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Chapter 1
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Thus communed these; while to their lowly dome1, The full-fed swine return'd with evening home; Compell'd, reluctant, to the several sties, With din2 obstreperous3, and ungrateful cries. Pope's Odyssey4

In that pleasant district of merry England which is watered by the river Don, there extended in ancient times a large forest, covering the greater part of the beautiful hills and valleys which lie between Sheffield and the pleasant town of Doncaster. The remains5 of this extensive wood are still to be seen at the noble seats of Wentworth, of Warncliffe Park, and around Rotherham. Here haunted of yore the fabulous6 Dragon of Wantley; here were fought many of the most desperate battles during the Civil Wars of the Roses; and here also flourished in ancient times those bands of gallant7 outlaws8, whose deeds have been rendered so popular in English song.

Such being our chief scene, the date of our story refers to a period towards the end of the reign9 of Richard I., when his return from his long captivity10 had become an event rather wished than hoped for by his despairing subjects, who were in the meantime subjected to every species of subordinate oppression. The nobles, whose power had become exorbitant11 during the reign of Stephen, and whom the prudence12 of Henry the Second had scarce reduced to some degree of subjection to the crown, had now resumed their ancient license13 in its utmost extent; despising the feeble interference of the English Council of State, fortifying14 their castles, increasing the number of their dependants15, reducing all around them to a state of vassalage16, and striving by every means in their power, to place themselves each at the head of such forces as might enable him to make a figure in the national convulsions which appeared to be impending17.

The situation of the inferior gentry18, or Franklins, as they were called, who, by the law and spirit of the English constitution, were entitled to hold themselves independent of feudal19 tyranny, became now unusually precarious20. If, as was most generally the case, they placed themselves under the protection of any of the petty kings in their vicinity, accepted of feudal offices in his household, or bound themselves by mutual21 treaties of alliance and protection, to support him in his enterprises, they might indeed purchase temporary repose22; but it must be with the sacrifice of that independence which was so dear to every English bosom23, and at the certain hazard of being involved as a party in whatever rash expedition the ambition of their protector might lead him to undertake. On the other hand, such and so multiplied were the means of vexation and oppression possessed24 by the great Barons25, that they never wanted the pretext26, and seldom the will, to harass27 and pursue, even to the very edge of destruction, any of their less powerful neighbours, who attempted to separate themselves from their authority, and to trust for their protection, during the dangers of the times, to their own inoffensive conduct, and to the laws of the land.

A circumstance which greatly tended to enhance the tyranny of the nobility, and the sufferings of the inferior classes, arose from the consequences of the Conquest by Duke William of Normandy. Four generations had not sufficed to blend the hostile blood of the Normans and Anglo-Saxons, or to unite, by common language and mutual interests, two hostile races, one of which still felt the elation28 of triumph, while the other groaned29 under all the consequences of defeat. The power had been completely placed in the hands of the Norman nobility, by the event of the battle of Hastings, and it had been used, as our histories assure us, with no moderate hand. The whole race of Saxon princes and nobles had been extirpated30 or disinherited, with few or no exceptions; nor were the numbers great who possessed land in the country of their fathers, even as proprietors32 of the second, or of yet inferior classes. The royal policy had long been to weaken, by every means, legal or illegal, the strength of a part of the population which was justly considered as nourishing the most inveterate33 antipathy34 to their victor. All the monarchs35 of the Norman race had shown the most marked predilection36 for their Norman subjects; the laws of the chase, and many others equally unknown to the milder and more free spirit of the Saxon constitution, had been fixed37 upon the necks of the subjugated38 inhabitants, to add weight, as it were, to the feudal chains with which they were loaded. At court, and in the castles of the great nobles, where the pomp and state of a court was emulated39, Norman-French was the only language employed; in courts of law, the pleadings and judgments40 were delivered in the same tongue. In short, French was the language of honour, of chivalry41, and even of justice, while the far more manly42 and expressive43 Anglo-Saxon was abandoned to the use of rustics44 and hinds46, who knew no other. Still, however, the necessary intercourse47 between the lords of the soil, and those oppressed inferior beings by whom that soil was cultivated, occasioned the gradual formation of a dialect, compounded betwixt the French and the Anglo-Saxon, in which they could render themselves mutually intelligible48 to each other; and from this necessity arose by degrees the structure of our present English language, in which the speech of the victors and the vanquished49 have been so happily blended together; and which has since been so richly improved by importations from the classical languages, and from those spoken by the southern nations of Europe.

This state of things I have thought it necessary to premise50 for the information of the general reader, who might be apt to forget, that, although no great historical events, such as war or insurrection, mark the existence of the Anglo-Saxons as a separate people subsequent to the reign of William the Second; yet the great national distinctions betwixt them and their conquerors51, the recollection of what they had formerly52 been, and to what they were now reduced, continued down to the reign of Edward the Third, to keep open the wounds which the Conquest had inflicted53, and to maintain a line of separation betwixt the descendants of the victor Normans and the vanquished Saxons.

The sun was setting upon one of the rich grassy54 glades55 of that forest, which we have mentioned in the beginning of the chapter. Hundreds of broad-headed, short-stemmed, wide-branched oaks, which had witnessed perhaps the stately march of the Roman soldiery, flung their gnarled arms over a thick carpet of the most delicious green sward; in some places they were intermingled with beeches57, hollies58, and copsewood of various descriptions, so closely as totally to intercept59 the level beams of the sinking sun; in others they receded60 from each other, forming those long sweeping61 vistas62, in the intricacy of which the eye delights to lose itself, while imagination considers them as the paths to yet wilder scenes of silvan solitude63. Here the red rays of the sun shot a broken and discoloured light, that partially64 hung upon the shattered boughs65 and mossy trunks of the trees, and there they illuminated66 in brilliant patches the portions of turf to which they made their way. A considerable open space, in the midst of this glade56, seemed formerly to have been dedicated67 to the rites68 of Druidical superstition69; for, on the summit of a hillock, so regular as to seem artificial, there still remained part of a circle of rough unhewn stones, of large dimensions. Seven stood upright; the rest had been dislodged from their places, probably by the zeal70 of some convert to Christianity, and lay, some prostrate71 near their former site, and others on the side of the hill. One large stone only had found its way to the bottom, and in stopping the course of a small brook72, which glided73 smoothly74 round the foot of the eminence75, gave, by its opposition76, a feeble voice of murmur77 to the placid78 and elsewhere silent streamlet.

The human figures which completed this landscape, were in number two, partaking, in their dress and appearance, of that wild and rustic45 character, which belonged to the woodlands of the West-Riding of Yorkshire at that early period. The eldest79 of these men had a stern, savage80, and wild aspect. His garment was of the simplest form imaginable, being a close jacket with sleeves, composed of the tanned skin of some animal, on which the hair had been originally left, but which had been worn off in so many places, that it would have been difficult to distinguish from the patches that remained, to what creature the fur had belonged. This primeval vestment reached from the throat to the knees, and served at once all the usual purposes of body-clothing; there was no wider opening at the collar, than was necessary to admit the passage of the head, from which it may be inferred, that it was put on by slipping it over the head and shoulders, in the manner of a modern shirt, or ancient hauberk. Sandals, bound with thongs82 made of boars' hide, protected the feet, and a roll of thin leather was twined artificially round the legs, and, ascending83 above the calf84, left the knees bare, like those of a Scottish Highlander85. To make the jacket sit yet more close to the body, it was gathered at the middle by a broad leathern belt, secured by a brass86 buckle87; to one side of which was attached a sort of scrip, and to the other a ram's horn, accoutred with a mouthpiece, for the purpose of blowing. In the same belt was stuck one of those long, broad, sharp-pointed88, and two-edged knives, with a buck's-horn handle, which were fabricated in the neighbourhood, and bore even at this early period the name of a Sheffield whittle89. The man had no covering upon his head, which was only defended by his own thick hair, matted and twisted together, and scorched90 by the influence of the sun into a rusty91 dark-red colour, forming a contrast with the overgrown beard upon his cheeks, which was rather of a yellow or amber92 hue93. One part of his dress only remains, but it is too remarkable94 to be suppressed; it was a brass ring, resembling a dog's collar, but without any opening, and soldered95 fast round his neck, so loose as to form no impediment to his breathing, yet so tight as to be incapable96 of being removed, excepting by the use of the file. On this singular gorget was engraved97, in Saxon characters, an inscription98 of the following purport:---"Gurth, the son of Beowulph, is the born thrall99 of Cedric of Rotherwood."

Beside the swine-herd100, for such was Gurth's occupation, was seated, upon one of the fallen Druidical monuments, a person about ten years younger in appearance, and whose dress, though resembling his companion's in form, was of better materials, and of a more fantastic appearance. His jacket had been stained of a bright purple hue, upon which there had been some attempt to paint grotesque101 ornaments102 in different colours. To the jacket he added a short cloak, which scarcely reached half way down his thigh103; it was of crimson104 cloth, though a good deal soiled, lined with bright yellow; and as he could transfer it from one shoulder to the other, or at his pleasure draw it all around him, its width, contrasted with its want of longitude105, formed a fantastic piece of drapery. He had thin silver bracelets106 upon his arms, and on his neck a collar of the same metal bearing the inscription, "Wamba, the son of Witless, is the thrall of Cedric of Rotherwood." This personage had the same sort of sandals with his companion, but instead of the roll of leather thong81, his legs were cased in a sort of gaiters, of which one was red and the other yellow. He was provided also with a cap, having around it more than one bell, about the size of those attached to hawks107, which jingled108 as he turned his head to one side or other; and as he seldom remained a minute in the same posture109, the sound might be considered as incessant110. Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather, cut at the top into open work, resembling a coronet, while a prolonged bag arose from within it, and fell down on one shoulder like an old-fashioned nightcap, or a jelly-bag, or the head-gear of a modern hussar. It was to this part of the cap that the bells were attached; which circumstance, as well as the shape of his head-dress, and his own half-crazed, half-cunning expression of countenance111, sufficiently112 pointed him out as belonging to the race of domestic clowns or jesters, maintained in the houses of the wealthy, to help away the tedium113 of those lingering hours which they were obliged to spend within doors. He bore, like his companion, a scrip, attached to his belt, but had neither horn nor knife, being probably considered as belonging to a class whom it is esteemed114 dangerous to intrust with edge-tools. In place of these, he was equipped with a sword of lath, resembling that with which Harlequin operates his wonders upon the modern stage.

The outward appearance of these two men formed scarce a stronger contrast than their look and demeanour. That of the serf, or bondsman, was sad and sullen115; his aspect was bent116 on the ground with an appearance of deep dejection, which might be almost construed117 into apathy118, had not the fire which occasionally sparkled in his red eye manifested that there slumbered119, under the appearance of sullen despondency, a sense of oppression, and a disposition120 to resistance. The looks of Wamba, on the other hand, indicated, as usual with his class, a sort of vacant curiosity, and fidgetty impatience121 of any posture of repose, together with the utmost self-satisfaction respecting his own situation, and the appearance which he made. The dialogue which they maintained between them, was carried on in Anglo-Saxon, which, as we said before, was universally spoken by the inferior classes, excepting the Norman soldiers, and the immediate122 personal dependants of the great feudal nobles. But to give their conversation in the original would convey but little information to the modern reader, for whose benefit we beg to offer the following translation:

"The curse of St Withold upon these infernal porkers!" said the swine-herd, after blowing his horn obstreperously123, to collect together the scattered124 herd of swine, which, answering his call with notes equally melodious125, made, however, no haste to remove themselves from the luxurious126 banquet of beech-mast and acorns127 on which they had fattened128, or to forsake129 the marshy130 banks of the rivulet131, where several of them, half plunged132 in mud, lay stretched at their ease, altogether regardless of the voice of their keeper. "The curse of St Withold upon them and upon me!" said Gurth; "if the two-legged wolf snap not up some of them ere nightfall, I am no true man. Here, Fangs133! Fangs!" he ejaculated at the top of his voice to a ragged134 wolfish-looking dog, a sort of lurcher, half mastiff, half greyhound, which ran limping about as if with the purpose of seconding his master in collecting the refractory135 grunters; but which, in fact, from misapprehension of the swine-herd's signals, ignorance of his own duty, or malice136 prepense, only drove them hither and thither137, and increased the evil which he seemed to design to remedy. "A devil draw the teeth of him," said Gurth, "and the mother of mischief138 confound the Ranger139 of the forest, that cuts the foreclaws off our dogs, and makes them unfit for their trade!* Wamba, up and help me an thou be'st a man; take a turn round the back o' the hill to gain the wind on them; and when thous't got the weather-gage, thou mayst drive them before thee as gently as so many innocent lambs."

* Note A. The Ranger of the Forest, that cuts the * fore-claws off our dogs.

"Truly," said Wamba, without stirring from the spot, "I have consulted my legs upon this matter, and they are altogether of opinion, that to carry my gay garments through these sloughs140, would be an act of unfriendship to my sovereign person and royal wardrobe; wherefore, Gurth, I advise thee to call off Fangs, and leave the herd to their destiny, which, whether they meet with bands of travelling soldiers, or of outlaws, or of wandering pilgrims, can be little else than to be converted into Normans before morning, to thy no small ease and comfort."

"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth; "expound141 that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed142, to read riddles143."

"Why, how call you those grunting144 brutes146 running about on their four legs?" demanded Wamba.

"Swine, fool, swine," said the herd, "every fool knows that."

"And swine is good Saxon," said the Jester; "but how call you the sow when she is flayed147, and drawn148, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor149?"

"Pork," answered the swine-herd.

"I am very glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman-French; and so when the brute145 lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles; what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?"

"It is but too true doctrine150, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool's pate31."

"Nay151, I can tell you more," said Wamba, in the same tone; there is old Alderman Ox continues to hold his Saxon epithet152, while he is under the charge of serfs and bondsmen such as thou, but becomes Beef, a fiery153 French gallant, when he arrives before the worshipful jaws154 that are destined155 to consume him. Mynheer Calf, too, becomes Monsieur de Veau in the like manner; he is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name when he becomes matter of enjoyment156."

"By St Dunstan," answered Gurth, "thou speakest but sad truths; little is left to us but the air we breathe, and that appears to have been reserved with much hesitation157, solely158 for the purpose of enabling us to endure the tasks they lay upon our shoulders. The finest and the fattest is for their board; the loveliest is for their couch; the best and bravest supply their foreign masters with soldiers, and whiten distant lands with their bones, leaving few here who have either will or the power to protect the unfortunate Saxon. God's blessing159 on our master Cedric, he hath done the work of a man in standing160 in the gap; but Reginald Front-de-Boeuf is coming down to this country in person, and we shall soon see how little Cedric's trouble will avail him. ---Here, here," he exclaimed again, raising his voice, "So ho! so ho! well done, Fangs! thou hast them all before thee now, and bring'st them on bravely, lad."

"Gurth," said the Jester, "I know thou thinkest me a fool, or thou wouldst not be so rash in putting thy head into my mouth. One word to Reginald Front-de-Boeuf, or Philip de Malvoisin, that thou hast spoken treason against the Norman, ---and thou art but a cast-away swineherd,---thou wouldst waver on one of these trees as a terror to all evil speakers against dignities."

"Dog, thou wouldst not betray me," said Gurth, "after having led me on to speak so much at disadvantage?"

"Betray thee!" answered the Jester; "no, that were the trick of a wise man; a fool cannot half so well help himself---but soft, whom have we here?" he said, listening to the trampling161 of several horses which became then audible.

"Never mind whom," answered Gurth, who had now got his herd before him, and, with the aid of Fangs, was driving them down one of the long dim vistas which we have endeavoured to describe.

"Nay, but I must see the riders," answered Wamba; "perhaps they are come from Fairy-land with a message from King Oberon."

"A murrain take thee," rejoined the swine-herd; "wilt162 thou talk of such things, while a terrible storm of thunder and lightning is raging within a few miles of us? Hark, how the thunder rumbles163! and for summer rain, I never saw such broad downright flat drops fall out of the clouds; the oaks, too, notwithstanding the calm weather, sob164 and creak with their great boughs as if announcing a tempest. Thou canst play the rational if thou wilt; credit me for once, and let us home ere the storm begins to rage, for the night will be fearful."

Wamba seemed to feel the force of this appeal, and accompanied his companion, who began his journey after catching165 up a long quarter-staff which lay upon the grass beside him. This second Eumaeus strode hastily down the forest glade, driving before him, with the assistance of Fangs, the whole herd of his inharmonious charge.

 

他们正这么亲切交谈的时候,

喂饱的猪群也迎着夕阳走回低矮的住处,

无可奈何地钻进各自的圈栏,

一边吵吵嚷嚷发出不满的哼叫。

蒲柏的《奥德赛》(注)

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(注)亚历山大·蒲柏(1688—1744),英国古典主义的重耍诗人。他翻译的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》,实际是按照他的美学观念对荷马原诗进行的改写,但在当时影响极大。

在快活的英格兰一个风光明媚的地区,有一条唐河,它的两岸从前是一大片森林,它郁郁葱葱,覆盖着设菲尔德和繁华的唐卡斯特之间大部分美丽的山丘和峡谷。在文特沃思、旺恩克利夫园林和罗瑟勒姆周围的贵族庄园中,还能看到这片辽阔的森林的遗迹。这里从前曾是传说中的旺特利龙(注1)出没的所在;红白玫瑰战争(注2)中许多生死存亡的战斗也在这里展开;从前还有不少绿林好汉在这里落草为寇,他们的事迹成了英国民谣中妇孺皆知的故事。

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(注1)英国民谣中的一条孽龙,后为一位勇士杀死,托马斯·帕西的《英诗辑古》中收有这故事。

(注2)英国1455—1485年间发生的一次大规模封建内战。

我们的故事主要便发生在这个区域,它涉及的是理查一世(注1)统治的末期,当时他刚从长期的囚禁中脱险回国,这是他绝望的臣民在水深火热中翘首以待,又不敢指望真能实现的事。封建贵族的权力在斯蒂芬(注2)统治时期,已变得炙手可热,亨利二世(注3)的深谋远虑也只能使他们在一定程度上臣服于国王,到了现在,他们又故态复萌,把从前享受的权力提高到了登峰造极的地步;国务会议的软弱干预根本不在他们眼里,他们修筑城堡,招降纳叛,扩大藩属的数目,把周围所有的地区都变成了他们的势力范围;他们用尽一切办法扩充实力,招兵买马,以便在即将来临的民族动乱中成为叱咤风云的显赫人物。

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(注1)理查一世即狮心王理查(1157—1199),他于1189年登基,随即与法、德等国组织第三次十字军东征。东征失败,他于1192年底回国,途经奥地利时被扣留,直至1194年2月才获得释放。

(注2)诺曼王朝的第四代君主,1135—1154年在位。

(注3)斯蒂芬死后无嗣,由安茹伯国的亨利继位,是为金雀花王朝的第一代君主亨利二世(1154—1189年在位),理查一世即他的儿子。

那些并非封建贵族出身的所谓小地主,按照英国宪法的条文和精神,本来享有独立于封建专制制度以外的自主权,现在他们的地位已每况愈下,变得危如累卵了。就一般的情况看,他们大多只得把自己置于当地一个土皇帝的保护下,承担他的朝廷的封建义务,或者根据相互合作和援助的协议,保证支持他的一切活动;这样,他们确实可以换得暂时的安宁,但是那必须以牺牲每个英国人所珍惜的独立为代价,还难免冒一定的风险,给卷进他们的保护者的野心可能给他们带来的战争灾难。另一方面,大贵族手握着多种多样生杀予夺的大权,他们不难找到借口,随心所欲地迫害和折磨他们属下的任何一个邻居,甚至把他们逼上毁灭的边缘,只要这些人敢于摆脱他们的权势,企图在那个危机四伏的时代,把自己的安全寄托在法律的保护和奉公守法上。

诺曼底公爵威廉(注1)的征服造成的后果,大大加剧了封建贵族的暴虐统治和下层阶级的苦难。现在四个世代过去了,还不足以调和诺曼人和盎格鲁一撒克逊人之间的仇恨情绪,或者通过共同的语言和休戚相关的利益,使两个敌对民族和睦相处,其中一个仍在为胜利扬扬自得,另一个仍在战败的一切恶果下辗转呻吟。黑斯廷斯战役(注2)已使统治权完全掌握在诺曼贵族手中,正如我们的历史书上讲的,这是一只残酷无情的手。整个撒克逊民族的王公贵族,全给消灭或剥夺了继承权,只有少数例外或毫无例外;依然在祖先的土地上占有土地的人,哪怕二、三等的业主,也已为数不多。朝廷的施政方针长期以来一直是千方百计,用合法或不合法的手段,削弱对战胜者确实怀有根深蒂固的仇恨的那部分国民。诺曼族的每一个国王都毫不掩饰他们对诺曼臣民的偏袒做法;狩猎法(注3)和其他许多法律,对撒克逊民族政治传统中比较温和的自由精神说来,都是前所未闻的,现在它们给加到了被征服的居民头上,这可以说更加重了他们所承担的封建锁链的压力。在朝廷上,在排场和奢靡不下于朝廷的大贵族城堡中,诺曼法语是唯一通用的语言;在法庭上,辩护和审判也用这种语言进行。总之,法语是高尚的、骑士的语言,甚至正义的语言,而远为成熟和表达力丰富的盎格鲁一撒克逊语却被抛在一边,只有粗俗的下等人才使用它,他们也只懂这种语言。然而在土地的主人和被压迫的、耕种土地的下等人之间,必须有互相沟通的工具,这就逐渐形成了一种由法语和盎格鲁一撒克逊语混合而成的方言,使他们可以互相了解;正是从这种需要出发,才慢慢产生了我们今天所使用的英语,在它中间,胜利者和被征服者的语言得到了巧妙的结合,后来它又靠引入古典语言和南欧各国的语言,获得了十分丰富的表现力。

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(注1)威廉一世(约1028—1087),他本为法国诺曼底公爵,1066年征服英国,建立了诺曼王朝,号称征服者威廉。

(注2)威廉入侵英国后,于1066年10月在黑斯廷斯镇与撒克逊国王哈罗德二世展开激战,哈罗德二世战死。黑斯廷斯战役宣告了英国撒克逊王朝的彻底覆灭。

(注3)威廉征服英国后,不仅没收了撒克逊人的土地,分封给诺曼贵族,还把大量森林据为己有,并颁布了严厉的森林法规,凡违反这些法规进入森林打猎的,可处以极刑。

这些情况,我认为是一般读者理解本书的必要前提,他们可能已经忘记,尽管在威廉二世(注1)的统治之后,没有过战争或叛乱之类重大历史事件表明盎格鲁一撒克逊人作为一个单独的民族的存在,然而他们和他们的征服者之间的民族分歧还是巨大的;对他们从前的状况的回忆,对他们现在所处的屈辱地位的不满,直到爱德华三世(注2)统治时期,仍使诺曼征服造成的创伤不能愈合,因而在胜利的诺曼人和战败的撒克逊人的后代之间依然保持着一条鸿沟。

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(注1)威廉二世(1056?一1100),威廉一世之子,1087—1100年在位,是诺曼王朝的第二代国王。

(注2)爱德华三世(1312—1377),英国金雀花王朝的国王,1327—1377年在位。

我们在本章开端提到的那个森林中,现在夕阳正照在一片长满青草的空地上。千百棵树顶宽阔、树身粗矮、树枝远远伸出的栎树,矗立在周围,这些也许目睹过罗马大军长驱直入的树木(注1),用多节的手臂覆盖着这片苍翠欲滴的、厚厚的绿茵;有的地方,它们与山毛榉、冬青和形形色色的矮树丛交叉在一起,彼此靠得这么近,以致隔断了夕阳平射的光线;在另一些地方,它们又互相退让,在错综复杂的间隙中开拓了一条狭长的林荫道,令人一眼望去不由得心旷神怡,遐想联翩,仿佛那是通往更偏僻的森林深处的小径。在这儿,发红的阳光显得断断续续,深浅不一,也有的滞留在摇摇欲坠的树枝和长满青苔的树干上;在那儿,它们投向草坪各处,照出了一块块闪闪发亮的光斑。草地中央有一块相当大的空地,这似乎是从前专供德鲁伊特巫师(注2)祭祀作法的场所;因为在一个整齐的、像是人工堆筑的小丘顶上,有一圈未经雕凿的、巨大粗糙的石块,然而它们已残缺不全,只有七块还直立着,其余的都离开了原来的位置,这可能是有些人皈依了基督教以后,出于宗教的虔诚干的,现在它们有的躺在原地附近,有的滚到了山坡上。只有一块大石头掉到下面,落在一条绕着山麓缓缓流动的小溪中,由于它的阻挡,这条平静的、有些地方甚至听不到一丝声息的溪水,发出了一些微弱的淙淙声。

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(注1)在公元前一世纪至公元五世纪,英国曾被罗马军队占领。

(注2)古代克尔特人的巫师称为德鲁伊特,他们主持祭祀、占卜等等。据说他们崇拜栎树,常出没于栎树林中。

点缀在这片风景中的人物一共两个,从衣着和外表看,他们是古代约克郡西区丛林地带的居民,带有那个地区粗犷质朴的气质。其中年长的那个,相貌显得严峻、粗野、强悍。他的衣服简单得不能再简单,只是一件贴身带袖上衣,由鞣过的兽皮制成,皮上原来是有毛的,但许多地方已经磨光,以致从剩下的那几块已很难看出,这皮毛是属于什么野兽了。这件原始的衣服从喉咙口一直延伸到膝部,一举解决了上衣通常所有的各种要求;在领围那里只开了一个不大的口子,头颅正好能够通过,由此可见,它是从头上和肩上套进身子的,有些像我们今天的汗衫,或者古代的锁子甲。鞋子没有鞋帮,只用几根野猪皮带子缚在脚上,保护脚底;小腿用薄皮革一直包扎到腿肚子上面,但像苏格兰高地人一样,让膝盖露在外面。为了使上衣更贴紧身子,他在腰里束着一根阔皮带,用钢扣子扣紧;带子的一边缚着一只小袋子,另一边别着一只山羊角,角上配有吹角的口。另外,带子里还插着一把又阔又长的尖头双刃刀,栖是羊角做的,这是这一带锻造的一种刀,甚至在那个古老的时期已被称作设菲尔德屠刀(注)。这人头上没戴什么,只能靠自己浓密的头发保护头顶,头发乱蓬蓬的,纠结在一起,经过日光的长期曝晒,已带有铁锈的赭红色,与他几乎接近琥珀色的满脸胡子,形成了鲜明的对照。他的服饰中只有一件东西还没讲到,但这是触目惊心,不能忽略的,那便是他脖于上的一只铜环,它与狗的颈圈相似,只是没有任何口子,而是绕着他的脖子焊得紧紧的,大小仅仅不致妨碍他的呼吸,可是又不能从脑袋上取下,除非用挫刀把它挫断。这独特的护喉甲上刻着几个字,那是撒克逊文,大意如下:“贝奥武尔夫之子葛四,生为罗瑟伍德乡绅塞德里克老爷之家奴。”

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(注)英国的设菲尔德在中世纪即以冶金业闻名。

除了牧猪人--因为这便是葛四的身份--在一块倒塌的德鲁伊特巫师的石头上,坐着另一个人,他的样子似乎比前者年轻十岁,那身衣服式样虽然与他的同伴穿的差不多,但质地较好,色彩也较花哨多变。他的上衣染了一层鲜艳的紫色,紫色上又用各种颜料画了些怪诞的图样。上衣外面罩了一件短披风,几乎只达到大腿的一半;这是红布做的,但大部分已腌(月赞)不堪,它的反面有浅黄色的衬里;由于他可以把它从一个肩膀披到分一个肩膀,还可以随意把它包住整个身子,它尽管不长,宽度一定很大,有些像一幅光怪陆离的帷幕。他的胳臂上戴着几只细细的银镯子,脖颈上也戴着同样金属的项圈,上面刻的字是: “愚人之子汪八,罗瑟伍德乡绅塞德里克老爷之家奴。”这人的鞋子与他的同伴穿的一样,只是小腿上裹的不是薄皮革,而是绑腿套那样的东西,它们一只是红的,另一只却是黄的。他还戴着一顶帽子,帽子周围挂着几只小铃铛,大小与猎鹰身上挂的差不多,当他转动脑袋时,它们便会发出叮叮咚咚的声音;由于他没有一刻不在变换姿势,因此铃声总是响个不停。他的帽子边上围着一条坚硬的皮带,皮带顶部雕了花,有些像公爵的冠冕,还有一只长袋子从皮带中间挂下来,落到一边肩上,像一种老式睡帽,或者果汁袋,或者现代轻骑兵的头饰(注1)。那些铃铛便挂在帽子的这条边上。这些铃子,帽子的式样,以及他本人那些装疯卖傻的表情,便足以说明他是属于家庭小丑或弄儿那一类人,也就是财主家中豢养的丑角,在这些主人不得不待在家里,百无聊赖的时候,给他们说笑逗趣消磨时光的奴仆。他的腰带上也像他的同伴一样,挂着一只小口袋,但是没有号角,也没有刀--也许这是因为把锋利的工具交给这类人是危险的。代替它们的是他挂着一把木剑,像今天在舞台上变戏法的丑角手中拿的道具。(注2)

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(注1)轻骑兵以服饰华丽著称。

(注2)英国宫廷中早在威廉一世以前,即已设有所谓弄臣,他们的职责便是为国王说笑逗乐,后来有钱人家也仿效这种做法,豢养一些专供取乐的小丑,他们戴着古怪的帽子,穿着彩衣,两只裤管也往往颜色不同,手中还拿着雕有驴首的所谓小丑节杖,表明他们的身份。他们自称傻瓜,实际却是以机智隽永的谈吐为主人解闷。

这两人外表上的差别,也许没有比他们的神态和举止的不同更显著的了。那个农奴或家仆显得忧伤或悲观;他的脸总是朝着地面,带有闷闷不乐的消沉神色,要不是那对发红的眼睛有时会流露出一丝火花,说明在沮丧失望的外表下,还潜伏着一股受压迫的意识和反抗的倾向,那么他的神态便可能被看作冷漠寡情的表现。相反,汪八的脸色与他这类人常有的那样,流露出一种无意识的好奇心,他总是坐立不定,一刻也不能安静,对自己的地位和那副装束似乎还扬扬得意。他们之间的谈话用的是盎格鲁一撒克逊语,我们已经说过,除了诺曼士兵和大封建贵族的贴身仆役,所有的下层阶级都使用这种语言。但是如果照原样记录它们,现代的读者势必难以理解,因此我们只得依靠翻译,把这些话记在下面。

“圣维索尔特啊,把灾难降临给这些蠢猪吧!”放猪人说,拿起号角大吹了一阵,想把跑散的猪群召集到一起,可是它们对他那些抑扬顿挫的号音却无动于衷,只是发出了一阵阵同样节奏分明的哼叫,并不想听从指挥,放弃可以养肥它们的山毛榉实和槲果构成的丰盛筵席,离开草木丛生的溪边,有的还把半个身子舒舒服服地躺在泥浆里,根本不理睬它们的管理员。“让这些该死的东西和我都遭殃吧!”葛四说。“要是在天黑以前,它们不给两条腿的狼抓走几只,我就不是人!喂,方斯,方斯!”他拉直喉咙,向一只癞毛狗吆喝道,这狗样子凶猛,有些像狼,那是一种一半像警犬,一半像灵提的猎狗,它一瘸一拐地跑着,仿佛想执行主人的命令,把不听话的咕噜咕噜呼叫的猪赶到一起,但是事实上,由于它误会了主人的信号,不理解自己的任务,或者幸灾乐祸,反而把它们赶得七零八落,使它本来似乎想挽回的尴尬局面变得更加不可收拾。“那个狗(上人下肉)的护林宫(注),但愿魔鬼拔掉他的牙齿才好,”葛四又道,“他居然把我们的狗割掉了前爪,害得它们无法履行自己的职责!汪八,起来,像一个真正的男子汉那样帮我一把,绕到山背后,堵住它们的路;只要你占了上风,它们便无可奈何,只得乖乖地听你摆布,跟一群绵羊似的,随你要它们上哪儿了。”

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(注)见作者附注一。——原注

“一点不错,”汪八说,可是坐在那儿一动没动,“不过我已经跟我的两条腿商量过,它们一致的意见是:穿着我这身漂亮衣服,跑进那些烂泥地,这对老爷我本人和我的华丽装束是一种大不敬的行为;因此,葛四,我劝你还是把方斯叫开,随那些猪爱上哪儿就上哪儿,哪怕落进散兵游勇、绿林强盗、或者江湖骗子手中,也是它们命该如此,这跟它们到了早上给改造成诺曼人没有什么两样,对你说来倒可以少操些心,舒服一些。”

“这些猪变成了诺曼人,我还舒服!”葛四说道,“我不懂你的意思,江八,因为我的头脑太迟钝,心情又这么烦躁,我猜不透你这种哑谜。”

“怎么,你管这些咕噜咕噜、用四只脚奔跑的畜生,叫什么啦?”汪八问他。

“Swine(猪)呗,傻瓜,swine呗,”放猪人说,“这是每个傻瓜都知道的。”

“着呀,swine是地道的撒克逊语,”小丑说,“那么在它给开膛剖肚,掏出内脏,肢解分割之后,像卖国贼那样给倒挂起来的时候,你管它叫什么呢?”

“Pork(猪肉),”放猪的答道。

“一点不错,这也是每个傻瓜都知道的,”汪八说。“我想,pork是十足的诺曼法语;这样,在这些牲畜活着,由撒克逊奴隶照管的时候,它属于撒克逊民族,用的是撒克逊名字,但是一旦它给送进城堡,端上贵族老爷的餐桌,它就变成了诺曼族,称作Pork了。葛四老朋友,你说是这么回事不是?”

“对,很有道理,汪八,我的朋友,想不到你这傻瓜脑袋还真有两下呢。”

“别忙,我的话还没完,”汪八用同样的口气接着道,“我们的公牛老爷归你这样的奴隶和仆人照料的时候,它用的是撒克逊名称,可是一旦送到尊贵的嘴巴前面,供它咀嚼的时候,它就变成时髦的法国佬,被称作beef(牛肉)了。还有,我们的牛犊哥儿也是这样变成了Veau(小牛肉)阁下(注)--它在需要照料的时候,是撒克逊族,可是变成美味菜肴后就属于诺曼族了。”

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(注)ffeef是来源于法语的英语,veau为法语。

“我的圣邓斯坦呀,”葛回答道,“你说出了一个伤心的事实,现在留给我们的几乎只有我们呼吸的空气了,而且连空气也恨不得不给我们,只是为了要我们替他们干活,才不得不留给我们。鲜美可口的食物是为他们的餐桌准备的,漂亮的娘们是给他们作老婆的,精锐勇敢的军队也给外国主子打仗,他们的白骨堆积在外国的战场上,留在这儿的大多既不愿意,也没力量保护不幸的撒克逊人。愿上帝保佑我们的主人塞德里克,只有他在困难中还敢挺身而出,没有畏缩;但是牛面将军雷金纳德就要亲自到这一带来坐镇,塞德里克不怕危险究竟能有多少作为,很快便可分晓。喂,喂,”他又提高了嗓音喊道,“就这样,就这样,干得好,方斯!你总算把它们都赶来了,小伙子,勇敢一些,领着它们回家吧。”

“葛四,”小丑说,“我知道你认为我是一个傻瓜,要不然你不会这么鲁莽,把脑袋伸进我的嘴巴。你针对诺曼人讲的那些叛逆的话,一旦给牛面将军雷金纳德或者菲利普·马尔沃辛听到,你这个猪信儿就性命难保了,你会给吊死在这些树上,教训一切企图犯上作乱、煽惑人心的家伙。”

“你这走狗,你是故意骗我讲这些违法的话,要想出卖我不成?”葛四说。

“出卖你!”小丑答道,“不对,这是聪明人玩的把戏,傻瓜没有这么大的能耐。但是别嚷嚷,注意,什么人来了?”他说,用心听着刚出现在远处的一些马蹄声。

“算了,管他是谁呢,”葛回答道,这时他已把猪群集中到一起,正要在方斯的帮助下,沿着一条我们描写过的那种漫长阴暗的林间小路赶去。

“不,我必须看看这些骑马的人是谁,”汪八口答,“他们也许是仙国来的,带来了奥布朗国王(注)的消息呢。”

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(注)奥布朗国王,传说中的仙王,莎士比亚在《仲夏夜之梦》中写到了这故事。

“你这不知死活的东西!”放猪的答道。“可怕的暴风雨已离此不远,眼看就要雷电交加了,你还以为好玩不成?听,隆隆的雷声响了!夏天的雨比任何时候都可怕,瓢泼的大雨会一下子从云层里倒下来;尽管现在没一点风,株树上那些粗大的树枝还是悉悉碎碎响个不住,仿佛在预告大雷雨的到来呢。你愿意的话,你是明白事理的;这次听我一句吧,但愿我们能在狂风暴雨开始以前回到家中,因为在黑夜中这太可怕了。”

汪八似乎承认了这劝告的合理,看到他的同伴已把放在脚边的铁头大木棍拿在手中,便随着他一起走了。那位欧迈俄斯(注)第二也快步走下林间空地,在方斯的帮助下,把吵吵闹闹的猪群往回赶了。

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(注)欧迈俄斯,《奥德赛》中的牧猪人。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 dome 7s2xC     
n.圆屋顶,拱顶
参考例句:
  • The dome was supported by white marble columns.圆顶由白色大理石柱支撑着。
  • They formed the dome with the tree's branches.他们用树枝搭成圆屋顶。
2 din nuIxs     
n.喧闹声,嘈杂声
参考例句:
  • The bustle and din gradually faded to silence as night advanced.随着夜越来越深,喧闹声逐渐沉寂。
  • They tried to make themselves heard over the din of the crowd.他们力图让自己的声音盖过人群的喧闹声。
3 obstreperous VvDy8     
adj.喧闹的,不守秩序的
参考例句:
  • He becomes obstreperous when he's had a few drinks.他喝了些酒就爱撒酒疯。
  • You know I have no intention of being awkward and obstreperous.你知道我无意存心作对。
4 odyssey t5kzU     
n.长途冒险旅行;一连串的冒险
参考例句:
  • The march to Travnik was the final stretch of a 16-hour odyssey.去特拉夫尼克的这段路是长达16小时艰险旅行的最后一程。
  • His odyssey of passion, friendship,love,and revenge was now finished.他的热情、友谊、爱情和复仇的漫长历程,到此结束了。
5 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
6 fabulous ch6zI     
adj.极好的;极为巨大的;寓言中的,传说中的
参考例句:
  • We had a fabulous time at the party.我们在晚会上玩得很痛快。
  • This is a fabulous sum of money.这是一笔巨款。
7 gallant 66Myb     
adj.英勇的,豪侠的;(向女人)献殷勤的
参考例句:
  • Huang Jiguang's gallant deed is known by all men. 黄继光的英勇事迹尽人皆知。
  • These gallant soldiers will protect our country.这些勇敢的士兵会保卫我们的国家的。
8 outlaws 7eb8a8faa85063e1e8425968c2a222fe     
歹徒,亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 ); 逃犯
参考例句:
  • During his year in the forest, Robin met many other outlaws. 在森林里的一年,罗宾遇见其他许多绿林大盗。
  • I didn't have to leave the country or fight outlaws. 我不必离开自己的国家,也不必与不法分子斗争。
9 reign pBbzx     
n.统治时期,统治,支配,盛行;v.占优势
参考例句:
  • The reign of Queen Elizabeth lapped over into the seventeenth century.伊丽莎白王朝延至17世纪。
  • The reign of Zhu Yuanzhang lasted about 31 years.朱元璋统治了大约三十一年。
10 captivity qrJzv     
n.囚禁;被俘;束缚
参考例句:
  • A zoo is a place where live animals are kept in captivity for the public to see.动物园是圈养动物以供公众观看的场所。
  • He was held in captivity for three years.他被囚禁叁年。
11 exorbitant G7iyh     
adj.过分的;过度的
参考例句:
  • More competition should help to drive down exorbitant phone charges.更多的竞争有助于降低目前畸高的电话收费。
  • The price of food here is exorbitant. 这儿的食物价格太高。
12 prudence 9isyI     
n.谨慎,精明,节俭
参考例句:
  • A lack of prudence may lead to financial problems.不够谨慎可能会导致财政上出现问题。
  • The happy impute all their success to prudence or merit.幸运者都把他们的成功归因于谨慎或功德。
13 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
14 fortifying 74f03092477ce02d5a404c4756ead70e     
筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 ); 筑堡于; 增强; 强化(食品)
参考例句:
  • Fortifying executive function and restraining impulsivity are possible with active interventions. 积极干预可能有助加强执行功能和抑制冲动性。
  • Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face, fortifying himself against still another disappointment. 文戈不再张望,他绷紧脸,仿佛正在鼓足勇气准备迎接另一次失望似的。
15 dependants bf603540028ae961f19e575de6e66342     
受赡养者,受扶养的家属( dependant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The government has agreed to take only 150 refugees plus their dependants. 政府承诺只收留150 名难民及家属。
  • There are approximately 12 million migrants with their dependants living in the EU countries. 大约有1200万流动工人带着家属居住在欧盟诸国。
16 vassalage 4d87fc943e1d9f885e98208e56836560     
n.家臣身份,隶属
参考例句:
  • The exploration of the Chinese ancient civilization involves the analysis of the early vassalage. 对中国古代国家文明起源的探索,就包括在对早期分封的剖析观察中。 来自互联网
17 impending 3qHzdb     
a.imminent, about to come or happen
参考例句:
  • Against a background of impending famine, heavy fighting took place. 即将发生饥荒之时,严重的战乱爆发了。
  • The king convoke parliament to cope with the impending danger. 国王召开国会以应付迫近眉睫的危险。
18 gentry Ygqxe     
n.绅士阶级,上层阶级
参考例句:
  • Landed income was the true measure of the gentry.来自土地的收入是衡量是否士绅阶层的真正标准。
  • Better be the head of the yeomanry than the tail of the gentry.宁做自由民之首,不居贵族之末。
19 feudal cg1zq     
adj.封建的,封地的,领地的
参考例句:
  • Feudal rulers ruled over the country several thousand years.封建统治者统治这个国家几千年。
  • The feudal system lasted for two thousand years in China.封建制度在中国延续了两千年之久。
20 precarious Lu5yV     
adj.不安定的,靠不住的;根据不足的
参考例句:
  • Our financial situation had become precarious.我们的财务状况已变得不稳定了。
  • He earned a precarious living as an artist.作为一个艺术家,他过得是朝不保夕的生活。
21 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
22 repose KVGxQ     
v.(使)休息;n.安息
参考例句:
  • Don't disturb her repose.不要打扰她休息。
  • Her mouth seemed always to be smiling,even in repose.她的嘴角似乎总是挂着微笑,即使在睡眠时也是这样。
23 bosom Lt9zW     
n.胸,胸部;胸怀;内心;adj.亲密的
参考例句:
  • She drew a little book from her bosom.她从怀里取出一本小册子。
  • A dark jealousy stirred in his bosom.他内心生出一阵恶毒的嫉妒。
24 possessed xuyyQ     
adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的
参考例句:
  • He flew out of the room like a man possessed.他像着了魔似地猛然冲出房门。
  • He behaved like someone possessed.他行为举止像是魔怔了。
25 barons d288a7d0097bc7a8a6a4398b999b01f6     
男爵( baron的名词复数 ); 巨头; 大王; 大亨
参考例句:
  • The barons of Normandy had refused to countenance the enterprise officially. 诺曼底的贵族们拒绝正式赞助这桩买卖。
  • The barons took the oath which Stephen Langton prescribed. 男爵们照斯蒂芬?兰顿的指导宣了誓。
26 pretext 1Qsxi     
n.借口,托词
参考例句:
  • He used his headache as a pretext for not going to school.他借口头疼而不去上学。
  • He didn't attend that meeting under the pretext of sickness.他以生病为借口,没参加那个会议。
27 harass ceNzZ     
vt.使烦恼,折磨,骚扰
参考例句:
  • Our mission is to harass the landing of the main Japaness expeditionary force.我们的任务是骚乱日本远征军主力的登陆。
  • They received the order to harass the enemy's rear.他们接到骚扰敌人后方的命令。
28 elation 0q9x7     
n.兴高采烈,洋洋得意
参考例句:
  • She showed her elation at having finally achieved her ambition.最终实现了抱负,她显得十分高兴。
  • His supporters have reacted to the news with elation.他的支持者听到那条消息后兴高采烈。
29 groaned 1a076da0ddbd778a674301b2b29dff71     
v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 );发牢骚;抱怨;受苦
参考例句:
  • He groaned in anguish. 他痛苦地呻吟。
  • The cart groaned under the weight of the piano. 大车在钢琴的重压下嘎吱作响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
30 extirpated f3b98d2ea00ef5eded5520357eac578f     
v.消灭,灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 );根除
参考例句:
  • Many species have been extirpated from large areas. 许多种动物已在大片区域内灭绝。 来自辞典例句
  • The brigands have never been really extirpated from the neighborhood of Rome. 罗马附近的土匪实际上从来没有真正被消灭干净过。 来自互联网
31 pate pmqzS9     
n.头顶;光顶
参考例句:
  • The few strands of white hair at the back of his gourd-like pate also quivered.他那长在半个葫芦样的头上的白发,也随着笑声一齐抖动着。
  • He removed his hat to reveal a glowing bald pate.他脱下帽子,露出了发亮的光头。
32 proprietors c8c400ae2f86cbca3c727d12edb4546a     
n.所有人,业主( proprietor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • These little proprietors of businesses are lords indeed on their own ground. 这些小业主们,在他们自己的行当中,就是真正的至高无上的统治者。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
  • Many proprietors try to furnish their hotels with antiques. 许多经营者都想用古董装饰他们的酒店。 来自辞典例句
33 inveterate q4ox5     
adj.积习已深的,根深蒂固的
参考例句:
  • Hitler was not only an avid reader but also an inveterate underliner.希特勒不仅酷爱读书,还有写写划划的习惯。
  • It is hard for an inveterate smoker to give up tobacco.要一位有多年烟瘾的烟民戒烟是困难的。
34 antipathy vM6yb     
n.憎恶;反感,引起反感的人或事物
参考例句:
  • I feel an antipathy against their behaviour.我对他们的行为很反感。
  • Some people have an antipathy to cats.有的人讨厌猫。
35 monarchs aa0c84cc147684fb2cc83dc453b67686     
君主,帝王( monarch的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Monarchs ruled England for centuries. 世袭君主统治英格兰有许多世纪。
  • Serving six monarchs of his native Great Britain, he has served all men's freedom and dignity. 他在大不列颠本国为六位君王服务,也为全人类的自由和尊严服务。 来自演讲部分
36 predilection 61Dz9     
n.偏好
参考例句:
  • He has a predilection for rich food.他偏好油腻的食物。
  • Charles has always had a predilection for red-haired women.查尔斯对红头发女人一直有偏爱。
37 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
38 subjugated d6ce0285c0f3c68d6cada3e4a93be181     
v.征服,降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The prince had appeared and subjugated the poor little handmaid. 王子出现了,这使穷苦的小丫头不胜仰慕。 来自辞典例句
  • As we know, rule over subjugated peoples is incompatible with the gentile constitution. 我们知道,对被征服者的统治,是和氏族制度不相容的。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源
39 emulated d12d4cd97f25e155dbe03aa4d4d56e5b     
v.与…竞争( emulate的过去式和过去分词 );努力赶上;计算机程序等仿真;模仿
参考例句:
  • The havoc that months had previously wrought was now emulated by the inroads of hours. 前几个月已经使他垮下来,如今更是一小时一小时地在恶化。 来自辞典例句
  • The key technology emulated by CAD and the circuit is showed. 对关键技术进行了仿真,给出了电路实现形式。 来自互联网
40 judgments 2a483d435ecb48acb69a6f4c4dd1a836     
判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判
参考例句:
  • A peculiar austerity marked his judgments of modern life. 他对现代生活的批评带着一种特殊的苛刻。
  • He is swift with his judgments. 他判断迅速。
41 chivalry wXAz6     
n.骑士气概,侠义;(男人)对女人彬彬有礼,献殷勤
参考例句:
  • The Middle Ages were also the great age of chivalry.中世纪也是骑士制度盛行的时代。
  • He looked up at them with great chivalry.他非常有礼貌地抬头瞧她们。
42 manly fBexr     
adj.有男子气概的;adv.男子般地,果断地
参考例句:
  • The boy walked with a confident manly stride.这男孩以自信的男人步伐行走。
  • He set himself manly tasks and expected others to follow his example.他给自己定下了男子汉的任务,并希望别人效之。
43 expressive shwz4     
adj.表现的,表达…的,富于表情的
参考例句:
  • Black English can be more expressive than standard English.黑人所使用的英语可能比正式英语更有表现力。
  • He had a mobile,expressive,animated face.他有一张多变的,富于表情的,生动活泼的脸。
44 rustics f1e7511b114ac3f40d8971c142b51a43     
n.有农村或村民特色的( rustic的名词复数 );粗野的;不雅的;用粗糙的木材或树枝制作的
参考例句:
  • These rustics are utilized for the rough work of devoton. 那样的乡村气质可以替宗教做些粗重的工作。 来自互联网
45 rustic mCQz9     
adj.乡村的,有乡村特色的;n.乡下人,乡巴佬
参考例句:
  • It was nearly seven months of leisurely rustic living before Michael felt real boredom.这种悠闲的乡村生活过了差不多七个月之后,迈克尔开始感到烦闷。
  • We hoped the fresh air and rustic atmosphere would help him adjust.我们希望新鲜的空气和乡村的氛围能帮他调整自己。
46 hinds 9c83b8ed7e4ac4f6e3da5b043ec94aa4     
n.(常指动物腿)后面的( hind的名词复数 );在后的;(通常与can或could连用)唠叨不停;滔滔不绝
参考例句:
  • He maketh my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. 诗18:33他使我的脚快如母鹿的蹄、使我在高处安稳。 来自互联网
  • He makes my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. 33他使我的脚快如母鹿的蹄,又使我在高处安稳。 来自互联网
47 intercourse NbMzU     
n.性交;交流,交往,交际
参考例句:
  • The magazine becomes a cultural medium of intercourse between the two peoples.该杂志成为两民族间文化交流的媒介。
  • There was close intercourse between them.他们过往很密。
48 intelligible rbBzT     
adj.可理解的,明白易懂的,清楚的
参考例句:
  • This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.只有计算机运算专家才能看懂这份报告。
  • His argument was barely intelligible.他的论点不易理解。
49 vanquished 3ee1261b79910819d117f8022636243f     
v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 );战胜;克服;抑制
参考例句:
  • She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战,挫败过很多对手。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I vanquished her coldness with my assiduity. 我对她关心照顾从而消除了她的冷淡。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
50 premise JtYyy     
n.前提;v.提论,预述
参考例句:
  • Let me premise my argument with a bit of history.让我引述一些史实作为我立论的前提。
  • We can deduce a conclusion from the premise.我们可以从这个前提推出结论。
51 conquerors f5b4f288f8c1dac0231395ee7d455bd1     
征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The Danes had selfconfidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. 这些丹麦人具有征服者的自信,而且他们的安全防卫也是漫不经心的。
  • The conquerors believed in crushing the defeated people into submission, knowing that they could not win their loyalty by the victory. 征服者们知道他们的胜利并不能赢得失败者的忠心,于是就认为只有通过武力才能将他们压服。
52 formerly ni3x9     
adv.从前,以前
参考例句:
  • We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
  • This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。
53 inflicted cd6137b3bb7ad543500a72a112c6680f     
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
  • Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。
54 grassy DfBxH     
adj.盖满草的;长满草的
参考例句:
  • They sat and had their lunch on a grassy hillside.他们坐在长满草的山坡上吃午饭。
  • Cattle move freely across the grassy plain.牛群自由自在地走过草原。
55 glades 7d2e2c7f386182f71c8d4c993b22846c     
n.林中空地( glade的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Maggie and Philip had been meeting secretly in the glades near the mill. 玛吉和菲利曾经常在磨坊附近的林中空地幽会。 来自辞典例句
  • Still the outlaw band throve in Sherwood, and hunted the deer in its glades. 当他在沉思中变老了,世界还是照样走它的路,亡命之徒仍然在修武德日渐壮大,在空地里猎鹿。 来自互联网
56 glade kgTxM     
n.林间空地,一片表面有草的沼泽低地
参考例句:
  • In the midst of a glade were several huts.林中的空地中间有几间小木屋。
  • The family had their lunch in the glade.全家在林中的空地上吃了午饭。
57 beeches 7e2b71bc19a0de701aebe6f40b036385     
n.山毛榉( beech的名词复数 );山毛榉木材
参考例句:
  • The beeches, oaks and chestnuts all belong to the same family. 山毛榉树、橡树和栗子树属于同科树种。 来自互联网
  • There are many beeches in this wood. 这片树林里有许多山毛榉。 来自互联网
58 hollies 5ea58176bece48eba8aeeaf01a6d810c     
n.冬青(常绿灌木,叶尖而硬,有光泽,冬季结红色浆果)( holly的名词复数 );(用作圣诞节饰物的)冬青树枝
参考例句:
  • Many hollies have delightful vellow-and-white variegation. 许多冬青树长有好看的黄白相间的杂色斑。 来自辞典例句
  • Pines, firs, and hollies are evergreen trees. 松树,杉树以及冬青是常绿树。 来自辞典例句
59 intercept G5rx7     
vt.拦截,截住,截击
参考例句:
  • His letter was intercepted by the Secret Service.他的信被特工处截获了。
  • Gunmen intercepted him on his way to the airport.持枪歹徒在他去机场的路上截击了他。
60 receded a802b3a97de1e72adfeda323ad5e0023     
v.逐渐远离( recede的过去式和过去分词 );向后倾斜;自原处后退或避开别人的注视;尤指问题
参考例句:
  • The floodwaters have now receded. 洪水现已消退。
  • The sound of the truck receded into the distance. 卡车的声音渐渐在远处消失了。
61 sweeping ihCzZ4     
adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的
参考例句:
  • The citizens voted for sweeping reforms.公民投票支持全面的改革。
  • Can you hear the wind sweeping through the branches?你能听到风掠过树枝的声音吗?
62 vistas cec5d496e70afb756a935bba3530d3e8     
长条形景色( vista的名词复数 ); 回顾; 展望; (未来可能发生的)一系列情景
参考例句:
  • This new job could open up whole new vistas for her. 这项新工作可能给她开辟全新的前景。
  • The picture is small but It'shows broad vistas. 画幅虽然不大,所表现的天地却十分广阔。
63 solitude xF9yw     
n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方
参考例句:
  • People need a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude. 人们需要独处的机会来反思精神上的事情。
  • They searched for a place where they could live in solitude. 他们寻找一个可以过隐居生活的地方。
64 partially yL7xm     
adv.部分地,从某些方面讲
参考例句:
  • The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
  • The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静,宵禁部分解除。
65 boughs 95e9deca9a2fb4bbbe66832caa8e63e0     
大树枝( bough的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The green boughs glittered with all their pearls of dew. 绿枝上闪烁着露珠的光彩。
  • A breeze sighed in the higher boughs. 微风在高高的树枝上叹息着。
66 illuminated 98b351e9bc282af85e83e767e5ec76b8     
adj.被照明的;受启迪的
参考例句:
  • Floodlights illuminated the stadium. 泛光灯照亮了体育场。
  • the illuminated city at night 夜幕中万家灯火的城市
67 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
68 rites 5026f3cfef698ee535d713fec44bcf27     
仪式,典礼( rite的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • to administer the last rites to sb 给某人举行临终圣事
  • He is interested in mystic rites and ceremonies. 他对神秘的仪式感兴趣。
69 superstition VHbzg     
n.迷信,迷信行为
参考例句:
  • It's a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.认为黑猫不吉祥是一种很普遍的迷信。
  • Superstition results from ignorance.迷信产生于无知。
70 zeal mMqzR     
n.热心,热情,热忱
参考例句:
  • Revolutionary zeal caught them up,and they joined the army.革命热情激励他们,于是他们从军了。
  • They worked with great zeal to finish the project.他们热情高涨地工作,以期完成这个项目。
71 prostrate 7iSyH     
v.拜倒,平卧,衰竭;adj.拜倒的,平卧的,衰竭的
参考例句:
  • She was prostrate on the floor.她俯卧在地板上。
  • The Yankees had the South prostrate and they intended to keep It'so.北方佬已经使南方屈服了,他们还打算继续下去。
72 brook PSIyg     
n.小河,溪;v.忍受,容让
参考例句:
  • In our room we could hear the murmur of a distant brook.在我们房间能听到远处小溪汩汩的流水声。
  • The brook trickled through the valley.小溪涓涓流过峡谷。
73 glided dc24e51e27cfc17f7f45752acf858ed1     
v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 );掠过;(鸟或飞机 ) 滑翔
参考例句:
  • The President's motorcade glided by. 总统的车队一溜烟开了过去。
  • They glided along the wall until they were out of sight. 他们沿着墙壁溜得无影无踪。 来自《简明英汉词典》
74 smoothly iiUzLG     
adv.平滑地,顺利地,流利地,流畅地
参考例句:
  • The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作,所以工作进展顺利。
  • Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。
75 eminence VpLxo     
n.卓越,显赫;高地,高处;名家
参考例句:
  • He is a statesman of great eminence.他是个声名显赫的政治家。
  • Many of the pilots were to achieve eminence in the aeronautical world.这些飞行员中很多人将会在航空界声名显赫。
76 opposition eIUxU     
n.反对,敌对
参考例句:
  • The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
  • The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
77 murmur EjtyD     
n.低语,低声的怨言;v.低语,低声而言
参考例句:
  • They paid the extra taxes without a murmur.他们毫无怨言地交了附加税。
  • There was a low murmur of conversation in the hall.大厅里有窃窃私语声。
78 placid 7A1yV     
adj.安静的,平和的
参考例句:
  • He had been leading a placid life for the past eight years.八年来他一直过着平静的生活。
  • You should be in a placid mood and have a heart-to- heart talk with her.你应该心平气和的好好和她谈谈心。
79 eldest bqkx6     
adj.最年长的,最年老的
参考例句:
  • The King's eldest son is the heir to the throne.国王的长子是王位的继承人。
  • The castle and the land are entailed on the eldest son.城堡和土地限定由长子继承。
80 savage ECxzR     
adj.野蛮的;凶恶的,残暴的;n.未开化的人
参考例句:
  • The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打。
  • He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。
81 thong xqWyK     
n.皮带;皮鞭;v.装皮带
参考例句:
  • He fastened the dog to the post with a thong.他用一根皮带把狗拴到柱子上。
  • If I switch with Harry,do I have to wear a thong?如果我和哈里调换,我应该穿皮带吗?
82 thongs 2de3e7e6aab22cfe40b21f071283c565     
的东西
参考例句:
  • Things ain't what they used to be. 现在情况不比从前了。
  • Things have been going badly . 事情进展得不顺利。
83 ascending CyCzrc     
adj.上升的,向上的
参考例句:
  • Now draw or trace ten dinosaurs in ascending order of size.现在按照体型由小到大的顺序画出或是临摹出10只恐龙。
84 calf ecLye     
n.小牛,犊,幼仔,小牛皮
参考例句:
  • The cow slinked its calf.那头母牛早产了一头小牛犊。
  • The calf blared for its mother.牛犊哞哞地高声叫喊找妈妈。
85 highlander 25c9bf68343db897bbd8afce9754ef3c     
n.高地的人,苏格兰高地地区的人
参考例句:
  • They call him the highlander, he is Rory McLeod! 他们叫他寻事者,他是罗瑞·麦克劳德! 来自互联网
86 brass DWbzI     
n.黄铜;黄铜器,铜管乐器
参考例句:
  • Many of the workers play in the factory's brass band.许多工人都在工厂铜管乐队中演奏。
  • Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。
87 buckle zsRzg     
n.扣子,带扣;v.把...扣住,由于压力而弯曲
参考例句:
  • The two ends buckle at the back.带子两端在背后扣起来。
  • She found it hard to buckle down.她很难专心做一件事情。
88 pointed Il8zB4     
adj.尖的,直截了当的
参考例句:
  • He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
  • She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。
89 whittle 0oHyz     
v.削(木头),削减;n.屠刀
参考例句:
  • They are trying to whittle down our salaries.他们正着手削减我们的薪水。
  • He began to whittle away all powers of the government that he did not control.他开始削弱他所未能控制的一切政府权力。
90 scorched a5fdd52977662c80951e2b41c31587a0     
烧焦,烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 ); 使(植物)枯萎,把…晒枯; 高速行驶; 枯焦
参考例句:
  • I scorched my dress when I was ironing it. 我把自己的连衣裙熨焦了。
  • The hot iron scorched the tablecloth. 热熨斗把桌布烫焦了。
91 rusty hYlxq     
adj.生锈的;锈色的;荒废了的
参考例句:
  • The lock on the door is rusty and won't open.门上的锁锈住了。
  • I haven't practiced my French for months and it's getting rusty.几个月不用,我的法语又荒疏了。
92 amber LzazBn     
n.琥珀;琥珀色;adj.琥珀制的
参考例句:
  • Would you like an amber necklace for your birthday?你过生日想要一条琥珀项链吗?
  • This is a piece of little amber stones.这是一块小小的琥珀化石。
93 hue qdszS     
n.色度;色调;样子
参考例句:
  • The diamond shone with every hue under the sun.金刚石在阳光下放出五颜六色的光芒。
  • The same hue will look different in different light.同一颜色在不同的光线下看起来会有所不同。
94 remarkable 8Vbx6     
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
参考例句:
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
95 soldered 641d7a7a74ed6d1ff12b165dd1ac2540     
v.(使)焊接,焊合( solder的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Three lead wires are soldered to the anchor terminals. 在固定接线端子上焊有三根导线。 来自辞典例句
  • He soldered the broken wires together. 他将断了的电线焊接起来。 来自辞典例句
96 incapable w9ZxK     
adj.无能力的,不能做某事的
参考例句:
  • He would be incapable of committing such a cruel deed.他不会做出这么残忍的事。
  • Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地思维。
97 engraved be672d34fc347de7d97da3537d2c3c95     
v.在(硬物)上雕刻(字,画等)( engrave的过去式和过去分词 );将某事物深深印在(记忆或头脑中)
参考例句:
  • The silver cup was engraved with his name. 银杯上刻有他的名字。
  • It was prettily engraved with flowers on the back. 此件雕刻精美,背面有花饰图案。 来自《简明英汉词典》
98 inscription l4ZyO     
n.(尤指石块上的)刻印文字,铭文,碑文
参考例句:
  • The inscription has worn away and can no longer be read.铭文已磨损,无法辨认了。
  • He chiselled an inscription on the marble.他在大理石上刻碑文。
99 thrall ro8wc     
n.奴隶;奴隶制
参考例句:
  • He treats his wife like a thrall.他把妻子当作奴隶看待。
  • He is not in thrall to the media.他不受制于媒体。
100 herd Pd8zb     
n.兽群,牧群;vt.使集中,把…赶在一起
参考例句:
  • She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
  • He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd.他从无主见,只是人云亦云。
101 grotesque O6ryZ     
adj.怪诞的,丑陋的;n.怪诞的图案,怪人(物)
参考例句:
  • His face has a grotesque appearance.他的面部表情十分怪。
  • Her account of the incident was a grotesque distortion of the truth.她对这件事的陈述是荒诞地歪曲了事实。
102 ornaments 2bf24c2bab75a8ff45e650a1e4388dec     
n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 );点缀;装饰品;首饰v.装饰,点缀,美化( ornament的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The shelves were chock-a-block with ornaments. 架子上堆满了装饰品。
  • Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments. 一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。 来自《简明英汉词典》
103 thigh RItzO     
n.大腿;股骨
参考例句:
  • He is suffering from a strained thigh muscle.他的大腿肌肉拉伤了,疼得很。
  • The thigh bone is connected to the hip bone.股骨连着髋骨。
104 crimson AYwzH     
n./adj.深(绯)红色(的);vi.脸变绯红色
参考例句:
  • She went crimson with embarrassment.她羞得满脸通红。
  • Maple leaves have turned crimson.枫叶已经红了。
105 longitude o0ZxR     
n.经线,经度
参考例句:
  • The city is at longitude 21°east.这个城市位于东经21度。
  • He noted the latitude and longitude,then made a mark on the admiralty chart.他记下纬度和经度,然后在航海图上做了个标记。
106 bracelets 58df124ddcdc646ef29c1c5054d8043d     
n.手镯,臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The lamplight struck a gleam from her bracelets. 她的手镯在灯光的照射下闪闪发亮。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • On display are earrings, necklaces and bracelets made from jade, amber and amethyst. 展出的有用玉石、琥珀和紫水晶做的耳环、项链和手镯。 来自《简明英汉词典》
107 hawks c8b4f3ba2fd1208293962d95608dd1f1     
鹰( hawk的名词复数 ); 鹰派人物,主战派人物
参考例句:
  • Two hawks were hover ing overhead. 两只鹰在头顶盘旋。
  • Both hawks and doves have expanded their conditions for ending the war. 鹰派和鸽派都充分阐明了各自的停战条件。
108 jingled 1ab15437500a7437cb07e32cfc02d932     
喝醉的
参考例句:
  • The bells jingled all the way. 一路上铃儿叮当响。
  • Coins in his pocket jingled as he walked. 走路时,他衣袋里的钱币丁当作响。
109 posture q1gzk     
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度;v.作出某种姿势
参考例句:
  • The government adopted an uncompromising posture on the issue of independence.政府在独立这一问题上采取了毫不妥协的态度。
  • He tore off his coat and assumed a fighting posture.他脱掉上衣,摆出一副打架的架势。
110 incessant WcizU     
adj.不停的,连续的
参考例句:
  • We have had incessant snowfall since yesterday afternoon.从昨天下午开始就持续不断地下雪。
  • She is tired of his incessant demands for affection.她厌倦了他对感情的不断索取。
111 countenance iztxc     
n.脸色,面容;面部表情;vt.支持,赞同
参考例句:
  • At the sight of this photograph he changed his countenance.他一看见这张照片脸色就变了。
  • I made a fierce countenance as if I would eat him alive.我脸色恶狠狠地,仿佛要把他活生生地吞下去。
112 sufficiently 0htzMB     
adv.足够地,充分地
参考例句:
  • It turned out he had not insured the house sufficiently.原来他没有给房屋投足保险。
  • The new policy was sufficiently elastic to accommodate both views.新政策充分灵活地适用两种观点。
113 tedium ngkyn     
n.单调;烦闷
参考例句:
  • We played games to relieve the tedium of the journey.我们玩游戏,来解除旅行的沉闷。
  • In myself I could observe the following sources of tedium. 从我自己身上,我所观察到的烦闷的根源有下列一些。
114 esteemed ftyzcF     
adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 );敬重;认为;以为
参考例句:
  • The art of conversation is highly esteemed in France. 在法国十分尊重谈话技巧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He esteemed that he understood what I had said. 他认为已经听懂我说的意思了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
115 sullen kHGzl     
adj.愠怒的,闷闷不乐的,(天气等)阴沉的
参考例句:
  • He looked up at the sullen sky.他抬头看了一眼阴沉的天空。
  • Susan was sullen in the morning because she hadn't slept well.苏珊今天早上郁闷不乐,因为昨晚没睡好。
116 bent QQ8yD     
n.爱好,癖好;adj.弯的;决心的,一心的
参考例句:
  • He was fully bent upon the project.他一心扑在这项计划上。
  • We bent over backward to help them.我们尽了最大努力帮助他们。
117 construed b4b2252d3046746b8fae41b0e85dbc78     
v.解释(陈述、行为等)( construe的过去式和过去分词 );翻译,作句法分析
参考例句:
  • He considered how the remark was to be construed. 他考虑这话该如何理解。
  • They construed her silence as meaning that she agreed. 他们把她的沉默解释为表示赞同。 来自《简明英汉词典》
118 apathy BMlyA     
n.漠不关心,无动于衷;冷淡
参考例句:
  • He was sunk in apathy after his failure.他失败后心恢意冷。
  • She heard the story with apathy.她听了这个故事无动于衷。
119 slumbered 90bc7b1e5a8ccd9fdc68d12edbd1f200     
微睡,睡眠(slumber的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • The baby slumbered in his cradle. 婴儿安睡在摇篮中。
  • At that time my virtue slumbered; my evil, kept awake by ambition. 就在那时,我的善的一面睡着了,我的邪恶面因野心勃勃而清醒着。
120 disposition GljzO     
n.性情,性格;意向,倾向;排列,部署
参考例句:
  • He has made a good disposition of his property.他已对财产作了妥善处理。
  • He has a cheerful disposition.他性情开朗。
121 impatience OaOxC     
n.不耐烦,急躁
参考例句:
  • He expressed impatience at the slow rate of progress.进展缓慢,他显得不耐烦。
  • He gave a stamp of impatience.他不耐烦地跺脚。
122 immediate aapxh     
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的
参考例句:
  • His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
  • We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
123 obstreperously c50d4f93599adb1b700b4b72013a111a     
参考例句:
  • Edward came in like a country wind, obstreperously healthy, jovial, large and rather bald. 爱德华象一阵乡野的风刮了进来,带着顽强的健康,快活,奔放和相当的直率。 来自辞典例句
  • Obstreperously, he demanded to get service. 他吵闹着要求别人为他服务。 来自互联网
124 scattered 7jgzKF     
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的
参考例句:
  • Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来,塞进文件夹里。
125 melodious gCnxb     
adj.旋律美妙的,调子优美的,音乐性的
参考例句:
  • She spoke in a quietly melodious voice.她说话轻声细语,嗓音甜美。
  • Everybody was attracted by her melodious voice.大家都被她悦耳的声音吸引住了。
126 luxurious S2pyv     
adj.精美而昂贵的;豪华的
参考例句:
  • This is a luxurious car complete with air conditioning and telephone.这是一辆附有空调设备和电话的豪华轿车。
  • The rich man lives in luxurious surroundings.这位富人生活在奢侈的环境中。
127 acorns acorns     
n.橡子,栎实( acorn的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Great oaks from little acorns grow. 万丈高楼平地起。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Welcome to my new website!It may not look much at the moment, but great oaks from little acorns grow! 欢迎来到我的新网站。它现在可能微不足道,不过万丈高楼平地起嘛。 来自《简明英汉词典》
128 fattened c1fc258c49c7dbf6baa544ae4962793c     
v.喂肥( fatten的过去式和过去分词 );养肥(牲畜);使(钱)增多;使(公司)升值
参考例句:
  • The piglets are taken from the sow to be fattened for market. 这些小猪被从母猪身边带走,好育肥上市。
  • Those corrupt officials fattened themselves by drinking the people's life-blood. 那些贪官污吏用民脂民膏养肥了自己。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
129 forsake iiIx6     
vt.遗弃,抛弃;舍弃,放弃
参考例句:
  • She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.她恳求丈夫不要抛弃她。
  • You must forsake your bad habits.你必须革除你的坏习惯。
130 marshy YBZx8     
adj.沼泽的
参考例句:
  • In August 1935,we began our march across the marshy grassland. 1935年8月,我们开始过草地。
  • The surrounding land is low and marshy. 周围的地低洼而多沼泽。
131 rivulet bXkxc     
n.小溪,小河
参考例句:
  • The school is located near the rivulet.学校坐落在小河附近。
  • They passed the dry bed of a rivulet.他们跨过了一道干涸的河床。
132 plunged 06a599a54b33c9d941718dccc7739582     
v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 );暴跌;骤降;突降
参考例句:
  • The train derailed and plunged into the river. 火车脱轨栽进了河里。
  • She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. 她没有站稳,从100英尺的高处跌下摔死了。
133 fangs d8ad5a608d5413636d95dfb00a6e7ac4     
n.(尤指狗和狼的)长而尖的牙( fang的名词复数 );(蛇的)毒牙;罐座
参考例句:
  • The dog fleshed his fangs in the deer's leg. 狗用尖牙咬住了鹿腿。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • Dogs came lunging forward with their fangs bared. 狗龇牙咧嘴地扑过来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
134 ragged KC0y8     
adj.衣衫褴褛的,粗糙的,刺耳的
参考例句:
  • A ragged shout went up from the small crowd.这一小群人发出了刺耳的喊叫。
  • Ragged clothing infers poverty.破衣烂衫意味着贫穷。
135 refractory GCOyK     
adj.倔强的,难驾驭的
参考例句:
  • He is a very refractory child.他是一个很倔强的孩子。
  • Silicate minerals are characteristically refractory and difficult to break down.硅酸盐矿物的特点是耐熔和难以分离。
136 malice P8LzW     
n.恶意,怨恨,蓄意;[律]预谋
参考例句:
  • I detected a suggestion of malice in his remarks.我觉察出他说的话略带恶意。
  • There was a strong current of malice in many of his portraits.他的许多肖像画中都透着一股强烈的怨恨。
137 thither cgRz1o     
adv.向那里;adj.在那边的,对岸的
参考例句:
  • He wandered hither and thither looking for a playmate.他逛来逛去找玩伴。
  • He tramped hither and thither.他到处流浪。
138 mischief jDgxH     
n.损害,伤害,危害;恶作剧,捣蛋,胡闹
参考例句:
  • Nobody took notice of the mischief of the matter. 没有人注意到这件事情所带来的危害。
  • He seems to intend mischief.看来他想捣蛋。
139 ranger RTvxb     
n.国家公园管理员,护林员;骑兵巡逻队员
参考例句:
  • He was the head ranger of the national park.他曾是国家公园的首席看守员。
  • He loved working as a ranger.他喜欢做护林人。
140 sloughs ed4c14c46bbbd59281457cb0eb57ceb8     
n.沼泽( slough的名词复数 );苦难的深渊;难以改变的不良心情;斯劳(Slough)v.使蜕下或脱落( slough的第三人称单数 );舍弃;除掉;摒弃
参考例句:
  • Later, the frozen tissue dies, sloughs off and passes out with the urine. 不久,冷冻的组织会死亡,脱落并随尿排出。 来自辞典例句
  • Every spring this snake sloughs off its old skin. 每年春天,蛇蜕去皮。 来自互联网
141 expound hhOz7     
v.详述;解释;阐述
参考例句:
  • Why not get a diviner to expound my dream?为什么不去叫一个占卜者来解释我的梦呢?
  • The speaker has an hour to expound his views to the public.讲演者有1小时时间向公众阐明他的观点。
142 vexed fd1a5654154eed3c0a0820ab54fb90a7     
adj.争论不休的;(指问题等)棘手的;争论不休的问题;烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 );使苦恼;使生气;详细讨论
参考例句:
  • The conference spent days discussing the vexed question of border controls. 会议花了几天的时间讨论边境关卡这个难题。
  • He was vexed at his failure. 他因失败而懊恼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
143 riddles 77f3ceed32609b0d80430e545f553e31     
n.谜(语)( riddle的名词复数 );猜不透的难题,难解之谜
参考例句:
  • Few riddles collected from oral tradition, however, have all six parts. 但是据收集的情况看,口头流传的谜语很少具有这完整的六部分。 来自英汉非文学 - 民俗
  • But first, you'd better see if you can answer riddles. 但是你首先最好想想你会不会猜谜语。 来自辞典例句
144 grunting ae2709ef2cd9ee22f906b0a6a6886465     
咕哝的,呼噜的
参考例句:
  • He pulled harder on the rope, grunting with the effort. 他边用力边哼声,使出更大的力气拉绳子。
  • Pigs were grunting and squealing in the yard. 猪在院子里哼哼地叫个不停。
145 brute GSjya     
n.野兽,兽性
参考例句:
  • The aggressor troops are not many degrees removed from the brute.侵略军简直象一群野兽。
  • That dog is a dangerous brute.It bites people.那条狗是危险的畜牲,它咬人。
146 brutes 580ab57d96366c5593ed705424e15ffa     
兽( brute的名词复数 ); 畜生; 残酷无情的人; 兽性
参考例句:
  • They're not like dogs; they're hideous brutes. 它们不像狗,是丑陋的畜牲。
  • Suddenly the foul musty odour of the brutes struck his nostrils. 突然,他的鼻尖闻到了老鼠的霉臭味。 来自英汉文学
147 flayed 477fd38febec6da69d637f7ec30ab03a     
v.痛打( flay的过去式和过去分词 );把…打得皮开肉绽;剥(通常指动物)的皮;严厉批评
参考例句:
  • He was so angry he nearly flayed his horse alive. 他气得几乎把马活活抽死。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The teacher flayed the idle students. 老师严责那些懒惰的学生。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
148 drawn MuXzIi     
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
参考例句:
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
149 traitor GqByW     
n.叛徒,卖国贼
参考例句:
  • The traitor was finally found out and put in prison.那个卖国贼终于被人发现并被监禁了起来。
  • He was sold out by a traitor and arrested.他被叛徒出卖而被捕了。
150 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义;主义;学说
参考例句:
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
151 nay unjzAQ     
adv.不;n.反对票,投反对票者
参考例句:
  • He was grateful for and proud of his son's remarkable,nay,unique performance.他为儿子出色的,不,应该是独一无二的表演心怀感激和骄傲。
  • Long essays,nay,whole books have been written on this.许多长篇大论的文章,不,应该说是整部整部的书都是关于这件事的。
152 epithet QZHzY     
n.(用于褒贬人物等的)表述形容词,修饰语
参考例句:
  • In "Alfred the Great","the Great"is an epithet.“阿尔弗雷德大帝”中的“大帝”是个称号。
  • It is an epithet that sums up my feelings.这是一个简洁地表达了我思想感情的形容词。
153 fiery ElEye     
adj.燃烧着的,火红的;暴躁的;激烈的
参考例句:
  • She has fiery red hair.她有一头火红的头发。
  • His fiery speech agitated the crowd.他热情洋溢的讲话激动了群众。
154 jaws cq9zZq     
n.口部;嘴
参考例句:
  • The antelope could not escape the crocodile's gaping jaws. 那只羚羊无法从鱷鱼张开的大口中逃脱。
  • The scored jaws of a vise help it bite the work. 台钳上有刻痕的虎钳牙帮助它紧咬住工件。
155 destined Dunznz     
adj.命中注定的;(for)以…为目的地的
参考例句:
  • It was destined that they would marry.他们结婚是缘分。
  • The shipment is destined for America.这批货物将运往美国。
156 enjoyment opaxV     
n.乐趣;享有;享用
参考例句:
  • Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit. 有您的陪同,我们这次访问更加愉快了。
  • After each joke the old man cackled his enjoyment.每逢讲完一个笑话,这老人就呵呵笑着表示他的高兴。
157 hesitation tdsz5     
n.犹豫,踌躇
参考例句:
  • After a long hesitation, he told the truth at last.踌躇了半天,他终于直说了。
  • There was a certain hesitation in her manner.她的态度有些犹豫不决。
158 solely FwGwe     
adv.仅仅,唯一地
参考例句:
  • Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
  • The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。
159 blessing UxDztJ     
n.祈神赐福;祷告;祝福,祝愿
参考例句:
  • The blessing was said in Hebrew.祷告用了希伯来语。
  • A double blessing has descended upon the house.双喜临门。
160 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
161 trampling 7aa68e356548d4d30fa83dc97298265a     
踩( trample的现在分词 ); 践踏; 无视; 侵犯
参考例句:
  • Diplomats denounced the leaders for trampling their citizens' civil rights. 外交官谴责这些领导人践踏其公民的公民权。
  • They don't want people trampling the grass, pitching tents or building fires. 他们不希望人们踩踏草坪、支帐篷或生火。
162 wilt oMNz5     
v.(使)植物凋谢或枯萎;(指人)疲倦,衰弱
参考例句:
  • Golden roses do not wilt and will never need to be watered.金色的玫瑰不枯萎绝也不需要浇水。
  • Several sleepless nights made him wilt.数个不眠之夜使他憔悴。
163 rumbles 5286f3d60693f7c96051c46804f0df87     
隆隆声,辘辘声( rumble的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • If I hear any rumbles I'll let you know. 我要是听到什么风声就告诉你。
  • Three blocks away train rumbles by. 三个街区以外,火车隆隆驶过。
164 sob HwMwx     
n.空间轨道的轰炸机;呜咽,哭泣
参考例句:
  • The child started to sob when he couldn't find his mother.孩子因找不到他妈妈哭了起来。
  • The girl didn't answer,but continued to sob with her head on the table.那个女孩不回答,也不抬起头来。她只顾低声哭着。
165 catching cwVztY     
adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住
参考例句:
  • There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
  • Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。


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