。夏天的甜蜜空气吻着他的双颊。远处不知什么地方传来了孩子们的隐隐约约的叫喊声。

屋子里面，除了时钟滴嗒之外，寂然无声。他在沙发上再躺下一些，把脚搁在壁炉挡架上。这真是神仙般的生活，但愿能永生永世地过下去。在你搞到一本你知道最后总要一读再读的书的时候，你往往会无目的地翻开到一个地方，随便读一段；他现在也是这样，翻开的地方正好是第三章。于是他又读了下去：

第三KK　战争即和平

世界分成三大超级国家是一件在二十世纪中叶前即可预料到的事情。俄国并吞了欧洲，美国并吞了英帝国以后。目前的三大强国就有了两个开始有效的存在：欧亚国和大洋国。第三个东亚国是在又经过十年混战以后出现的．这三个超级大国的边界，有些地方是任意划定的，另外一些地方视战争的一时胜负而有变化，但是总的来说，按地理界线而划分。欧亚国占欧亚大陆的整个北部，从葡萄牙到白令海峡。大洋国占南北美，大西洋各岛屿，包括英伦三岛，澳大利亚和非洲南部。东亚国较其他两国为小，占中国和中国以南诸国，日本各岛和满洲、蒙古、西藏大部，但经常有变化，其西部边界不甚明确。

这三个超级国家永远是拉一个打一个，与这个结盟，与那个交战，过去二十五年以来一直如此。但是战争已不再象二十世纪初期几十年那种的你死我活的毁灭性斗争，而是交战双方之间的目标有限的交锋，因为双方都没有能力打败对方，也没有打仗的物质原因，更没有任何真正意识形态上的分歧，这并不是说，不论战争方式也好，对战争的态度也好，已不是那么残酷，或者比较侠义一些了。不是那样，相反，在所有三国之中，战争歇斯底里是长期持续、普遍存在的，象强奸、抢劫、杀戮儿童、奴役人民、对战俘进行报复，甚至烧死活埋，这样的事情都被视为家常便饭，若是我方而不是敌方所为，则更被认为为国尽忠，为民立功。但在实际上，战争影响所及只有少量的人，大多是有高度训练的专家，相对地来说，造成的伤亡较少。若有战争发生，一般都在遥远的边界，确切的地点一般人只能猜测而已，或者在守卫海道战略要冲的水上浮动堡垒附近。在文明的中心，战争的意义不过是消费品长期发生短缺．偶而掉下一颗火箭弹，造成几十人死亡，如此而已。事实上，战争已经改变了性质。确切地说，进行战争的原因的重要性次序已经改变。有些战争动机在二十世纪初期的几次大战中已经存在，只是程度较小，如今却占了支配的地位，得到有意识的承认和实行。

要了解目前的战争——尽管每隔几年友敌关系总要发生变化，但战争还是那场战争——的性质，我们首先必须认识到，这场战争是打不出一个结局来的。三个超级国家中的任何一国都不可能被任何两国的联盟所绝对打败。它们都势均力敌，天堑一般的防御条件不可逾越。欧亚国的屏障是大片陆地，大洋国是大西洋和太平洋，东亚国是居民的多产勤劳。其次，从物质意义上来说，已不再有打仗的动机。由于建立了自给自足的经济，生产与消费互相配合，争夺市场原来是以前战争的主要原因，现在已告结束，争夺原料也不再是生死攸关的事。

反正这三个超级国家幅员都很广大，凡是所需资源几乎都可以在本国疆界之内获得。如果战争还有什么直接经济目的的话，那就是争夺劳动力了。在三个超级国家之间，大体上有一块四方形的地区，以丹吉尔、布拉柴维尔、达尔文港和香港为四个角，在这个地区里人口占全世界大约五分之一，这个地区从来没有长期属于任何一国。就是为了争夺这人口稠密的地区和北极的冰雪地带，三个大国不断地在角逐。实际上从来没有一个大国曾经控制过这个争夺地区的全部。其中部分地区曾经不断易手，所以造成友敌关系不断的改变，就是因为这样就有机会可以靠突然叛卖而争夺到一块地方。

这些争夺地区都有宝贵的矿藏，其中有些地方还生产重要的植物产品，例如橡胶，这在寒冷地带必须用成本较大的方法来人工合成。但是主要是这些地方有无穷无尽的廉价劳动力储备。不论哪一大国控制了赤道非洲，或者中东国家，或者南印度或者印度尼西亚群岛，手头也就掌握了几十亿报酬低廉、工作辛苦的苦力。这些地区的居民多多少少已经毫不掩饰地沦为奴隶，不断地在征服者中间换手，当作煤或石油一样使用，为的是要生产更多的军备，占领更多的领土，控制更多的劳动力，再生产更多的军备，占领更多的领土，控制更多的劳动力，如此周而复始，一而再再而三地继续下去，永无休止。应该指出，战争从来没有真正超出争夺地区的边缘。欧亚国的边界在刚果河盆地与地中海北岸之间伸缩，印度洋和太平洋的岛屿则不断被大洋国或东亚国轮流占领。在蒙古，欧亚国和东亚国的分界线从来没有稳定过。在北极周围，三大国都声称拥有广大领土，实际上这些地方都杳无人烟，未经勘探。不过力量对比却一直总保持大致上的平衡，每个超级国家的心脏地带一直总没有人侵犯过。此外，赤道一带被剥削人民的劳动力，对于世界经济来说，并非真正不可或缺。他们对世界财富并不增添什么，因为不论他们生产什么东西，都用于战争目的，而进行战争的目的总是争取能够处在一个较有利的地位以便进行另一场战争。这些奴隶人口的劳动力可以增快那场延续不断的战争的速率。但如果没有他们的存在，世界社会的结构，以及维持这种结构的方法，基本上不会有什么不同。

现代战争的重要目的(按照双重思想的原则，核心党里的指导智囊是既承认又不承认的)是尽量用完机器的产品而不提高一般的生活水平。自从十九世纪末叶以来，工业社会中就潜伏着如何处理剩余消费品的问题。在目前，很少人连饭也吃不饱，这个问题显然并不迫切，即使没有人为的破坏在进行，这个问题可能也不会迫切。今天的世界同1914年以前相比，是个贫瘠的、饥饿的、败破的地方，如果同那个时代的人所展望的未来世界相比，更其是如此。在二十世纪初期，凡是有文化的人的心目中，几乎莫不认为未来社会令人难以相信的富裕、悠闲，秩序井然、效率很高——这是一个由玻璃、钢筋、洁白的混凝土构成的晶莹夺目的世界。科学技术当时正在神速发展，一般人很自然地认为以后也会这样继续发展下去。但是后来却没有如此，一部分原因是长期不断的战争造成了贫困，一部分原因是科学技术的进步要依靠根据经验的思维习惯，而在一个严格管制的社会里，这种习惯是不能存在的。总的来说，今天的世界比五十年前原始。有些落后地区固然有了进步，不少技术——多少总是与战争和警察侦探活动有关——有了发展，但大部分试验和发明都停顿下来，五十年代原子战争所造成的破坏从来没有完全复原。尽管如此，机器所固有的危险仍旧存在。从机器问世之日起，凡是有识之士无不清楚，人类就不再需要从事辛劳的体力劳动了，因而在很大程度上也不再需要人与人之间保持不平等了。如果当初有意识地把机器用于这个目的，什么饥饿、过度的劳动、污秽、文盲、疾病都可以在几代之内一扫而空。事实上，在十九世纪末叶和二十世纪初叶相交之间的大约五十年里，机器虽然没有用于这样的目的，但是由于某种自动的过程，所生产的财富有时候不得不分配掉，客观上确实大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。

但同样清楚的是，财富的全面增长有毁灭——

从某种意义上来说，的确是毁灭——等级社会的威胁。世界上如果人人都工作时间短、吃得好、住的房子有浴室和电冰箱，私人有汽车甚至飞机，那么最重要形式的不平等也许会早已消失了。财富一旦普及，它就不分彼此。没有疑问，可以设想有这样一个社会，从个人财物和奢侈品来说，财富是平均分配的，而权力仍留在少数特权阶层人物的手中。

但是实际上这种社会不能保持长期稳定。因为，如果人人都能享受闲暇和生活保障，原来由于贫困而愚昧无知的绝大多数人就会学习文化，就会独立思考；他们一旦做到这一点，迟早就会认识到少数特权阶层的人没有作用，他们就会把他们扫除掉。从长期来看，等级社会只有在贫困和无知的基础上才能存在。二十世纪初期有些思想家梦想恢复到过去的农业社会，那不是实际的解决办法。那同机械化的趋势相冲突，而后一个趋势在整个世界里都已几乎带有本能性质了，何况，任何国家要是工业落后，军事上就会束手无策，必然会被比较先进的敌国所直接或间接控制。

用限制生产来保持群众贫困，也不是个令人满意的解决办法。在资本主义最后阶段，大概在1920年到1940年之间曾经大规模这么做过。许多国家听任经济停滞，土地休耕，资本设备不增，大批人口不给工作而由国家救济，保持半死半活。但这也造成军事上的孱弱，由于它所造成的贫困并无必要，必然会引起反对。因此问题是，如何维持经济的轮子继续转动而又不增加世界上的真正财富。物品必须生产，但不一定要分配出去。在实践中，要做到这一点的唯一办法是不断打仗。

战争的基本行为就是毁灭，不一定是毁灭人的生命，而是毁灭人类的劳动产品。有些物资原来会使得群众生活得太舒服了，因而从长期来说，也会使得他们太聪明了，战争就是要把这些物资打得粉碎，化为轻烟，沉入海底。战争武器即使没有实际消耗掉，但继续制造它们，仍是一方面消耗劳动力而另一方面又不生产消费品的方便办法。例如水上浮动堡垒所耗劳动力可以制造好几百艘货轮。最后因为陈旧而把它拆卸成为废料，这对无论谁都没有物质上的好处，但为了建造新的水上浮动堡垒，却又要化大量劳动力。原则上，战争计划总是以在满足了本国人口最低需要后把可能剩余的物资耗尽为度。实际上，对于本国人口的需要，估计总是过低，结果就造成生活必需品有一半长期短缺；但这被认为是个有利条件。甚至对受到优待的一些阶层，也有意把他们保持在艰苦的边缘上徘徊，其所以采取这一方针，是因为在普遍匮乏的情况下，小小的特权就能够显得更加重要，从而扩大各个阶层间的差别。按二十世纪初期的标准来看，甚至核心党内人物的生活条件，也是够艰苦朴素的。但是，他所享有的少数奢侈条件——设备完善的宽敞住处、料子较好的衣著、质量较好的饮食烟酒、两三个仆人、私人汽车或直升飞机——使他所处境况与外围党员迥然不同，而外围党员同我们称为“无产者”的下层群众相比，又处在类似的有利地位。整个社会的气氛就是一个围城的气氛，谁有一块马肉就显出了贫富的差异。同时，因在打仗，自有危险，结果就是，要维持生存，把全部权力交给一个少数人阶层就自然成了不可避免的条件。

下文还要述及，战争不仅完成了必要的毁坏，而且所用方式在心理上是可以接受的。原则上，要浪费世上的剩余劳动力，尽可以修庙宇、盖殿堂、筑金字塔，挖了地洞再埋上，甚至先生产大量物品然后再付诸一炬。但这只能为等级社会提供经济基础，而不能提供感情基础。这里操心的不是群众的情绪，群众的态度无关紧要，只要他们保持不断工作就行；要操心的是党员的情绪。甚至最起码的党员，也要使他既有能力，又很勤快，在很有限的限度内还要聪明，但是他也必须是个容易轻信、盲目无知的狂热信徒，这种人的主导情绪是恐惧、仇恨、颂赞、欣喜若狂，换句话说，他的精神状态必须要同战争状态相适应。战争是不是真的在打，这无关紧要。

战争打得好打得坏，由于不可能有决定性的胜利，也无关紧要。需要的只是要保持战争状态的存在。

党所要求于它党员的，是智力的分裂，这在战争的气氛中比较容易做到，因此现在已经几乎人人都是如此，地位越高，这种情况越显著。战争歇斯底里和对敌仇恨在核心党内最为强烈。核心党员担任行政领导，常常必须知道某一条战讯不确，他可能常常发现，整个战争是假的，或者根本没有发生，或者其目的完全不是所宣布的目的；但是这种知识很容易用双重思想的办法来加以消除。同时，核心党员都莫名其妙地相信战争是真的，最后必胜，大洋国将是全世界无可争议的主人，但他们决不会有人对这种信念会有片刻的动摇。

核心党员人人都相信这未来的胜利，把它当作一个信条。达到最后胜利的方法，或者是逐步攻占越来越多的领土，确立压倒优势的力量，或者是发明某种无敌新式武器。谋求发明新式武器工作继续不断，凡是有创造性头脑的人或者喜欢探索的人要为他们过剩的智力找个出路，这是极少数剩下来的活动之一。目前在大洋国，旧观念的科学几乎已不再存在。新话里没有“科学”这一词汇。过去所有的科学成就，其基础就是根据经验的思维方法，但是违反英社的最根本原则。甚至技术进步也只有在其产品能够在某种方式上用于减少人类自由时才能达到。在一切实用艺术方面，不是停滞不前，就是反而倒退了。土地由马拉犁耕种，而书籍却用机器写作。但在至关紧要的问题上——实际上就是说战争和警察侦探活动上——却仍鼓励经验的方法，或者至少是容忍这种方法的。党有两个目的，一个是征服整个地球，一个是永远消灭独立思考的可能性。

因此党急于要解决的也有两个大问题。一个是如何在违背一个人本人意愿情况下发现他在想些什么，另外一个是如何在几秒钟之内未加警告就杀死好几亿人。如果说目前还有科学研究在进行的话，这就是研究的题目。今天的科学家只有两类。一类是心理学家兼刑讯官，他们能极其细致地研究一个人面部表情、姿态、声调变化的意义，试验药物、震荡疗法、催眠、拷打的逼供效果。另外一类是化学家、物理学家、生物学家，他们只关心自己专业中同杀人灭生有关的学科。在和平部的庞大实验室里，在巴西森林深处的试验站里，或者在澳大利亚的沙漠里，或者在南极的人迹不到的小岛上，一批批的专家们都在不知疲倦地工作。有的一心制订未来战争的后勤计划；有的在设计体积越来越大的火箭弹，威力越来越强的爆炸物，厚度越来越打不穿的装甲板；有的在寻找更致命的新毒气，或者一种可以大量生产足以灭绝整个大陆的植物的可溶毒药，或者繁殖不怕一切抗体的病菌；有的在努力制造一种象潜艇能在水下航行一样能在地下行驶的车辆，或者象轮船一样可以脱离基地而独立行动的飞机；有的在探索甚至更加可望而不可及的可能性。

例如通过架在几千公里以外空间的透镜把太阳光束集中焦点，或者开发地球中心的热量来制造人为的地震和海啸。

但是这些计划没有一项曾经接近完成过，这三个超级国家没有一个能比别的两国占先一步。更使人奇怪的是，这三个大国由于有了原子弹，实际上已经拥有了一种武器，其威力比它们目前在从事研究的武器大得不知多少。虽然由于习惯使然，党总是说原子弹是它发明的，实际上原子弹早在1940年就问世了，十年后就首次大规模使用。那时在许多工业中心，主要是在欧俄、西欧、北美，扔下了几百个原子弹。结果使得所有国家的统治集团相信，再扔几个原子弹，有组织的社会就完了，那样他们的权力也就完了。自此以后，虽然没有签订什么正式协定，也没暗示有什么正式协定，原子弹就没有再扔。不过三大国还是继续制造原子弹，储存起来以备他们都相信迟早有一天要决战时使用。与此同时，三四十年之内战争艺术几乎没有什么进展。当然，直升飞机比以前的用途更广，轰炸机基本上为自动推进的投射体所代替，脆弱的军舰让位于几乎不沉的水上浮动堡垒，但除此以外，很少变化。坦克、潜艇、鱼雷、机枪、甚至步枪和手榴弹仍在使用。尽管报上和电幕上不断报道杀戮仍在无休无止的进行，但从来没有再重演过以前的战争中常常几个星期就杀死成千上万甚至几百万人的那样殊死大战。

三个超级国家都从来没有想采取会有严重失败危险的战略。凡要采取大规模的行动时，总对盟国进行突然袭击。三大国采取的战略，或者伪装采取的战略都是一样的。那就是用打仗、谈判、时机选得恰到好处的背信弃义等种种手段，获得一系列基地，把敌国完全包围起来，然后同该敌国签订友好条约，保持几年和平状态，使得对方麻痹大意放弃警惕。在这期间把装好的原子弹的火箭部署在一切战略要地，最后万箭齐发，使对方遭到致命破坏，根本不可能进行报复。这时便同另外剩下的那个世界大国签订友好条约，淮备另一次突然袭击。不用说，这种计划完全是做白日梦，不可能实现。此外，除了在赤道一带和北极局围的争夺地区之外，并没有发生过战事；对敌国领土也从来没有进犯过。这说明了超级国家之间有些地方的国界为什么是随意划定的。例如，欧亚国完全可以轻易地征服英伦三岛，后者在地理上是欧洲的一部分，另一方面，大洋国也可以把它的疆界推到莱菌河，甚至到维斯杜拉河。但是这就违反了文化统一的原则，这是各方面都遵循的原则，尽管没有明确规定。如果大洋国要征服原来一度称为法兰西和德意志的地方，这就需要或者消灭其全部居民，这项任务有极大的实际困难，或者同化大约为数一亿、就技术发展来说大致与大洋国同等水平的人民。三大超级国家的问题都是一样的。从它们结构来说，绝不能与外国人有任何来往，除非是同战俘或有色人种奴隶进行程度有限的来往。即使对当前的正式盟国也总是极不信任。除了战俘以外，大洋国普通公民从来没有见到过欧亚国或东亚国的一个公民，而且他也不得掌握外语。如果他有机会接触外国人，他就会发现外国人同他自己一样也是人，他所听到的关于外国人的话大部分都是谎言。他所生活的封闭天地就会打破，他的精神所依的恐惧、仇恨、自以为是就会化为乌有。因此三方面都认识到，不论波斯、埃及、爪哇、锡兰易手多么频仍，但除了炸弹以外，主要的疆界决不能越过。

在这里面有一个事实从来没有大声提到过，但是大家都是默认的，并且一切行动都是根据它来采取的，那就是：三个超级国家的生活基本上相同。

大洋国实行的哲学叫英社原则，欧亚国叫新布尔什维主义，东亚国叫的是个中文名字，一般译为“崇死”，不过也许还是译为“灭我”为好。大洋国的公民不许知道其他两国的哲学信条，但是却受到憎恨的教育，把它们看作是对道德和常识的野蛮践踏。

实际上这三种哲学很难区分，它们所拥护的社会制度也根本区别不开来。到处都有同样的金字塔式结构，同样的对一个半神领袖的崇拜，同样的靠战争维持和为战争服务的经济。因此，三个超级国家不仅不能征服对方，而且征服了也没有什么好处。相反，只要它们继续冲突，它们就等于互相支撑，就象三捆堆在一起的秫秸一样。而且总是那样，这三个大国的统治集团对于对方在干些什么又知道又不知道。他们一生致力于征服全世界，但是他们也知道，战争必须永远持续下去而不能有胜利。同时，由于没有被征服的危险，就有可能不顾现实，这是英社原则和它的敌对思想体系的特点。这里有必要再说一遍上面所说过的话，战争既然持续不断，就从根本上改变了自己的性质。

在过去的时代里，战争按其定义来说，迟早总要结束，一般非胜即败，毫不含糊。而且在过去，战争也是人类社会同实际现实保持接触的主要手段之一。历代的统治者都想要他们的人民对客观世界接受一种不符实际的看法，但是任何幻觉若有可能损害军事效能，他们决不能鼓励的。只要战败意味着丧失独立，或任何其他的一般认为不好的结果，就必须认真采取预防战败的措施。因此实际方面的事实不能视而不见。在哲学、宗教、伦理、政治方面，二加二可能等于五，但你在设计枪炮飞机时，二加二只能等于四。效能低劣的民族迟早要被征服，要提高效能，就不能有幻觉。此外，要有效能，必须能够向过去学习，这就需要对过去发生的事有个比较正确的了解。当然，报纸和历史书总带有色彩和偏见，但今天实行的那种伪造就不可能发生。

战争是保持神志清醒的可靠保障，就统治阶级而言，这也许是所有保障中最重要的保障。战争虽有胜负，但任何统治阶级都不能完全乱来。

但是等到战争确实是名副其实的持续不断时，它也就不再有危险性了。战争持续不断后，就不再有军事必要性这种事情了。技术进步可以停止，最明显的事实可以否认或不顾。上面已经说过，够得上称为科学的研究工作仍在为战争目的而进行，但基本上是一种白日梦，它不能产生成效，但这并不重要。效能，甚至军事效能，都不再需要。在大洋国里，除了思想警察以外，没有任何事情是有效能的。这三个超级国家没有一个是可以征服的，因此，每一个国家实际上都是个单独的天地，怎么样颠倒黑白、混淆是非，都没有关系。现实仅仅通过日常生活的需要才使人感到它的压力，那就是吃饭喝水的需要，住房穿衣的需要，避免误喝毒药或失足掉下高楼等等的需要。在生与死之间，在肉体享受和肉体痛苦之间，仍有差别，但是仅此而已。大洋国公民与外界隔绝，与过去隔绝，就象生活在星际的人，分不清上下左右。这种国家的统治者是绝对的统治者，仿佛法老或凯撒。他们可不能让他们统治下的人民大批饿死，数目大到对自己不利的程度；他们也必须在军事技术上保持同他们敌手一样低的水平；但是一旦达到了最低限度，他们就可以随心所欲地歪曲现实。

因此，按以前的战争标准来看，现在的战争完全是假的。这好象是两头反当动物，头上的角所顶的角度都不会使对方受伤。但是，尽管战争不是真的，却不是没有意义的。它耗尽了剩余消费品，这就能够保持等级社会所需要的特殊心理气氛。下文就要说到，战争现在纯粹成了内政。过去各国的统治集团可能认识到共同利益，因此对战争的毁灭性虽然加以限制，但还是互相厮杀的，战胜国总是掠夺战败国。而在我们的时代里，他们互相根本不厮杀了。战争是由一国统治集团对自己的老百姓进行的，战争的目的不是征服别国领土或保卫本国领土，战争的目的是保持社会结构不受破坏。因此，“战争”一词已名不符实。如果说战争由于持续不断已不复存在，此话可能属实。人类在新石器时代到二十世纪初期之间受到的这种特殊压力，现在已经消失，而由一种完全不同的东西所取代。如果三个超级国家互相不打仗，而同意永远和平相处，互不侵犯对方的疆界，效果大概相同。因为在那样情况下，每一国家仍是一个自给自足的天地，永远不会受到外来危险的震动。因此真正永久的和平同永久的战争一样。这就是党的口号“战争即和平”的内在含义，不过大多数党员对此了解是很肤浅的。

温斯顿暂停一下，没有继续读下去。远处不知什么地方爆发了一颗火箭弹。在一间没有电幕的屋子里一个人关起门来读禁书的世外桃源之感还没有消失。他的与众隔绝和安全的感觉里，还有点身体的乏意、沙发的软意、窗外吹进来的微风吻着他的面颊的痒意。这本书使他神往，或者更确切地说，使他感到安心。应该说，它并没有告诉他什么新的东西，但这却是吸引他的一部分原因。它说出了他要说的话，如果他能够把他的零碎思想整理出来的话，他也会这么说的。写这本书的人的头脑同他的头脑一样，只是比他要有力得多，系统得多，无畏得多。他觉得，最好的书，是把你已经知道的东西告诉你的书。他刚把书翻回到第一章就听到裘莉亚在楼梯上的脚步声，他站起来去迎接她。她把棕色的工具袋往地上一撂，投入了他的怀抱。他们距上次见面已有一个星期了。

“我搞到那本书了，”他们拥抱了一会后松开时，他告诉她。

“哦，你搞到了吗？那很好，”她没有太多兴趣地说，马上蹲在煤油炉旁边做起咖啡来。

他们上了床半小时后才又回到了这个话题。夜晚很凉爽，得把床罩揭起来盖上身子。下面传来了听熟了的歌声和鞋子在地上来回的咔嚓声。温斯顿第一次见到的那个胳臂通红的结实的女人，几乎成了院子里必不可少的构成部分。白天里，不论什么时候，她总是在洗衣盆和晾衣绳之间来回，嘴里不是咬着晾衣夹子就是唱着情歌。裘莉亚躺在一边，快要睡着了。他伸手把撂在地上的书拾起来，靠着床头坐起来。

“我们一定要读一读，”他说。“你也要读。兄弟会的所有会员都要读。”

“你读吧，”她闭着眼睛说，“大声读。这样最好。你一边读可以一边向我解释。”

时钟指在六点，那就是说十八点。他们还有三、四个小时。他把书放在膝上，开始读起来。

第一KK　无知即力量

有史以来，大概自从新石器时代结束以来，世上就有三种人，即上等人、中等人、下等人。他们又再进一步分为好几种，有各种各样不同的名字，他们的相对人数和他们的相互态度因时代而异；但是社会的基本结构不变。即使在发生了大动荡和似乎无法挽回的变化以后，总又恢复原来的格局，好象陀螺仪总会恢复平衡一样，不管你把它朝哪个方向推着转。

“裘莉亚，你没睡着吧？”温斯顿问。

“没睡着，亲爱的，我听着。念下去吧。真精采。”他继续念道：

这三种人的目标是完全不可调和的。上等人的目标是要保持他们的地位。中等人的目标是要同高等人交换地位。下等人的特点始终是，他们劳苦之余无暇旁顾，偶而才顾到日常生活以外的事，因此他们如果有目标的话，无非是取消一切差别，建立一个人人平等的社会。这样，在历史上始终存在着一场一而再再而三发生的斗争，其大致轮廓相同。

在很长时期里，上等人的权力似乎颇为巩固，但迟早总有这样一个时候，他们对自已丧失了信心，或者对他们进行有效统治的能力丧失了信心，或者对两者都丧失了信心。他们就被中等人所推翻，因为中等人标榜自己为自由和正义而奋斗，把下等人争取到自己一边来。中等人一旦达到目的就把下等人重又推回到原来的被奴役地位，自己变成了上等人。不久，其他两等人中有一等人，或者两等人都分裂出一批新的中等人来，这场斗争就周而复始。

三等人中只有下等人从来没有实现过自己的目标，哪怕是暂时实现自己的目标。若说整个历史从来没有物质方面的进步，那不免言之过甚。即使在今天这个衰亡时期，一般人在物质上也要比几百年前好一些。但是不论财富的增长，或态度的缓和，或改革和革命，都没有使人类接近平等一步。从下等人的观点来看，历史若有变化，大不了是主子名字改变而已。

到十九世纪末期，许多观察家都看出了这种反复现象。于是就出现了各派思想家，认为历史是一种循环过程，他们自以为能够证明不平等乃是人类生活的不可改变的法则。当然，这种学说一直不乏信徒，只是如今提法有了重要变化而已。在过去，社会需要分成等级是上等人的学说。国王、贵族和教士、律师等这类寄生虫都宣传这种学说，并且用在死后冥界里得到补偿的诺言使这个学说容易为人所接受。而中等人只要还在争取权力的时候，总是利用自由、正义、博爱这种好听的字眼。但是现在，这些还没有居于统率地位、但预计不久就可以居于统率地位的人，却开始攻击这种人类大同的思想了。在过去，中等人在平等的旗帜下闹革命，一旦推翻了原来的暴政，自己又建立了新的暴政。现在这种新的一派中等人等于是事先就宣布要建立他们的暴政。社会主义这种理论是在十九世纪初期出现的，是一条可以回溯到古代奴隶造反的思想锁链中的最后一个环节，它仍受到历代乌托邦主义的深深影响。但从 1900年开始出现了各色各样的社会主义，每一种都越来越公开放弃了要实现自由平等的目标。在本世纪中叶出现的新的社会主义运动，在大洋国称为英社，在欧亚国称为新布尔什维主义，在东亚国一般称为崇死，其明确目标都是要实现不自由和不平等。当然，这种新运动产生于老运动，往往保持了老运动原来的招牌，而对于它们的意识形态只是嘴上说得好听而已。但是它们的目标都是在一定时候阻挠进步，冻结历史。常见的钟摆来回现象，会再次发生，然后就停止不动了。象过去一样，上等人会被中等人赶跑，中等人就变成了上等人；不过这次，出于有意的战略考虑，新的上等人将永远保持自己的地位。

所以产生这种新的学说，一部分原因是历史知识的积累和历史意识的形成，而这在十九世纪以前是根本不存在的。历史的循环运动现在已明显可以识别，或者至少表面上是如此。如果可以识别，那就可以改变。但是主要的、根本的原因是，早在二十世纪初期，人类平等在技术上已可以做到了。按天赋来说各人不等，而且各有所长，有些人就比别人强些，此话固然仍旧不错，但是阶级区分已无实际必要，财富巨额差别也是如此。在以前的各个时代里，阶级区分不仅不可避免，而且是适宜的。不平等的是文明代价。但是由于机器生产的发展，情况就改变了。即使仍有必要让各人做不同的工作，却没有必要让他们生活于不同的社会或经济水平上。因此，从即将夺得权力的那批人的观点来看，人类平等不再是要争取实现的理想，而是要避免的危险。在比较原始的时代里，要建立一个公正和平的社会实际上是不可能的，但这种社会却是比较容易使人相信。好几千年以来人类梦寐以求的，就是实现一个人人友爱相处的人间天堂，既没有法律，也没有畜生一般的劳动。有些人纵使在每一次历史变化中都能得到实际好处，这种幻想对他们有一定的吸引力。法国革命、英国革命、美国革命的后代对于他们自己嘴上说的关于人权、言论自由、法律面前人人平等之类的话，有点信以为真，甚至让自己的行为在某种程度上也受到这些话的影响。但是到二十世纪四十年代，所有主要的政治思潮都成了极权主义的了。就在人世天堂快可实现的关头，它却遭到了诋毁。每种新的政治理论，不论自称什么名字，都回到了等级制度和严格管制。在1930年左右，观点开始普遍硬化的时候，一些长期以来已经放弃不用的做法，有些甚至已有好几百年放弃不用的做法，例如未经审讯即加监禁、把战俘当作奴隶使用、公开处决、严刑拷打逼供、利用人质、强制大批人口迁徙等等，不仅又普遍实行起来，而且也为那些自认为开明进步的人所容忍，甚至辩护。

只有在全世界各地经过十年的国际战争、国内战争、革命和反革命以后，英社和它的两个对手才作为充分完善的政治理论而出现。但是在它们之前，本世纪早一些时候就曾出现过一般称为集权主义的各种制度，经过当时动乱之后要出现的未来世界主要轮廓，早已很明显了。由什么样一种人来控制这个世界，也同样很明显。新贵族大部分是由官僚分子、科学家、技术人员、工会组织者、宣传专家、社会学家、教师、记者、职业政客组成的。这些人出身中产薪水阶级和上层工人阶级，是由垄断工业和中央集权政府这个贫瘠不毛的世界所塑造和纠集在一起的。同过去时代的对手相比，他们在贪婪和奢侈方面稍逊，但权力欲更强，尤其是对于他们自己的所作所为更有自觉，更是一心一意要打垮反对派。

这最后一个差别极其重要。与今天的暴政相比，以前的所有暴政都不够彻底，软弱无能。过去的统治集团总受到自由思想的一定感染，到处都留有空子漏洞，只注意公开的动静，不注意老百姓在想些什么。从现代标准来看，甚至中世纪的天主教会也是宽宏大量的。部分原因在于过去任何政府都没有力量把它的公民置于不断监视之下。但是由于印刷术的发明，操纵舆论就比较容易了，电影和无线电的发明又使这更进一步。接着发明了电视以及可以用同一台电视机同时收发，私生活就宣告结束。对于每一个公民，或者至少每一个值得注意的公民，都可以一天二十四小时把他置于警察的监视之下，让他听到官方的宣传，其他一切交往渠道则统统加以掐断。

现在终于第一次有了可能，不仅可以强使全体老百姓完全顺从国家的意志，而且可以强使全体老百姓舆论完全划一。

在五十年代和六十年代的革命时期以后，社会象过去一样又重新划分为上等人、中等人、下等人三类。不过新的这类上等人同它的前辈不同，不是凭直觉行事，他们知道需要怎样来保卫他们的地位。

他们早已认识到，寡头政体的唯一可靠基础是集体主义。财富和特权如为共同所有，则最容易保卫。在本世纪中叶出现的所谓“取消私有制”，实际上意味着把财产集中到比以前更少得多的一批人手中；不同的只是：新主人是一个集团，而不是一批个人。

从个人来说，党员没有任何财产，有的只是一些微不足道的个人随身财物。从集体来说，大洋国里什么都是属于党的财产，因为什么都归它控制，它有权按它认为合适的方式处理产品。在革命以后的几年中，党能够踏上这个统率一切的地位，几乎没有受到任何反对，因为整个过程是当作集体化的一个步骤而采取的。一般都认为，在没收了资产阶级之后，必然就跟着实行社会主义。资产阶级毫无疑义地确实遭到了没收。工厂、土地、房屋、运输工具——都从他们手中夺走了；由于这些东西不再成为私有财产，那必然就是公有财产。英社是从以前的社会主义运动中产生的，它袭用了以前社会主义运动的词汇，因此，它在事实上执行了社会主义纲领中的主要一个项目，其结果是把经济不平等永久化了，这可以预见到，也是事先有意如此。

但是把等级社会永久化的问题却比这深刻得多。统治集团只有在四种情况下才会丧失权力：或者是被外部力量所征服；或者是统治无能，群众起来造反；或者是让一个强大而不满的中等人集团出现；或者是自己丧失了统治的信心和意志。这四个原因并不单个起作用，在某种程度上总是同时存在。统治阶级如能防止这四个原因的产生就能永久当权。最终的决定性因素是统治阶级本身的精神状态。

在本世纪中叶以后，第一种危险在现实生活中确已消失。三个强国瓜分了世界，不论哪一国都不可征服，除非是通过人口数字上的缓慢变化，而政府只要有广泛的权力，这可以很容易加以避免。第二个危险也仅仅是理论上的危险。群众从来不会自动起来造反，他们从来不会由于身受压迫而起来造反。说真的，只要不给他们比较的标淮，他们从来不会意识到自己受压迫。过去时代反复出现的经济危机完全没有必要，现在不会允许发生，不过可能发生其他同样大规模的失调，而且也的确发生，但不会产生政治后果，因为不满情绪没有办法可以明确表达出来。至于生产过剩伺题，自从发明机器技术以来一直是我们社会的潜伏危机，但可以用不断战争的办法加以解决(见第三章)，为了把民众的斗志保持在必要的高度，这也很有用。因此，从我们目前的统治者的观点来看，唯一真正的危险是有一个新的集团分裂出去，这个集团的人既有能力，又没有充分发挥作用，因此权力欲很大；还有就是在统治者自己的队伍中产生自由主义和怀疑主义。这也就是说，问题是教育，是要对领导集团和它下面的人数更多的执行集团这两批人的觉悟不断地发挥影响。至于群众的觉悟只须在反面加以影响就行了。

了解这个背景以后，对于大洋国社会的总结构，即使还没有了解，也可以由此作出推断。雄踞金字塔最高峰的是老大哥。老大哥一贯正确，全才全能。一切成就、一切胜利、一切科学发明、一切知识、一切智慧、一切幸福、一切美德，都直接来自他的领导和感召，没有人见到过老大哥。他是标语牌上的一张脸，电幕上的一个声音。我们可以相当有把握地说，他是永远不会死的，至于他究竟是哪一年生的，现在也已经有相当多的人感到没有把握了。老大哥是党用来给世人看到的自己的一个伪装。他的作用是充当对个人比较容易感到而对组织不大容易感到的爱、敬、畏这些感情的集中点。在老大哥之下是核心党，党员限在六百万人，即占大洋国人口不到百分之二。核心党下面是外围党，如果说核心党是国家的头脑，外围党就可以比作手。

外围党下面是无声的群众，我们习惯称为“无产者”，大概占人口百分之八十五。按我们上面分类的名称，无产者即下等人，因为赤道地带的奴隶人口由于征服者不断易手，不能算为整个结构中的固定部分或必要部分。

在原则上，这三类人的身份不是世袭的。父母为核心党员，子女在理论上并不生来就是核心党员。加入核心党或外围党都需要经过考试，一般在十六岁时候进行。在种族上没有什么歧视，在地域上也没有什么偏重。在党内最高阶层中可以找到犹太人、黑人、纯印地安血统的南美洲人；任何地方的行政官员都总是从该地区居民中选拔。大洋国任何地方的居民都没有自己是殖民地人民、受远方首都治理的感觉。大洋国没有首都，它的名义首脑是个动向去处谁都不知道的人。除了英语是其重要混合语，新话是其正式语言以外，它没有任何其他集中化的东西。维系它的统治的，不是他们共同的血统，而是共同的信仰。不错，我国的社会是分阶层的，而且阶层分明，非常严格，乍看之下仿佛是按世袭的界线划分的。在不同集团之间，流动性远远不如资本主义制度或者前工业时代那么大。党的两大分支之间，有一定数量的流动，但其程度不大，足以保证质量低劣的人不会吸收到核心党里去，而外围党里有雄心壮志的人有向上爬的机会，但不致为害。在实际生活中，无产阶级者是没有机会升入党内的。他们中间最有天赋的人，若有可能成为不满的核心人物，则干脆由思想警察逐个消灭掉。不过这种情况不一定非永远如此不可，也不成为一种原则。党不是以前旧概念的一个阶级。它并不一定要把权力传给自己的子女；如果没有别的办法选拔最能干的人材担任最高领导工作，它完全愿意从无产阶级队伍中间选拔完全新的一代人来担任这一工作。在关键重大的年代里，由于党不是一个世袭组织，这对消除反对意见起了很大作用。老一辈的社会主义者一向受到反对所谓“阶级特权”的训练，都认为凡不是世袭的东西就不可能长期永存。他们没有看到，寡头政体的延续不一定需要体现在人身上；他们也没有想到，世袭贵族一向短命，而象天主教那样的选任组织有时却能维持好几百年或者好几千年。寡头政体的关键不是父子相传，而是死人加于活人身上的一种世界观，一种生活方式的延续。一个统治集团只要能够指定它的接班人就是一个统治集团。党所操心的不是维系血统相传而是维系党的本身的永存。由谁掌握权力并不重要，只要等级结构保持不变。

我们时代的一切信念、习惯、趣味、感情、思想状态，其目的都是为了要保持党的神秘，防止有人看穿目前社会的真正本质。目前不可能实际发生造反，或者造反的先声。从无产阶级那里，没有什么可以担心的。你不去惹他们，他们就会一代又一代地、一个世纪又一个世纪地做工、繁殖、死亡，不仅没有造反的冲动，而且也没有能力理解可以有一个不同于目前世界的世界。只有在工业技术的发展使得你必须给他们以较高的教育的时候，他们才会具有危险性；但是由于军事和商业竞争已不复重要，民众教育水平实际已趋下降。群众有什么看法，或者没有什么看法，已被视为无足轻重的事。因为他们没有智力，所以不妨给予学术自由。而在一个党员身上，哪怕在最无足轻重的问题上都不容有丝毫的不同意见。

党员从生下来一直到死，都在思想警察的监视下生活。即使他在单独的时候，他也永远无法确知自己的确是单独一人。不论他在哪里，不论他在睡觉还是在醒着，在工作还是在休息，在澡盆里还是在床上，他都可能受到监视，事先没有警告，事后也不知自己已受到监视。他做的事情没有一件是可以放过的。他的友谊、他的休息、他对妻儿态度、他单独的时候的面部表情、他在睡梦中喃喃说的话、甚至他身体特有的动作，都受到严密考察。实际行为不端那就不用说了，而且不论多么细微的任何乖张古怪行为，任何习惯的变化，任何神经性习惯动作，凡是可以视为内心斗争的征象的，无不会受到察觉。他在任何方面都没有选择余地。另外一方面，他的行为并不受到任何法律或任何明文规定的行为法则管辖。大洋国内没有法律。有些思想和行为，如经察觉，必死无疑，但是并没有受到正式的取缔禁止，没完没了的清洗、逮捕、拷打、监禁、气化都不是当作犯了实际罪行的惩罚，而仅仅是为了把一些有朝一日可能犯罪的人清除掉。党员不仅需要有正确的观点，而且需要正确的本能。要求他必须具备的各种信念和态度，有许多从来没有向他明确说明过，而且若要明确说明，势必暴露英社固有的内在矛盾。如果他是个天生正统的人(新话叫思想好(goodthinker))，他不论在什么情况下想也不用想，都会知道，正确的信念应该是什么，应该有什么感情。反正，在儿童时代就受到以犯罪停止(crimestop)、黑白(blackwhite)、双重思想 (doublethink)这样的新话词汇为中心的细致的精神训练，使他不愿意也不能够对任何问题有太深太多的想法。

对于党员，不要求他有私人的感情，也不允许他有热情的减退。他应该生活在对外敌内奸感到仇恨、对胜利感到得意、对党的力量和英明感到五体投地的那种狂热情绪之中。他对简单乏味的生活所产生的不满，被有意识地引导到向外发泄出来，消失在两分钟仇恨这样的花样上。至于可能引起怀疑或造反倾向的思想，则用他早期受到的内心纪律训练而事先就加以扼杀了。这种训练的最初和最简单的一个阶段，新话叫做犯罪停止(crimestop)，在孩子们很小的时候就可以进行。犯罪停止(crimestop)的意思就是指在产生任何危险思想之前出于本能地悬崖勒马的能力。这种能力还包括不能理解类比，不能看到逻辑错误，不能正确了解与英社原则不一致的最简单的论点、对于任何可以朝异端方向发展的思路感到厌倦、厌恶。总而言之，犯罪停止(crimestop)意味着起保护作用的愚蠢。但光是愚蠢还不够，还要保持充分正统，这就要求对自己的思维过程能加以控制，就象表演柔软体操的杂技演员控制自己身体一样。大洋国社会的根本信念是，老大哥全能，党一贯正确。但由于在现实生活中老大哥并不全能，党也并不一贯正确。这就需要在处理事实时要始终不懈地、时时刻刻地保持灵活性。这方面的一个关键字眼是黑白(blackwhite)。这个字眼象新话中的许多其他字眼一样，有两个相互矛盾的含义。

用在对方身上，这意味着不顾明显事实硬说黑就是白的无耻习惯。用在党员身上，这意味着在党的纪律要求你说黑就是白时，你就有这样自觉的忠诚。但这也意味着相信黑就是白的能力，甚至是知道黑就是白和忘掉过去曾经有过相反认识的能力。这就要求不断窜改过去，而要窜改过去只有用那个实际上包括所有其他方法的思想方法才能做到；这在新话中叫做双重思想(doublethink)。

窜改过去所以必要，有两个原因。一个是辅助性的原因，也可以说是预防性的原因。那就是，党员所以和无产者那样能够容忍当前的生活条件，一部分原因是他没有比较的标准。为了要使他相信他比他的祖先生活过得好，物质生活平均水平不断地提高，必须使他同过去隔绝开来，就象必须使他同外国隔绝开来一样。但是窜改过去，还有一个重要得多的原因是，需要保卫党的一贯正确性。为了要让大家看到党的预言在任何情况下都是正确的，不仅需要不断修改过去的讲话、统计、各种各样的纪录，使之符合当前状况，而且不能承认在理论上或政治友敌关系上发生过任何变化。因为改变自己的思想，或者甚至改变自己的政策，无异承认自己的弱点。例如，如果今天的敌人是欧亚国或者东亚国(不论是哪一国)，那么那个国家都必须始终是敌人。如果事实不是如此，那么就必须窜改事实。这样历史就需要不断改写。由真理部负责的这种日常窜改伪造过去的工作，就象友爱部负责的镇压和侦察工作一样，对维持政权的稳定乃属必不可少的。

窜改过去是英社的中心原则。这一原则认为，过去并不客观存在，它只存在于文字纪录和人的记忆中。凡是纪录和记忆一致的东西，不论什么，即是过去。既然党完全控制纪录，同样也完全控制党员的思想，那么党要过去成为什么样子就必然是什么样子。同样，虽然过去可以窜改，但在任何具体问题上都决不承认窜改过。因为，不论当时需要把它改成什么样子，在改以后，新改出来的样子就是过去；任何其他不同样子的过去都没有存在过。甚至在同一件事在一年之中得改了好几次而改得面目俱非时，也是如此。党始终掌握绝对真理，很明显，绝对的东西决不可能会不同于现在的样子。

下文将要谈到，要控制过去首先要依靠训练记忆力。要做到所有的文字纪录都符合当前的正统思想，这样机械的事好办。但还需要使得大家对所发生的事的记忆也按所要求的样子。既然有必要改变一个人的记忆或者窜改文字记录，那末也就有必要忘掉你曾经那样做过。可以象学会其他思想上的手法一样学会这种手法。大多数党员和所有正统的和聪明的人都学会了这种手法。在老话中，这很老实地称为“现实控制”。在新话中这叫“双重思想”，不过“双重思想”所包括的还有很多别的东西。

双重思想(doublethink)意味着在一个人的思想中同时保持并且接受两种相互矛盾的认识的能力。党内知识分子知道自己的记忆应向什么方向加以改变；因此他也知道他是在窜改现实。但是由于运用了双重思想，他也使自己相信现实并没有遭到侵犯。这个过程必须是自觉的，否则就不能有足够的精确性；但也必须是不自觉的，否则就会有弄虚作假的感觉，因此也有犯罪的感觉。双重思想是英社的核心思想，因为党的根本目的就是既要利用自觉欺骗，而同时又保持完全诚实的目标坚定性。有意说谎，但又真的相信这种谎言；忘掉可以拆穿这种谎言的事实，然后在必要的时候又从忘怀的深渊中把事实拉了出来，需要多久就维持多久；否认客观现实的存在，但与此同时又一直把所否认的现实估计在内——所有这一切都是绝对必要的，不可或缺。甚至在使用双重思想这个字眼的时候也必须运用双重思想。因为你使用这个字眼就是承认你在窜改现实；再来一下双重思想，你就擦掉了这个认识；如是反复，永无休止，谎言总是抢先真理一步。最后靠双重思想为手段，党终于能够抑制历史的进程，而且谁知道呢，也许还继续几千年有这能力。

过去所有的寡头政体所以丧失权力，或者是由于自己僵化，或者是由于软化。所谓僵化，就是它们变得愚蠢和狂妄起来，不能适应客观情况的变化，因而被推翻掉。所谓软化，就是它们变得开明和胆怯起来，在应该使用武力的时候却作了让步，因此也被推翻掉了。那就是说，它们丧失权力或者是通过自觉，或者是通过不自觉。而党的成就是，它实行了一种思想制度，能够使两种情况同时并存。党的统治要保持长久不衰，没有任何其他的思想基础。你要统治，而且要继续统治，你就必须要能够打乱现实的意识。因为统治的秘诀就是把相信自已的一贯正确同从过去错误汲取教训的能力结合起来。

不用说，双重思想最巧妙的运用者就是发明双重思想、知道这是进行思想欺骗的好办法的那些人。

在我们的社会里，最掌握实际情况的人也是最不是根据实际看待世界的人。总的来说，了解越多，错觉越大；人越聪明，神志越不清醒。关于这一点，有一个明显的例子：你的社会地位越高，战争歇斯底里越甚。对于战争的态度最最近乎理性的是那些争夺地区的附属国人民。在他们看来，战争无非是一场继续不断的灾祸，象潮汐一样在他们身上淹过去又淹过来。哪一方得胜对他们毫无相干。他们只知道改朝换代不过是为新的主子干以前同样的活，新主子对待他们与以前的主子并无差别。我们称为“无产者”的那些略受优待的工人只是偶尔意识到有战争在进行。必要的时候可以驱使他们发生恐惧和仇恨的狂热，但是如果听之任之，他们就会长期忘掉有战争在进行。只有在党内，尤其在核心党内才能找到真正的战争热情。最坚决相信要征服全世界的人，是那些知道这是办不到的人。这种矛盾的统一的奇怪现象——知与无知，怀疑与狂热——是大洋国社会主要特点之一。官方的意识形态中充满了矛盾，甚至在没有实际理由存在这种矛盾的地方，也存在这种矛盾。例如，社会主义运动原来所主张的一切原则，党无不加以反对和攻击，但又假社会主义之名，这么做，党教导大家要轻视工人阶级，这是过去好几百年来没有先例的，但是又要党员穿着一度是体力工人才穿的制服，所以选定这种服装也是由于这个缘故。党有计划地破坏家庭关系，但是给党的领导人所起的称呼又是直接打动家庭感情的称呼。甚至统治我们的四个部的名称，也说明有意歪曲事实之厚颜无耻到了什么程度。和平部负责战争，真理部负责造谣，友爱部负责拷打，富裕部负责挨饿。这种矛盾不是偶然的，也不是出于一般的伪善，而是有意运用双重思想。因为只有调和矛盾才能无限止地保持权力。古老的循环不能靠别的办法打破。如果要永远避免人类平等，如果我们所称的上等人要永远保持他们的地位，那么目前的心理状态就必须加以控制。

但是写到这里为止有一个问题我们几乎没有注意到，那就是：为什么要避免人类平等？如果说上述情况不错的话，那么这样大规模地、计划缜密地努力要在某一特定时刻冻结历史的动机又是什么呢？

这里我们就接触到了中心秘密。上面已经谈到，党的神秘，尤其是核心党的神秘，取决于双重思想。但是最初引起夺取政权和后来产生双重思想、思想警察、不断战争、以及其它一切必要的附带产物的，还有比这更加深刻的原始动机，从不加以坏疑的本能。这个动机实际上包括……

温斯顿发现四周一片沉寂。就好象你突然发现听到一种新的声音一样。他觉得裘莉亚躺着一动不动已有很长时候了。她侧身睡着，腰部以上裸露着，脸颊枕在手心上，一绺黑发披在眼睛上。她的胸脯起伏缓慢，很有规律。

“裘莉亚。”

没有回答。

“裘莉亚，你醒着吗？”

没有回答。她睡着了。他合上书，小心地放在地上，躺了下来，把床罩拉上来把两人都盖好。

他心里想，他还是没有了解到最终的那个秘密。他知道了方法，但是他不知道原因。第一章象第三章一样，实际上并没有告诉他什么他所不知道的东西，只不过是把他已经掌握的知识加以系统化而已。但是读过以后，他比以前更加清楚，自己并没有发疯。居于少数地位，哪怕是一个人的少数，也并不使你发疯。有真理，就有非真理，如果你坚持真理；哪怕全世界都不同意你，你也没有发疯。西沉的夕阳的一道黄色光芒从窗户中斜照进来，落在枕头上。他闭上了眼睛。照在他脸上的落日余辉和贴在他身边的那个姑娘的光滑的肉体，给了他一种强烈的、睡意朦胧的、自信的感觉。他很安全，一切太平无事。他一边喃喃自语“神志清醒不是统计数字所能表达的”，一边就入睡了，心里感到这句话里包含着深刻的智慧。

1 fatigue   

n.疲劳，劳累

参考例句：

• The old lady can't bear the fatigue of a long journey.这位老妇人不能忍受长途旅行的疲劳。
• I have got over my weakness and fatigue.我已从虚弱和疲劳中恢复过来了。

2 translucency   

半透明，半透明物； 半透澈度

参考例句：

• His body seemed to have not only the weakness of a jelly, but its translucency. 他的身体不但像冻胶那么软，而且像冻胶那么半透明。 来自英汉文学
• It also supports fog, color density, translucency, fluorescence, and other special effects. 它也支持雾、色密度、透明度、光以及其他特效。

3 debauch   

v.使堕落，放纵

参考例句：

• He debauched many innocent girls.他诱使许多清白的女子堕落了。
• A scoffer，a debauched person,and,in brief，a man of Belial.一个玩世不恭的人，一个生活放荡的家伙，总而言之，是个恶棍。

4 frail   

adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的

参考例句：

• Mrs. Warner is already 96 and too frail to live by herself.华纳太太已经九十六岁了，身体虚弱，不便独居。
• She lay in bed looking particularly frail.她躺在床上，看上去特别虚弱。

5 overalls   

n.（复）工装裤；长罩衣

参考例句：

• He is in overalls today.他今天穿的是工作裤。
• He changed his overalls for a suit.他脱下工装裤，换上了一套西服。

6 fretted   

焦躁的，附有弦马的，腐蚀的

参考例句：

• The wind whistled through the twigs and fretted the occasional, dirty-looking crocuses. 寒风穿过枯枝，有时把发脏的藏红花吹刮跑了。 来自英汉文学
• The lady's fame for hitting the mark fretted him. 这位太太看问题深刻的名声在折磨着他。

7 tickled   

（使）发痒( tickle的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）愉快，逗乐

参考例句：

• We were tickled pink to see our friends on television. 在电视中看到我们的一些朋友，我们高兴极了。
• I tickled the baby's feet and made her laugh. 我胳肢孩子的脚，使她发笑。

8 joints   

接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语）

参考例句：

• Expansion joints of various kinds are fitted on gas mains. 各种各样的伸缩接头被安装在煤气的总管道上了。
• Expansion joints of various kinds are fitted on steam pipes. 各种各样的伸缩接头被安装在蒸气管道上了。

9 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

10 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

11 dingy   

adj.昏暗的，肮脏的

参考例句：

• It was a street of dingy houses huddled together. 这是一条挤满了破旧房子的街巷。
• The dingy cottage was converted into a neat tasteful residence.那间脏黑的小屋已变成一个整洁雅致的住宅。

12 irrationally   

ad.不理性地

参考例句：

• They reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power. 他们对俄军的挑衅做出了很不理智的反应。
• The market is irrationally, right? 市场的走势是不是有点失去了理性？

13 interfering   

adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词

参考例句：

• He's an interfering old busybody! 他老爱管闲事！
• I wish my mother would stop interfering and let me make my own decisions. 我希望我母亲不再干预，让我自己拿主意。

14 tingling   

v.有刺痛感( tingle的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• My ears are tingling [humming; ringing; singing]. 我耳鸣。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• My tongue is tingling. 舌头发麻。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

15 waxworks   

n.公共供水系统；蜡制品，蜡像( waxwork的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Madame Tussaud is one of most famous waxworks in the world. 杜莎夫人蜡像馆是世界上最著名的蜡像馆之一。 来自互联网
• A lot of people in the waxworks will get the axe. 蜡像馆里的很多人将被解雇。 来自互联网

16 squealing   

v.长声尖叫，用长而尖锐的声音说( squeal的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Pigs were grunting and squealing in the yard. 猪在院子里哼哼地叫个不停。
• The pigs were squealing. 猪尖叫着。

17 trumpets   

喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花

参考例句：

• A wreath was laid on the monument to a fanfare of trumpets. 在响亮的号角声中花圈被献在纪念碑前。
• A fanfare of trumpets heralded the arrival of the King. 嘹亮的小号声宣告了国王驾到。

18 caterpillars   

n.毛虫( caterpillar的名词复数 )；履带

参考例句：

• Caterpillars eat the young leaves of this plant. 毛毛虫吃这种植物的嫩叶。
• Caterpillars change into butterflies or moths. 毛虫能变成蝴蝶或蛾子。 来自辞典例句

19 climax   

n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点

参考例句：

• The fifth scene was the climax of the play.第五场是全剧的高潮。
• His quarrel with his father brought matters to a climax.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点。

20 hatred   

n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨

参考例句：

• He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

21 delirium   

n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋

参考例句：

• In her delirium, she had fallen to the floor several times. 她在神志不清的状态下几次摔倒在地上。
• For the next nine months, Job was in constant delirium.接下来的九个月，约伯处于持续精神错乱的状态。

22 proceedings   

n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报

参考例句：

• He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
• to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

23 proceeding   

n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报

参考例句：

• This train is now proceeding from Paris to London.这次列车从巴黎开往伦敦。
• The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。

24 mere   

adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过

参考例句：

• That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
• It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。

25 demonstration   

n.表明，示范，论证，示威

参考例句：

• His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
• He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。

26 scarlet   

n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的

参考例句：

• The scarlet leaves of the maples contrast well with the dark green of the pines.深红的枫叶和暗绿的松树形成了明显的对比。
• The glowing clouds are growing slowly pale,scarlet,bright red,and then light red.天空的霞光渐渐地淡下去了，深红的颜色变成了绯红，绯红又变为浅红。

27 luridly   

adv. 青灰色的(苍白的, 深浓色的, 火焰等火红的)

参考例句：

• It was night, and the white faces and the scarlet banners were luridly floodlit. 时间是在夜里，人们的苍白的脸和鲜红的旗帜都沐浴在强烈的泛光灯灯光里。 来自英汉文学
• Nationalist netizens in China's hyperactive blogosphere are more luridly anti-western than China's current rulers. 中国互联网上活跃的民族主义网民中反西方的比反现行统治者的多。

28 orator   

n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家

参考例句：

• He was so eloquent that he cut down the finest orator.他能言善辩，胜过最好的演说家。
• The orator gestured vigorously while speaking.这位演讲者讲话时用力地做手势。

29 prop   

vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山

参考例句：

• A worker put a prop against the wall of the tunnel to keep it from falling.一名工人用东西支撑住隧道壁好使它不会倒塌。
• The government does not intend to prop up declining industries.政府无意扶持不景气的企业。

30 skull   

n.头骨；颅骨

参考例句：

• The skull bones fuse between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five.头骨在15至25岁之间长合。
• He fell out of the window and cracked his skull.他从窗子摔了出去，跌裂了颅骨。

31 lank   

adj.瘦削的；稀疏的

参考例句：

• He rose to lank height and grasped Billy McMahan's hand.他瘦削的身躯站了起来，紧紧地握住比利·麦默恩的手。
• The old man has lank hair.那位老人头发稀疏

32 haranguing   

v.高谈阔论( harangue的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He continued in his customary, haranguing style. 他继续以他一贯的夸夸其谈的手法讲下去。 来自辞典例句
• That lady was still haranguing the girl. 那位女士仍然对那女孩喋喋不休地训斥。 来自互联网

33 metallic   

adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的

参考例句：

• A sharp metallic note coming from the outside frightened me.外面传来尖锐铿锵的声音吓了我一跳。
• He picked up a metallic ring last night.昨夜他捡了一个金属戒指。

34 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

35 atrocities   

n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪

参考例句：

• They were guilty of the most barbarous and inhuman atrocities. 他们犯有最野蛮、最灭绝人性的残暴罪行。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The enemy's atrocities made one boil with anger. 敌人的暴行令人发指。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

36 massacres   

大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败

参考例句：

• The time is past for guns and killings and massacres. 动不动就用枪、动不动就杀、大规模屠杀的时代已经过去了。 来自教父部分
• Numberless recent massacres were still vivid in their recollection. 近来那些不可胜数的屠杀，在他们的头脑中记忆犹新。

37 deportation   

n.驱逐，放逐

参考例句：

• The government issued a deportation order against the four men.政府发出了对那4名男子的驱逐令。
• Years ago convicted criminals in England could face deportation to Australia.很多年以前，英国已定罪的犯人可能被驱逐到澳大利亚。

38 raping   

v.以暴力夺取，强夺( rape的现在分词 )；强奸

参考例句：

• In response, Charles VI sent a punitive expedition to Brittany, raping and killing the populace. 作为报复，查理六世派军讨伐布列塔尼，奸淫杀戮平民。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The conquerors marched on, burning, killing, raping and plundering as they went. 征服者所到之处烧杀奸掠，无所不做。 来自互联网

39 civilians   

平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓

参考例句：

• the bloody massacre of innocent civilians 对无辜平民的血腥屠杀
• At least 300 civilians are unaccounted for after the bombing raids. 遭轰炸袭击之后，至少有300名平民下落不明。

40 savage   

adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人

参考例句：

• The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打。
• He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。

41 scrap   

n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废

参考例句：

• A man comes round regularly collecting scrap.有个男人定时来收废品。
• Sell that car for scrap.把那辆汽车当残品卖了吧。

42 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

43 rippled   

使泛起涟漪（ripple的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The lake rippled gently. 湖面轻轻地泛起涟漪。
• The wind rippled the surface of the cornfield. 微风吹过麦田，泛起一片麦浪。

44 commotion   

n.骚动，动乱

参考例句：

• They made a commotion by yelling at each other in the theatre.他们在剧院里相互争吵，引起了一阵骚乱。
• Suddenly the whole street was in commotion.突然间，整条街道变得一片混乱。

45 sabotage   

n.怠工，破坏活动，破坏；v.从事破坏活动，妨害，破坏

参考例句：

• They tried to sabotage my birthday party.他们企图破坏我的生日晚会。
• The fire at the factory was caused by sabotage.那家工厂的火灾是有人蓄意破坏引起的。

46 riotous   

adj.骚乱的；狂欢的

参考例句：

• Summer is in riotous profusion.盛夏的大地热闹纷繁。
• We spent a riotous night at Christmas.我们度过了一个狂欢之夜。

47 shreds   

v.撕碎，切碎( shred的第三人称单数 )；用撕毁机撕毁（文件）

参考例句：

• Peel the carrots and cut them into shreds. 将胡罗卜削皮，切成丝。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I want to take this diary and rip it into shreds. 我真想一赌气扯了这日记。 来自汉英文学 - 中国现代小说

48 trampled   

踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯

参考例句：

• He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让暴民踩着。
• People were trampled underfoot in the rush for the exit. 有人在拼命涌向出口时被踩在脚下。

49 prodigies   

n.奇才，天才（尤指神童）( prodigy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• It'seldom happened that a third party ever witnessed any of these prodigies. 这类壮举发生的时候，难得有第三者在场目睹过。 来自辞典例句
• She is by no means inferior to other prodigies. 她绝不是不如其他神童。 来自互联网

50 hunched   

（常指因寒冷、生病或愁苦）耸肩弓身的，伏首前倾的

参考例句：

• He sat with his shoulders hunched up. 他耸起双肩坐着。
• Stephen hunched down to light a cigarette. 斯蒂芬弓着身子点燃一支烟。

51 preoccupy   

vt.使全神贯注，使入神

参考例句：

• But at the moment he had other things to preoccupy him.不过当时有另外的事情分了他的心。
• An intelligent man considers the prospect of failure,but he doesn't preoccupy himself with pointless worry.一个聪明的男人可以预见到失败，但他绝不会去无谓地担心。

52 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

53 obsolete   

adj.已废弃的，过时的

参考例句：

• These goods are obsolete and will not fetch much on the market.这些货品过时了，在市场上卖不了高价。
• They tried to hammer obsolete ideas into the young people's heads.他们竭力把陈旧思想灌输给青年。

54 rectified   

[医]矫正的，调整的

参考例句：

• I am hopeful this misunderstanding will be rectified very quickly. 我相信这个误会将很快得到纠正。
• That mistake could have been rectified within 28 days. 那个错误原本可以在28天内得以纠正。

55 mattresses   

褥垫，床垫( mattress的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The straw mattresses are airing there. 草垫子正在那里晾着。
• The researchers tested more than 20 mattresses of various materials. 研究人员试验了二十多个不同材料的床垫。

56 trolleys   

n.（两轮或四轮的）手推车( trolley的名词复数 )；装有脚轮的小台车；电车

参考例句：

• Cars and trolleys filled the street. 小汽车和有轨电车挤满了街道。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Garbage from all sources was deposited in bins on trolleys. 来自各方的垃圾是装在手推车上的垃圾箱里的。 来自辞典例句

57 cylinder   

n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸

参考例句：

• What's the volume of this cylinder?这个圆筒的体积有多少？
• The cylinder is getting too much gas and not enough air.汽缸里汽油太多而空气不足。

58 cylinders   

n.圆筒( cylinder的名词复数 )；圆柱；汽缸；（尤指用作容器的）圆筒状物

参考例句：

• They are working on all cylinders to get the job finished. 他们正在竭尽全力争取把这工作干完。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• That jeep has four cylinders. 那辆吉普车有4个汽缸。 来自《简明英汉词典》

59 overflowing   

n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• The stands were overflowing with farm and sideline products. 集市上农副产品非常丰富。
• The milk is overflowing. 牛奶溢出来了。

60 purely   

adv.纯粹地，完全地

参考例句：

• I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
• This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。

61 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

62 geographical   

adj.地理的；地区(性)的

参考例句：

• The current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
• These birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。

63 unbearably   

adv.不能忍受地，无法容忍地；慌

参考例句：

• It was unbearably hot in the car. 汽车里热得难以忍受。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She found it unbearably painful to speak. 她发现开口说话痛苦得令人难以承受。 来自《简明英汉词典》

64 neurotically   

参考例句：

• They are finely, not to say nEurotically adjusted. 虽然不能说心理上已经调整好了，但他们的确已经很好了。 来自互联网

65 forgery   

n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为）

参考例句：

• The painting was a forgery.这张画是赝品。
• He was sent to prison for forgery.他因伪造罪而被关进监狱。

66 dribble   

v.点滴留下，流口水；n.口水

参考例句：

• Melted wax dribbled down the side of the candle.熔化了的蜡一滴滴从蜡烛边上流下。
• He wiped a dribble of saliva from his chin.他擦掉了下巴上的几滴口水。

67 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。

68 tepid   

adj.微温的，温热的，不太热心的

参考例句：

• She bent her mouth to the tap and drank the tepid water.她把嘴伸到水龙头底下去喝那微温的水。
• Her feet firmly planted on the tepid rough brick of the floor.她一双脚稳固地立在微温而粗糙的砖地上。

69 voluptuous   

adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的

参考例句：

• The nobility led voluptuous lives.贵族阶层过着骄奢淫逸的生活。
• The dancer's movements were slow and voluptuous.舞女的动作缓慢而富挑逗性。

70 Undid   

v. 解开, 复原

参考例句：

• The officer undid the flap of his holster and drew his gun. 军官打开枪套盖拔出了手枪。
• He did wrong, and in the end his wrongs undid him. 行恶者终以其恶毁其身。

71 straps   

n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带

参考例句：

• the shoulder straps of her dress 她连衣裙上的肩带
• The straps can be adjusted to suit the wearer. 这些背带可进行调整以适合使用者。

72 amateurishly   

adv.外行地，生手地

参考例句：

• He performed the piece amateurishly. 他演了一段，不是很专业。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A heavy black volume, amateurishly bound, with no name or title on the cover. 这是一本黑面厚书，自己装订的，封面上没有书名或作者名字。 来自英汉文学

73 inscription   

n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文

参考例句：

• The inscription has worn away and can no longer be read.铭文已磨损，无法辨认了。
• He chiselled an inscription on the marble.他在大理石上刻碑文。

74 oligarchical   

adj.寡头政治的，主张寡头政治的

参考例句：

75 neolithic   

adj.新石器时代的

参考例句：

• Cattle were first domesticated in Neolithic times.新石器时代有人开始驯养牛。
• The monument was Stone Age or Neolithic.该纪念碑是属于石器时代或新石器时代的。

76 subdivided   

再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The compound was subdivided into four living areas. 那个区域被划分成4个居住小区。
• This part of geologic calendar has not been satisfactorily subdivided. 这部分地质年代表还没有令人满意地再细分出来。

77 countless   

adj.无数的，多得不计其数的

参考例句：

• In the war countless innocent people lost their lives.在这场战争中无数无辜的人丧失了性命。
• I've told you countless times.我已经告诉你无数遍了。

78 varied   

adj.多样的，多变化的

参考例句：

• The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
• The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。

79 upheavals   

突然的巨变( upheaval的名词复数 )； 大动荡； 大变动； 胀起

参考例句：

• the latest upheavals in the education system 最近教育制度上的种种变更
• These political upheavals might well destroy the whole framework of society. 这些政治动乱很可能会破坏整个社会结构。

80 equilibrium   

n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静

参考例句：

• Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium.我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
• This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant.这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。

81 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

82 irreconcilable   

adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的

参考例句：

• These practices are irreconcilable with the law of the Church.这种做法与教规是相悖的。
• These old concepts are irreconcilable with modern life.这些陈旧的观念与现代生活格格不入。

83 bliss   

n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福

参考例句：

• It's sheer bliss to be able to spend the day in bed.整天都可以躺在床上真是幸福。
• He's in bliss that he's won the Nobel Prize.他非常高兴，因为获得了诺贝尔奖金。

84 eternity   

n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷

参考例句：

• The dull play seemed to last an eternity.这场乏味的剧似乎演个没完没了。
• Finally,Ying Tai and Shan Bo could be together for all of eternity.英台和山伯终能双宿双飞，永世相随。

85 isles   

岛( isle的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the geology of the British Isles 不列颠群岛的地质
• The boat left for the isles. 小船驶向那些小岛。

86 permanently   

adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地

参考例句：

• The accident left him permanently scarred.那次事故给他留下了永久的伤疤。
• The ship is now permanently moored on the Thames in London.该船现在永久地停泊在伦敦泰晤士河边。

87 annihilating   

v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的现在分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃

参考例句：

• There are lots of ways of annihilating the planet. 毁灭地球有很多方法。 来自辞典例句
• We possess-each of us-nuclear arsenals capable of annihilating humanity. 我们两国都拥有能够毁灭全人类的核武库。 来自辞典例句

88 warfare   

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

• He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
• Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。

89 ideological   

a.意识形态的

参考例句：

• He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 他总是把学习和自己的思想问题联系起来。
• He helped me enormously with advice on how to do ideological work. 他告诉我怎样做思想工作，对我有很大帮助。

90 prevailing   

adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的

参考例句：

• She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
• This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。

91 chivalrous   

adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的

参考例句：

• Men are so little chivalrous now.现在的男人几乎没有什么骑士风度了。
• Toward women he was nobly restrained and chivalrous.对于妇女，他表现得高尚拘谨，尊敬三分。

92 slaughter   

n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀

参考例句：

• I couldn't stand to watch them slaughter the cattle.我不忍看他们宰牛。
• Wholesale slaughter was carried out in the name of progress.大规模的屠杀在维护进步的名义下进行。

93 reprisals   

n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They did not want to give evidence for fear of reprisals. 他们因为害怕报复而不想作证。
• They took bloody reprisals against the leaders. 他们对领导进行了血腥的报复。 来自《简明英汉词典》

94 meritorious   

adj.值得赞赏的

参考例句：

• He wrote a meritorious theme about his visit to the cotton mill.他写了一篇关于参观棉纺织厂的有价值的论文。
• He was praised for his meritorious service.他由于出色地工作而受到称赞。

95 fortresses   

堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They will establish impregnable fortresses. 他们将建造坚不可摧的城堡。
• Indra smashed through Vritra ninety-nine fortresses, and then came upon the dragon. 因陀罗摧毁了维他的九十九座城堡，然后与维他交手。 来自神话部分

96 fortress   

n.堡垒，防御工事

参考例句：

• They made an attempt on a fortress.他们试图夺取这一要塞。
• The soldier scaled the wall of the fortress by turret.士兵通过塔车攀登上了要塞的城墙。

97 motive   

n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的

参考例句：

• The police could not find a motive for the murder.警察不能找到谋杀的动机。
• He had some motive in telling this fable.他讲这寓言故事是有用意的。

98 motives   

n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
• His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。

99 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

100 definitively   

adv.决定性地，最后地

参考例句：

• None of the three super-states could be definitively conquered even by the other two in combination. 三个超级国家中的任何一国都不可能被任何两国的联盟所绝对打败。 来自英汉文学
• Therefore, nothing can ever be definitively proved with a photograph. 因此，没有什么可以明确了一张照片。 来自互联网

101 fecundity   

n.生产力；丰富

参考例句：

• The probability of survival is the reciprocal of fecundity.生存的概率是生殖力的倒数。
• The boy's fecundity of imagination amazed his teacher.男孩想像力的丰富使教师感到惊异。

102 industriousness   

n.勤奋

参考例句：

• Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie's industriousness and efficiency. 哈丽特不知该用什么言辞来赞扬贝西的勤奋与高效。 来自新概念英语第三册
• They have brought to our country an industriousness that boosts our economy. 他们带来的勤奋精神促进了我们经济的发展。

103 industrious   

adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的

参考例句：

• If the tiller is industrious,the farmland is productive.人勤地不懒。
• She was an industrious and willing worker.她是个勤劳肯干的员工。

104 secondly   

adv.第二，其次

参考例句：

• Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二，动脑筋提出自己的见解。
• Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次，需要确定所作用的载荷。

105 scramble   

v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料

参考例句：

• He broke his leg in his scramble down the wall.他爬墙摔断了腿。
• It was a long scramble to the top of the hill.到山顶须要爬登一段长路。

106 dictates   

n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布

参考例句：

• Convention dictates that a minister should resign in such a situation. 依照常规部长在这种情况下应该辞职。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He always follows the dictates of common sense. 他总是按常识行事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

107 alignment   

n.队列；结盟，联合

参考例句：

• The church should have no political alignment.教会不应与政治结盟。
• Britain formed a close alignment with Egypt in the last century.英国在上个世纪与埃及结成了紧密的联盟。

108 conqueror   

n.征服者，胜利者

参考例句：

• We shall never yield to a conqueror.我们永远不会向征服者低头。
• They abandoned the city to the conqueror.他们把那个城市丢弃给征服者。

109 expended   

v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽

参考例句：

• She expended all her efforts on the care of home and children. 她把所有精力都花在料理家务和照顾孩子上。
• The enemy had expended all their ammunition. 敌人已耗尽所有的弹药。 来自《简明英汉词典》

110 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

111 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。

112 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

113 inviolate   

adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的

参考例句：

• The constitution proclaims that public property shall be inviolate.宪法宣告公共财产不可侵犯。
• They considered themselves inviolate from attack.他们认为自己是不可侵犯的。

114 tempo   

n.(音乐的)速度；节奏，行进速度

参考例句：

• The boss is unsatisfied with the tardy tempo.老板不满于这种缓慢的进度。
• They waltz to the tempo of the music.他们跟着音乐的节奏跳华尔兹舞。

115 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

116 simultaneously   

adv.同时发生地，同时进行地

参考例句：

• The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
• The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。

117 literate   

n.学者；adj.精通文学的，受过教育的

参考例句：

• Only a few of the nation's peasants are literate.这个国家的农民中只有少数人能识字。
• A literate person can get knowledge through reading many books.一个受过教育的人可以通过读书而获得知识。

118 prodigious   

adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的

参考例句：

• This business generates cash in prodigious amounts.这种业务收益丰厚。
• He impressed all who met him with his prodigious memory.他惊人的记忆力让所有见过他的人都印象深刻。

119 impoverishment   

n.贫穷，穷困；贫化

参考例句：

• Therefore, the spiritual impoverishment is a more fearful social phenomenon. 所以，精神贫困是一种比物质贫困更隐蔽更可怕的社会现象。 来自互联网
• Impoverishment is compounded by many elements, and can transmit to be a pernicious cycle. 贫困是由多种因素复合而成的，并且具有传递性，形成贫困的恶性循环。 来自互联网

120 strictly   

adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地

参考例句：

• His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
• The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。

121 primitive   

adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物

参考例句：

• It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
• His book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。

122 espionage   

n.间谍行为，谍报活动

参考例句：

• The authorities have arrested several people suspected of espionage.官方已经逮捕了几个涉嫌从事间谍活动的人。
• Neither was there any hint of espionage in Hanley's early life.汉利的早期生活也毫无进行间谍活动的迹象。

123 ravages   

劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹

参考例句：

• the ravages of war 战争造成的灾难
• It is hard for anyone to escape from the ravages of time. 任何人都很难逃避时间的摧残。

124 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

125 drudgery   

n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作

参考例句：

• People want to get away from the drudgery of their everyday lives.人们想摆脱日常生活中单调乏味的工作。
• He spent his life in pointlessly tiresome drudgery.他的一生都在做毫无意义的烦人的苦差事。

126 deliberately   

adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地

参考例句：

• The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
• They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。

127 illiteracy   

n.文盲

参考例句：

• It is encouraging to read that illiteracy is declining.从读报中了解文盲情况正在好转，这是令人鼓舞的。
• We must do away with illiteracy.我们必须扫除文盲。

128 possessed   

adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的

参考例句：

• He flew out of the room like a man possessed.他像着了魔似地猛然冲出房门。
• He behaved like someone possessed.他行为举止像是魔怔了。

129 overt   

adj.公开的，明显的，公然的

参考例句：

• His opponent's intention is quite overt.他的对手的意图很明显。
• We should learn to fight with enemy in an overt and covert way.我们应学会同敌人做公开和隐蔽的斗争。

130 indirectly   

adv.间接地，不直接了当地

参考例句：

• I heard the news indirectly.这消息我是间接听来的。
• They were approached indirectly through an intermediary.通过一位中间人，他们进行了间接接触。

131 capitalism   

n.资本主义

参考例句：

• The essence of his argument is that capitalism cannot succeed.他的论点的核心是资本主义不能成功。
• Capitalism began to develop in Russia in the 19th century.十九世纪资本主义在俄国开始发展。

132 stagnate   

v.停止

参考例句：

• Where the masses are not roused,work will stagnate.哪里不发动群众，哪里的工作就死气沉沉。
• Taiwan's economy is likely to stagnate for a long time to come.台湾经济很可能会停滞很长一段时间。

133 cultivation   

n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成

参考例句：

• The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
• The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

134 entailed   

使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需

参考例句：

• The castle and the land are entailed on the eldest son. 城堡和土地限定由长子继承。
• The house and estate are entailed on the eldest daughter. 这所房子和地产限定由长女继承。

135 inflicted   

把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
• Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。

136 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

137 inevitable   

adj.不可避免的，必然发生的

参考例句：

• Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
• The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。

138 expending   

v.花费( expend的现在分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽

参考例句：

• The heart pumps by expending and contracting of muscle. 心脏通过收缩肌肉抽取和放出（血液）。 来自互联网
• Criminal action is an action of expending cost and then producing profit. 刑事诉讼是一种需要支付成本、能够产生收益的活动。 来自互联网

139 scrapped   

废弃(scrap的过去式与过去分词)； 打架

参考例句：

• This machine is so old that it will soon have to be scrapped. 这架机器太旧，快报废了。
• It had been thought that passport controls would be scrapped. 人们曾认为会放开护照管制。

140 chronic   

adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的

参考例句：

• Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
• Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。

141 brink   

n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿

参考例句：

• The tree grew on the brink of the cliff.那棵树生长在峭壁的边缘。
• The two countries were poised on the brink of war.这两个国家处于交战的边缘。

142 scarcity   

n.缺乏，不足，萧条

参考例句：

• The scarcity of skilled workers is worrying the government.熟练工人的缺乏困扰着政府。
• The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果供不应求是由于干旱造成的。

143 austere   

adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的

参考例句：

• His way of life is rather austere.他的生活方式相当简朴。
• The room was furnished in austere style.这间屋子的陈设都很简单朴素。

144 laborious   

adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅

参考例句：

• They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.他们接受了伐大树的艰苦工作。
• Ants and bees are laborious insects.蚂蚁与蜜蜂是勤劳的昆虫。

145 texture   

n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理

参考例句：

• We could feel the smooth texture of silk.我们能感觉出丝绸的光滑质地。
• Her skin has a fine texture.她的皮肤细腻。

146 besieged   

包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Paris was besieged for four months and forced to surrender. 巴黎被围困了四个月后被迫投降。
• The community besieged the newspaper with letters about its recent editorial. 公众纷纷来信对报社新近发表的社论提出诘问，弄得报社应接不暇。

147 morale   

n.道德准则，士气，斗志

参考例句：

• The morale of the enemy troops is sinking lower every day.敌军的士气日益低落。
• He tried to bolster up their morale.他尽力鼓舞他们的士气。

148 steadily   

adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地

参考例句：

• The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
• Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。

149 credulous   

adj.轻信的，易信的

参考例句：

• You must be credulous if she fooled you with that story.连她那种话都能把你骗倒，你一定是太容易相信别人了。
• Credulous attitude will only make you take anything for granted.轻信的态度只会使你想当然。

150 fanatic   

n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的

参考例句：

• Alexander is a football fanatic.亚历山大是个足球迷。
• I am not a religious fanatic but I am a Christian.我不是宗教狂热分子，但我是基督徒。

151 mentality   

n.心理，思想，脑力

参考例句：

• He has many years'experience of the criminal mentality.他研究犯罪心理有多年经验。
• Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee.经营企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。

152 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

153 administrator   

n.经营管理者，行政官员

参考例句：

• The role of administrator absorbed much of Ben's energy.行政职务耗掉本很多精力。
• He has proved himself capable as administrator.他表现出管理才能。

154 neutralize   

v.使失效、抵消，使中和

参考例句：

• Nothing could neutralize its good effects.没有什么能抵消它所产生的好影响。
• Acids neutralize alkalis and vice versa.酸能使碱中和碱，亦能使酸中和。

155 neutralized   

v.使失效( neutralize的过去式和过去分词 )；抵消；中和；使（一个国家）中立化

参考例句：

• Acidity in soil can be neutralized by spreading lime on it. 土壤的酸性可以通过在它上面撒石灰来中和。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This strategy effectively neutralized what the Conservatives had hoped would be a vote-winner. 这一策略有效地冲淡了保守党希望在选举中获胜的心态。 来自《简明英汉词典》

156 victoriously   

adv.获胜地，胜利地

参考例句：

• Our technical revolution is blazing its way forward through all the difficulties and advancing victoriously. 我们的技术革命正在披荆斩棘，胜利前进。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Ignace victoriously ascended the stairs and knocked on Kessler's door. 伊格内斯踌躇满志地登上楼梯，敲响了凯斯勒的房门。 来自辞典例句

157 speculative   

adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的

参考例句：

• Much of our information is speculative.我们的许多信息是带推测性的。
• The report is highly speculative and should be ignored.那个报道推测的成分很大，不应理会。

158 outlet   

n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄

参考例句：

• The outlet of a water pipe was blocked.水管的出水口堵住了。
• Running is a good outlet for his energy.跑步是他发泄过剩精力的好方法。

159 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

160 diminution   

n.减少；变小

参考例句：

• They hope for a small diminution in taxes.他们希望捐税能稍有减少。
• He experienced no diminution of his physical strength.他并未感觉体力衰落。

161 backwards   

adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地

参考例句：

• He turned on the light and began to pace backwards and forwards.他打开电灯并开始走来走去。
• All the girls fell over backwards to get the party ready.姑娘们迫不及待地为聚会做准备。

162 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

163 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

164 indefatigably   

adv.不厌倦地，不屈不挠地

参考例句：

• AOBO-willing to create a beautiful future by working indefatigably with you! 奥博(AOBO)愿以不懈的努力，与你共同演绎美好的未来！ 来自互联网
• Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably. 不管追求什么目标，都应坚持不懈。 来自互联网

165 soluble   

adj.可溶的；可以解决的

参考例句：

• These tablets are soluble in water.这些药片可在水中溶解。
• Camphor is soluble in alcohol.樟脑在酒精中可以溶化。

166 realization   

n.实现；认识到，深刻了解

参考例句：

• We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
• He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。

167 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

168 stationary   

adj.固定的，静止不动的

参考例句：

• A stationary object is easy to be aimed at.一个静止不动的物体是容易瞄准的。
• Wait until the bus is stationary before you get off.你要等公共汽车停稳了再下车。

169 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

170 superseded   

[医]被代替的，废弃的

参考例句：

• The theory has been superseded by more recent research. 这一理论已为新近的研究所取代。
• The use of machinery has superseded manual labour. 机器的使用已经取代了手工劳动。

171 projectiles   

n.抛射体( projectile的名词复数 )；（炮弹、子弹等）射弹，（火箭等）自动推进的武器

参考例句：

• These differences are connected with the strong absorption of the composite projectiles. 这些差别与复杂的入射粒子的强烈吸收有关。 来自辞典例句
• Projectiles became more important because cannons could now fire balls over hundreds or yards. 抛射体变得更加重要，因为人们已能用大炮把炮弹射到几百码的距离之外。 来自辞典例句

172 torpedo   

n.水雷，地雷；v.用鱼雷破坏

参考例句：

• His ship was blown up by a torpedo.他的船被一枚鱼雷炸毁了。
• Torpedo boats played an important role during World War Two.鱼雷艇在第二次世界大战中发挥了重要作用。

173 slaughters   

v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• These vast slaughters have since become notorious. 此后，这些大规模的屠杀，就变成了很不光彩的新闻。 来自辞典例句
• Remembered that despairs and hope that each other slaughters. 记得绝望和希望，彼此厮杀。 来自互联网

174 manoeuvre   

n.策略，调动；v.用策略，调动

参考例句：

• Her withdrawal from the contest was a tactical manoeuvre.她退出比赛是一个战术策略。
• The clutter of ships had little room to manoeuvre.船只橫七竖八地挤在一起，几乎没有多少移动的空间。

175 pact   

n.合同，条约，公约，协定

参考例句：

• The two opposition parties made an electoral pact.那两个反对党订了一个有关选举的协定。
• The trade pact between those two countries came to an end.那两国的通商协定宣告结束。

176 lull   

v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇

参考例句：

• The drug put Simpson in a lull for thirty minutes.药物使辛普森安静了30分钟。
• Ground fighting flared up again after a two-week lull.经过两个星期的平静之后，地面战又突然爆发了。

177 devastating   

adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的

参考例句：

• It is the most devastating storm in 20 years.这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。
• Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriages.婚外情确实会对婚姻造成毁灭性的影响。

178 retaliation   

n.报复，反击

参考例句：

• retaliation against UN workers 对联合国工作人员的报复
• He never said a single word in retaliation. 他从未说过一句反击的话。 来自《简明英汉词典》

179 daydream   

v.做白日梦，幻想

参考例句：

• Boys and girls daydream about what they want to be.孩子们遐想着他们将来要干什么。
• He drifted off into another daydream.他飘飘然又做了一个白日梦。

180 geographically   

adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面

参考例句：

• Geographically, the UK is on the periphery of Europe. 从地理位置上讲，英国处于欧洲边缘。 来自辞典例句
• All these events, however geographically remote, urgently affected Western financial centers. 所有这些事件，无论发生在地理上如何遥远的地方，都对西方金融中心产生紧迫的影响。 来自名作英译部分

181 formulated   

v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示

参考例句：

• He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

182 exterminate   

v.扑灭，消灭，根绝

参考例句：

• Some people exterminate garden insects by spraying poison on the plants.有些人在植物上喷撒毒剂以杀死花园内的昆虫。
• Woodpeckers can exterminate insect pests hiding in trees.啄木鸟能消灭躲在树里的害虫。

183 obliteration   

n.涂去，删除；管腔闭合

参考例句：

• The policy is obliteration, openly acknowledged. 政策是彻底毁灭，公开承认的政策。 来自演讲部分
• "Obliteration is not a justifiable act of war" “彻底消灭并不是有理的战争行为” 来自演讲部分

184 execrate   

v.憎恶；厌恶；诅咒

参考例句：

• Others execrate it.有些人痛恨它。
• I execrate people who deceive and tell lies.我憎恶那些欺骗和说谎的人。

185 outrages   

引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• People are seeking retribution for the latest terrorist outrages. 人们在设法对恐怖分子最近的暴行进行严惩。
• He [She] is not allowed to commit any outrages. 不能任其胡作非为。

186 unaware   

a.不知道的，未意识到的

参考例句：

• They were unaware that war was near. 他们不知道战争即将爆发。
• I was unaware of the man's presence. 我没有察觉到那人在场。

187 dedicated   

adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的

参考例句：

• He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
• His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。

188 everlastingly   

永久地，持久地

参考例句：

• Why didn't he hold the Yankees instead of everlastingly retreating? 他为什么不将北军挡住，反而节节败退呢？
• "I'm tired of everlastingly being unnatural and never doing anything I want to do. "我再也忍受不了这样无休止地的勉强自己，永远不能赁自己高兴做事。

189 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

190 impair   

v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少

参考例句：

• Loud noise can impair your hearing.巨大的噪音有损听觉。
• It can not impair the intellectual vigor of the young.这不能磨灭青年人思想活力。

191 undesirable   

adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子

参考例句：

• They are the undesirable elements among the employees.他们是雇员中的不良分子。
• Certain chemicals can induce undesirable changes in the nervous system.有些化学物质能在神经系统中引起不良变化。

192 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

193 inefficient   

adj.效率低的，无效的

参考例句：

• The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的运作使该公司损失了许多钱。
• Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他们的通讯系统效率非常差。

194 biased   

a.有偏见的

参考例句：

• a school biased towards music and art 一所偏重音乐和艺术的学校
• The Methods: They employed were heavily biased in the gentry's favour. 他们采用的方法严重偏袒中上阶级。

195 sanity   

n.心智健全，神智正常，判断正确

参考例句：

• I doubt the sanity of such a plan.我怀疑这个计划是否明智。
• She managed to keep her sanity throughout the ordeal.在那场磨难中她始终保持神志正常。

196 daydreaming   

v.想入非非，空想( daydream的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Stop daydreaming and be realistic. 别空想了，还是从实际出发吧。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Bill was sitting and daydreaming so his mother told him to come down to earth and to do his homework. 比尔坐着空想， 他母亲要他面对现实，去做课外作业。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

197 perversion   

n.曲解；堕落；反常

参考例句：

• In its most general sense,corruption means the perversion or abandonment.就其最一般的意义上说，舞弊就是堕落，就是背离准则。
• Her account was a perversion of the truth.她所讲的歪曲了事实。

198 inconvenient   

adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的

参考例句：

• You have come at a very inconvenient time.你来得最不适时。
• Will it be inconvenient for him to attend that meeting?他参加那次会议会不方便吗？

199 imposture   

n.冒名顶替，欺骗

参考例句：

• Soiled by her imposture she remains silent.她背着冒名顶替者的黑锅却一直沉默。
• If they knew,they would see through his imposture straight away.要是他们知道，他们会立即识破他的招摇撞骗行为。

200 incapable   

adj.无能力的，不能做某事的

参考例句：

• He would be incapable of committing such a cruel deed.他不会做出这么残忍的事。
• Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地思维。

201 plundered   

掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Many of our cultural treasures have been plundered by imperialists. 我国许多珍贵文物被帝国主义掠走了。
• The imperialists plundered many valuable works of art. 帝国主义列强掠夺了许多珍贵的艺术品。

202 vanquished   

v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制

参考例句：

• She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战，挫败过很多对手。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I vanquished her coldness with my assiduity. 我对她关心照顾从而消除了她的冷淡。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

203 peculiar   

adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的

参考例句：

• He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
• He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。

204 solitude   

n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方

参考例句：

• People need a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude. 人们需要独处的机会来反思精神上的事情。
• They searched for a place where they could live in solitude. 他们寻找一个可以过隐居生活的地方。

205 reassured   

adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• The captain's confidence during the storm reassured the passengers. 在风暴中船长的信念使旅客们恢复了信心。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The doctor reassured the old lady. 医生叫那位老妇人放心。 来自《简明英汉词典》

206 scattered   

adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的

参考例句：

• Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来，塞进文件夹里。

207 systematic   

adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的

参考例句：

• The way he works isn't very systematic.他的工作不是很有条理。
• The teacher made a systematic work of teaching.这个教师进行系统的教学工作。

208 brawny   

adj.强壮的

参考例句：

• The blacksmith has a brawny arm.铁匠有强壮的胳膊。
• That same afternoon the marshal appeared with two brawny assistants.当天下午，警长带着两名身强力壮的助手来了。

209 fixture   

n.固定设备；预定日期；比赛时间；定期存款

参考例句：

• Lighting fixture must be installed at once.必须立即安装照明设备。
• The cordless kettle may now be a fixture in most kitchens.无绳电热水壶现在可能是多数厨房的固定设备。

210 pegs   

n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平

参考例句：

• She hung up the shirt with two (clothes) pegs. 她用两只衣夹挂上衬衫。 来自辞典例句
• The vice-presidents were all square pegs in round holes. 各位副总裁也都安排得不得其所。 来自辞典例句

211 brotherhood   

n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊

参考例句：

• They broke up the brotherhood.他们断绝了兄弟关系。
• They live and work together in complete equality and brotherhood.他们完全平等和兄弟般地在一起生活和工作。

212 propped   

支撑，支持，维持( prop的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He sat propped up in the bed by pillows. 他靠着枕头坐在床上。
• This fence should be propped up. 这栅栏该用东西支一支。

213 abiding   

adj.永久的，持久的，不变的

参考例句：

• He had an abiding love of the English countryside.他永远热爱英国的乡村。
• He has a genuine and abiding love of the craft.他对这门手艺有着真挚持久的热爱。

214 intermittently   

adv.间歇地；断断续续

参考例句：

• Winston could not intermittently remember why the pain was happening. 温斯顿只能断断续续地记得为什么这么痛。 来自英汉文学
• The resin moves intermittently down and out of the bed. 树脂周期地向下移动和移出床层。 来自辞典例句

215 recurs   

再发生，复发( recur的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• This theme recurs several times throughout the book. 这一主题在整部书里出现了好几次。
• Leap year recurs every four years. 每四年闰年一次。

216 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

217 overthrown   

adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词

参考例句：

• The president was overthrown in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
• He has overthrown the basic standards of morality. 他已摒弃了基本的道德标准。

218 enlist   

vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍

参考例句：

• They come here to enlist men for the army.他们来这儿是为了召兵。
• The conference will make further efforts to enlist the support of the international community for their just struggle. 会议必将进一步动员国际社会，支持他们的正义斗争。

219 physically   

adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律

参考例句：

• He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服，心绪也很乱。
• Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。

220 softening   

变软，软化

参考例句：

• Her eyes, softening, caressed his face. 她的眼光变得很温柔了。它们不住地爱抚他的脸。 来自汉英文学 - 家（1-26） - 家（1-26）
• He might think my brain was softening or something of the kind. 他也许会觉得我婆婆妈妈的，已经成了个软心肠的人了。

221 recurrence   

n.复发，反复，重现

参考例句：

• More care in the future will prevent recurrence of the mistake.将来的小心可防止错误的重现。
• He was aware of the possibility of a recurrence of his illness.他知道他的病有可能复发。

222 doctrine   

n.教义；主义；学说

参考例句：

• He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
• The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。

223 adherents   

n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙

参考例句：

• He is a leader with many adherents. 他是个有众多追随者的领袖。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The proposal is gaining more and more adherents. 该建议得到越来越多的支持者。 来自《简明英汉词典》

224 aristocrats   

n.贵族( aristocrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Many aristocrats were killed in the French Revolution. 许多贵族在法国大革命中被处死。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• To the Guillotine all aristocrats! 把全部贵族都送上断头台！ 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

225 parasitical   

adj. 寄生的(符加的)

参考例句：

• It is related to her prior infestation by the dominant parasitical species here. 那是涉及在她身上已经滋生了的具备支配权的优势寄生物种。
• Finally, the array antennas composed of parasitical cells are mainly researched. 最后，本文重点研究了由加寄生天线的单元组成的天线阵列。

226 softened   

（使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰

参考例句：

• His smile softened slightly. 他的微笑稍柔和了些。
• The ice cream softened and began to melt. 冰淇淋开始变软并开始融化。

227 assailed   

v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对

参考例句：

• He was assailed with fierce blows to the head. 他的头遭到猛烈殴打。
• He has been assailed by bad breaks all these years. 这些年来他接二连三地倒霉。 来自《用法词典》

228 antiquity   

n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹

参考例句：

• The museum contains the remains of Chinese antiquity.博物馆藏有中国古代的遗物。
• There are many legends about the heroes of antiquity.有许多关于古代英雄的传说。

229 variant   

adj.不同的，变异的；n.变体，异体

参考例句：

• We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段，提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
• In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种，是数据驱动的测试。

230 perpetuating   

perpetuate的现在进行式

参考例句：

• Revenge leads to a self-perpetuating cycle of violence. 怨怨相报会导致永不休止的暴力。
• It'set out to eradicate heresy, and ended by perpetuating it. 它的目的只是要根除异端邪说，结果却巩固了异端邪说。 来自英汉文学

231 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

232 pendulum   

n.摆，钟摆

参考例句：

• The pendulum swung slowly to and fro.钟摆在慢慢地来回摆动。
• He accidentally found that the desk clock did not swing its pendulum.他无意中发现座钟不摇摆了。

233 doctrines   

n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明

参考例句：

• To modern eyes, such doctrines appear harsh, even cruel. 从现代的角度看，这样的教义显得苛刻，甚至残酷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• His doctrines have seduced many into error. 他的学说把许多人诱入歧途。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

234 intelligible   

adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的

参考例句：

• This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.只有计算机运算专家才能看懂这份报告。
• His argument was barely intelligible.他的论点不易理解。

235 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

236 technically   

adv.专门地，技术上地

参考例句：

• Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说，这是最先进的设备。
• The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说，西红柿是一种水果，尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。

237 specialized   

adj.专门的，专业化的

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
• These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。

238 avert   

v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等)

参考例句：

• He managed to avert suspicion.他设法避嫌。
• I would do what I could to avert it.我会尽力去避免发生这种情况。

239 averted   

防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移

参考例句：

• A disaster was narrowly averted. 及时防止了一场灾难。
• Thanks to her skilful handling of the affair, the problem was averted. 多亏她对事情处理得巧妙，才避免了麻烦。

240 brute   

n.野兽，兽性

参考例句：

• The aggressor troops are not many degrees removed from the brute.侵略军简直象一群野兽。
• That dog is a dangerous brute.It bites people.那条狗是危险的畜牲，它咬人。

241 authoritarian   

n./adj.专制(的)，专制主义者，独裁主义者

参考例句：

• Foreign diplomats suspect him of authoritarian tendencies.各国外交官怀疑他有着独裁主义倾向。
• The authoritarian policy wasn't proved to be a success.独裁主义的政策证明并不成功。

242 discredited   

不足信的，不名誉的

参考例句：

• The reactionary authorities are between two fires and have been discredited. 反动当局弄得进退维谷，不得人心。
• Her honour was discredited in the newspapers. 她的名声被报纸败坏了。

243 hierarchy   

n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层

参考例句：

• There is a rigid hierarchy of power in that country.那个国家有一套严密的权力等级制度。
• She's high up in the management hierarchy.她在管理阶层中地位很高。

244 regimentation   

n.编组团队；系统化，组织化

参考例句：

• They don't want equality and regimentation.他们不要一律平等和严密的组织。
• Discipline without regimentation was Miss Bulstrode's motto.既注意纪律，又不造成一律化，这就是布尔斯特罗德小姐的座右铭。

245 imprisonment   

n.关押，监禁，坐牢

参考例句：

• His sentence was commuted from death to life imprisonment.他的判决由死刑减为无期徒刑。
• He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment for committing bigamy.他因为犯重婚罪被判入狱一年。

246 confessions   

n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔

参考例句：

• It is strictly forbidden to obtain confessions and to give them credence. 严禁逼供信。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Neither trickery nor coercion is used to secure confessions. 既不诱供也不逼供。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

247 confession   

n.自白，供认，承认

参考例句：

• Her confession was simply tantamount to a casual explanation.她的自白简直等于一篇即席说明。
• The police used torture to extort a confession from him.警察对他用刑逼供。

248 chaos   

n.混乱，无秩序

参考例句：

• After the failure of electricity supply the city was in chaos.停电后，城市一片混乱。
• The typhoon left chaos behind it.台风后一片混乱。

249 bureaucrats   

n.官僚( bureaucrat的名词复数 )；官僚主义；官僚主义者；官僚语言

参考例句：

• That is the fate of the bureaucrats, not the inspiration of statesmen. 那是官僚主义者的命运，而不是政治家的灵感。 来自辞典例句
• Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan's top elected leaders. 大企业和许多不知名的官僚同日本选举出来的最高层领导者们的权力一样大。 来自辞典例句

250 publicity   

n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告

参考例句：

• The singer star's marriage got a lot of publicity.这位歌星的婚事引起了公众的关注。
• He dismissed the event as just a publicity gimmick.他不理会这件事，只当它是一种宣传手法。

251 avaricious   

adj.贪婪的，贪心的

参考例句：

• I call on your own memory as witness:remember we have avaricious hearts.假使你想要保证和证明，你可以回忆一下我们贪婪的心。
• He is so avaricious that we call him a blood sucker.他如此贪婪，我们都叫他吸血鬼。

252 tempted   

v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词）

参考例句：

• I was sorely tempted to complain, but I didn't. 我极想发牢骚，但还是没开口。
• I was tempted by the dessert menu. 甜食菜单馋得我垂涎欲滴。

253 cardinal   

n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的

参考例句：

• This is a matter of cardinal significance.这是非常重要的事。
• The Cardinal coloured with vexation. 红衣主教感到恼火，脸涨得通红。

254 obedience   

n.服从，顺从

参考例句：

• Society has a right to expect obedience of the law.社会有权要求人人遵守法律。
• Soldiers act in obedience to the orders of their superior officers.士兵们遵照上级军官的命令行动。

255 forerunners   

n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆

参考例句：

• Country music was undoubtedly one of the forerunners of rock and roll. 乡村音乐无疑是摇滚乐的先导之一。
• Heavy clouds are the forerunners of a storm. 阴云密布是暴风雨的前兆。 来自《简明英汉词典》

256 oligarchy   

n.寡头政治

参考例句：

• The only secure basis for oligarchy is collectivism.寡头政体的唯一可靠基础是集体主义。
• Insecure and fearful of its own people,the oligarchy preserves itself through tyranny.由于担心和害怕自己的人民，统治集团只能靠实行暴政来维护其统治。

257 jointly   

ad.联合地，共同地

参考例句：

• Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
• She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。

258 abolition   

n.废除，取消

参考例句：

• They declared for the abolition of slavery.他们声明赞成废除奴隶制度。
• The abolition of the monarchy was part of their price.废除君主制是他们的其中一部分条件。

259 belongings   

n.私人物品，私人财物

参考例句：

• I put a few personal belongings in a bag.我把几件私人物品装进包中。
• Your personal belongings are not dutiable.个人物品不用纳税。

260 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

261 inefficiently   

adv.无效率地

参考例句：

• The small family farm is steeped in inefficiently and struggles just to survive. 小农场主陷于无效率的境况中，只为生存下去而苦苦挣扎。 来自辞典例句
• You can't afford to run businesses inefficiently in this day and age. 在现今，经营商店无能是不行的。 来自互联网

262 apex   

n.顶点，最高点

参考例句：

• He reached the apex of power in the early 1930s.他在三十年代初达到了权力的顶峰。
• His election to the presidency was the apex of his career.当选总统是他一生事业的顶峰。

263 virtue   

n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力

参考例句：

• He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
• You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。

264 uncertainty   

n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物

参考例句：

• Her comments will add to the uncertainty of the situation.她的批评将会使局势更加不稳定。
• After six weeks of uncertainty,the strain was beginning to take its toll.6个星期的忐忑不安后，压力开始产生影响了。

265 guise   

n.外表，伪装的姿态

参考例句：

• They got into the school in the guise of inspectors.他们假装成视察员进了学校。
• The thief came into the house under the guise of a repairman.那小偷扮成个修理匠进了屋子。

266 reverence   

n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬

参考例句：

• He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
• We reverence tradition but will not be fettered by it.我们尊重传统，但不被传统所束缚。

267 habitually   

ad.习惯地，通常地

参考例句：

• The pain of the disease caused him habitually to furrow his brow. 病痛使他习惯性地紧皱眉头。
• Habitually obedient to John, I came up to his chair. 我已经习惯于服从约翰，我来到他的椅子跟前。

268 hereditary   

adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的

参考例句：

• The Queen of England is a hereditary ruler.英国女王是世袭的统治者。
• In men,hair loss is hereditary.男性脱发属于遗传。

269 administrators   

n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 )；有管理（或行政）才能的人；（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人；奉派暂管主教教区的牧师

参考例句：

• He had administrators under him but took the crucial decisions himself. 他手下有管理人员，但重要的决策仍由他自己来做。 来自辞典例句
• Administrators have their own methods of social intercourse. 办行政的人有他们的社交方式。 来自汉英文学 - 围城

270 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

271 titular   

adj.名义上的，有名无实的；n.只有名义（或头衔）的人

参考例句：

• The Queen is titular head of the Church of England.英国女王是英国国教名义上的领袖。
• He is titular head,and merely signs laws occasionally.他是名义上的首脑，不过偶尔签字批准法律法规。

272 adherence   

n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着

参考例句：

• He was well known for his adherence to the rules.他因遵循这些规定而出名。
• The teacher demanded adherence to the rules.老师要求学生们遵守纪律。

273 rigidly   

adv.刻板地，僵化地

参考例句：

• Life today is rigidly compartmentalized into work and leisure. 当今的生活被严格划分为工作和休闲两部分。
• The curriculum is rigidly prescribed from an early age. 自儿童时起即已开始有严格的课程设置。

274 nuclei   

n.核

参考例句：

• To free electrons, something has to make them whirl fast enough to break away from their nuclei. 为了释放电子，必须使电子高速旋转而足以摆脱原子核的束缚。
• Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. 能量是由原子核分裂释放出来的。

275 perfectly   

adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
• Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。

276 persistence   

n.坚持，持续，存留

参考例句：

• The persistence of a cough in his daughter puzzled him.他女儿持续的咳嗽把他难住了。
• He achieved success through dogged persistence.他靠着坚持不懈取得了成功。

277 wields   

手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的第三人称单数 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响）

参考例句：

• She wields enormous power within the party. 她操纵着党内大权。
• He remains chairman, but wields little power at the company. 他还是主席，但在公司没有什么实权了。

278 rivalry   

n.竞争，竞赛，对抗

参考例句：

• The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two families.这次争吵是两家不和引起的。
• He had a lot of rivalry with his brothers and sisters.他和兄弟姐妹间经常较劲。

279 indifference   

n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎

参考例句：

• I was disappointed by his indifference more than somewhat.他的漠不关心使我很失望。
• He feigned indifference to criticism of his work.他假装毫不在意别人批评他的作品。

280 deviation   

n.背离，偏离；偏差，偏向；离题

参考例句：

• Deviation from this rule are very rare.很少有违反这条规则的。
• Any deviation from the party's faith is seen as betrayal.任何对党的信仰的偏离被视作背叛。

281 relaxations   

n.消遣( relaxation的名词复数 )；松懈；松弛；放松

参考例句：

• Playing the piano is one of his favourite relaxations. 弹钢琴是他喜爱的一种消遣。 来自互联网
• Playing the paino is one of his favourite relaxations. 弹钢琴是他最喜爱的消遣之一。 来自互联网

282 scrutinized   

v.仔细检查，详审( scrutinize的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The jeweler scrutinized the diamond for flaws. 宝石商人仔细察看钻石有无瑕庇 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Together we scrutinized the twelve lemon cakes from the delicatessen shop. 我们一起把甜食店里买来的十二块柠檬蛋糕细细打量了一番。 来自英汉文学 - 盖茨比

283 eccentricity   

n.古怪，反常，怪癖

参考例句：

• I can't understand the eccentricity of Henry's behavior.我不理解亨利的古怪举止。
• His eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.在他去世之前他的古怪脾气就早已闻名遐尔了。

284 mannerism   

n.特殊习惯，怪癖

参考例句：

• He has this irritating mannerism of constantly scratching his nose.他老是挠鼻子，这个习惯真让人不舒服。
• Her British accent is just a mannerism picked up on her visit to London.她的英国口音是她访问伦敦学会的。

285 purges   

清除异己( purge的名词复数 )； 整肃（行动）； 清洗； 泻药

参考例句：

• Mandelshtam perished in the purges of the 1930s, Akhmatova remained silent. 曼杰利什坦姆在30年代的清洗中死去，阿赫玛托娃也销声匿迹。
• He purges his subconscious and meditates only on God. 他净化他的潜意识且只思念上帝。

286 unwilling   

adj.不情愿的

参考例句：

• The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
• His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。

287 respites   

v.延期（respite的第三人称单数形式）

参考例句：

• A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm. 对于党员，不要求他有私人的感情，也不允许他有热情的减退。 来自英汉文学

288 frenzy   

n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动

参考例句：

• He was able to work the young students up into a frenzy.他能激起青年学生的狂热。
• They were singing in a frenzy of joy.他们欣喜若狂地高声歌唱。

289 traitors   

卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人

参考例句：

• Traitors are held in infamy. 叛徒为人所不齿。
• Traitors have always been treated with contempt. 叛徒永被人们唾弃。

290 outwards   

adj.外面的，公开的，向外的；adv.向外；n.外形

参考例句：

• Does this door open inwards or outwards?这门朝里开还是朝外开？
• In lapping up a fur,they always put the inner side outwards.卷毛皮时，他们总是让内层朝外。

291 speculations   

n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断

参考例句：

• Your speculations were all quite close to the truth. 你的揣测都很接近于事实。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. 这种可能性引起了有趣的推测。 来自《用法词典》

292 rebellious   

adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的

参考例句：

• They will be in danger if they are rebellious.如果他们造反，他们就要发生危险。
• Her reply was mild enough,but her thoughts were rebellious.她的回答虽然很温和，但她的心里十分反感。

293 faculty   

n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员

参考例句：

• He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
• He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。

294 repelled   

v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开

参考例句：

• They repelled the enemy. 他们击退了敌军。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The minister tremulously, but decidedly, repelled the old man's arm. 而丁梅斯代尔牧师却哆里哆嗦地断然推开了那老人的胳臂。 来自英汉文学 - 红字

295 omnipotent   

adj.全能的，万能的

参考例句：

• When we are omnipotent we shall have no more need of science.我们达到万能以后就不需要科学了。
• Money is not omnipotent,but we can't survive without money.金钱不是万能的，但是没有金钱我们却无法生存。

296 flexibility   

n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性

参考例句：

• Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
• The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。

297 contradictory   

adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立

参考例句：

• The argument is internally contradictory.论据本身自相矛盾。
• What he said was self-contradictory.他讲话前后不符。

298 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

299 impudently   

参考例句：

• She was his favorite and could speak to him so impudently. 她是他的宠儿，可以那样无礼他说话。 来自教父部分
• He walked into the shop and calmly (ie impudently and self-confidently) stole a pair of gloves. 他走进商店若无其事地偷了一副手套。 来自辞典例句

300 alteration   

n.变更，改变；蚀变

参考例句：

• The shirt needs alteration.这件衬衣需要改一改。
• He easily perceived there was an alteration in my countenance.他立刻看出我的脸色和往常有些不同。

301 repression   

n.镇压，抑制，抑压

参考例句：

• The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health.压抑你的真实感情有害健康。
• This touched off a new storm against violent repression.这引起了反对暴力镇压的新风暴。

302 tamper   

v.干预，玩弄，贿赂，窜改，削弱，损害

参考例句：

• Do not tamper with other's business.不要干预别人的事。
• They had strict orders not to tamper with the customs of the minorities.他们得到命令严禁干涉少数民族的风俗习惯。

303 frankly   

adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说

参考例句：

• To speak frankly, I don't like the idea at all.老实说，我一点也不赞成这个主意。
• Frankly speaking, I'm not opposed to reform.坦率地说，我不反对改革。

304 guilt   

n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责

参考例句：

• She tried to cover up her guilt by lying.她企图用谎言掩饰自己的罪行。
• Don't lay a guilt trip on your child about schoolwork.别因为功课责备孩子而使他觉得很内疚。

305 deception   

n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计

参考例句：

• He admitted conspiring to obtain property by deception.他承认曾与人合谋骗取财产。
• He was jailed for two years for fraud and deception.他因为诈骗和欺诈入狱服刑两年。

306 tampering   

v.窜改( tamper的现在分词 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄

参考例句：

• Two policemen were accused of tampering with the evidence. 有两名警察被控篡改证据。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• As Harry London had forecast, Brookside's D-day caught many meter-tampering offenders. 正如哈里·伦敦预见到的那样，布鲁克赛德的D日行动抓住了不少非法改装仪表的人。 来自辞典例句

307 erases   

v.擦掉( erase的第三人称单数 )；抹去；清除

参考例句：

• This command erases all data on the specified partition. 这指令在指定的分区上抹去所有的数据。 来自互联网
• A literary image erases the more indolent images of perception. 文学意象抹除那些感官的懒惰意象。 来自互联网

308 oligarchies   

n.寡头统治的政府( oligarchy的名词复数 )；寡头政治的执政集团；寡头统治的国家

参考例句：

• All past oligarchies have fallen from power either because they ossified or because they grew soft. 过去所有的寡头政体所以丧失权力，或者是由于自己僵化，或者是由于软化。 来自英汉文学

309 ossified   

adj.已骨化[硬化]的v.骨化，硬化，使僵化( ossify的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• an ossified political system 僵化的政治制度
• His thinking has ossified as he's grown older;he won't accept new ideas. 随着年岁的增长，他的思想僵化了，他不接受新观点。 来自《简明英汉词典》

310 arrogant   

adj.傲慢的，自大的

参考例句：

• You've got to get rid of your arrogant ways.你这骄傲劲儿得好好改改。
• People are waking up that he is arrogant.人们开始认识到他很傲慢。

311 concessions   

n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权

参考例句：

• The firm will be forced to make concessions if it wants to avoid a strike. 要想避免罢工，公司将不得不作出一些让步。
• The concessions did little to placate the students. 让步根本未能平息学生的愤怒。

312 dominion   

n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图

参考例句：

• Alexander held dominion over a vast area.亚历山大曾统治过辽阔的地域。
• In the affluent society,the authorities are hardly forced to justify their dominion.在富裕社会里，当局几乎无需证明其统治之合理。

313 practitioners   

n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师）

参考例句：

• one of the greatest practitioners of science fiction 最了不起的科幻小说家之一
• The technique is experimental, but the list of its practitioners is growing. 这种技术是试验性的，但是采用它的人正在增加。 来自辞典例句

314 delusion   

n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑

参考例句：

• He is under the delusion that he is Napoleon.他患了妄想症，认为自己是拿破仑。
• I was under the delusion that he intended to marry me.我误认为他要娶我。

315 sane   

adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的

参考例句：

• He was sane at the time of the murder.在凶杀案发生时他的神志是清醒的。
• He is a very sane person.他是一个很有头脑的人。

316 intensity   

n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度

参考例句：

• I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
• The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

317 calamity   

n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件

参考例句：

• Even a greater natural calamity cannot daunt us. 再大的自然灾害也压不垮我们。
• The attack on Pearl Harbor was a crushing calamity.偷袭珍珠港(对美军来说)是一场毁灭性的灾难。

318 prodded   

v.刺，戳( prod的过去式和过去分词 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳

参考例句：

• She prodded him in the ribs to wake him up. 她用手指杵他的肋部把他叫醒。
• He prodded at the plate of fish with his fork. 他拿叉子戳弄着那盘鱼。 来自《简明英汉词典》

319 frenzies   

狂乱( frenzy的名词复数 )； 极度的激动

参考例句：

320 fanaticism   

n.狂热，盲信

参考例句：

• Your fanaticism followed the girl is wrong. 你对那个女孩的狂热是错误的。
• All of Goebbels's speeches sounded the note of stereotyped fanaticism. 戈培尔的演讲，千篇一律，无非狂热二字。

321 abounds   

v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The place abounds with fruit, especially pears and peaches. 此地盛产水果，尤以梨桃著称。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• This country abounds with fruit. 这个国家盛产水果。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

322 vilifies   

n.中伤，诽谤( vilify的名词复数 )v.中伤，诽谤( vilify的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Pilar vilifies him as a coward and finally manages to overrule him. 皮拉尔骂他是懦夫，并且最终没法压服了他。 来自互联网
• The Dalai Lama vilifies the present human rights situation in Tibet. 达赖诋毁今天西藏的人权状况。 来自互联网

323 systematically   

adv.有系统地

参考例句：

• This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
• The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。

324 solidarity   

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

• They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。
• The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

325 loyalty   

n.忠诚，忠心

参考例句：

• She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.她告诉他真相是出于忠诚。
• His loyalty to his friends was never in doubt.他对朋友的一片忠心从来没受到怀疑。

326 ministries   

（政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期

参考例句：

• Local authorities must refer everything to the central ministries. 地方管理机构应请示中央主管部门。
• The number of Ministries has been pared down by a third. 部委的数量已经减少了1/3。

327 impudence   

n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼

参考例句：

• His impudence provoked her into slapping his face.他的粗暴让她气愤地给了他一耳光。
• What knocks me is his impudence.他的厚颜无耻使我感到吃惊。

328 hypocrisy   

n.伪善，虚伪

参考例句：

• He railed against hypocrisy and greed.他痛斥伪善和贪婪的行为。
• He accused newspapers of hypocrisy in their treatment of the story.他指责了报纸在报道该新闻时的虚伪。

329 insanity   

n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐

参考例句：

• In his defense he alleged temporary insanity.他伪称一时精神错乱，为自己辩解。
• He remained in his cell,and this visit only increased the belief in his insanity.他依旧还是住在他的地牢里，这次视察只是更加使人相信他是个疯子了。

330 accurately   

adv.准确地，精确地

参考例句：

• It is hard to hit the ball accurately.准确地击中球很难。
• Now scientists can forecast the weather accurately.现在科学家们能准确地预报天气。

331 seizure   

n.没收；占有；抵押

参考例句：

• The seizure of contraband is made by customs.那些走私品是被海关没收的。
• The courts ordered the seizure of all her property.法院下令查封她所有的财产。

332 paraphernalia   

n.装备；随身用品

参考例句：

• Can you move all your paraphernalia out of the way?你可以把所有的随身物品移开吗？
• All my fishing paraphernalia is in the car.我的鱼具都在汽车里。

333 upwards   

adv.向上，在更高处...以上

参考例句：

• The trend of prices is still upwards.物价的趋向是仍在上涨。
• The smoke rose straight upwards.烟一直向上升。

334 slanted   

有偏见的； 倾斜的

参考例句：

• The sun slanted through the window. 太阳斜照进窗户。
• She had slanted brown eyes. 她有一双棕色的丹凤眼。

335 touching   

adj.动人的，使人感伤的

参考例句：

• It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人的景象。
• His letter was touching.他的信很感人。