WE had all been warned to appear before the magistrates1 upon the Thursday; but when the Thursday came there was no occasion for our testimony2. A higher Judge had taken the matter in hand, and Jefferson Hope had been summoned before a tribunal where strict justice would be meted3 out to him. On the very night after his capture the aneurism burst, and he was found in the morning stretched upon the floor of the cell, with a placid4 smile upon his face, as though he had been able in his dying moments to look back upon a useful life, and on work well done.
"Gregson and Lestrade will be wild about his death," Holmes remarked, as we chatted it over next evening. "Where will their grand advertisement be now?"
"I don't see that they had very much to do with his capture," I answered.
"What you do in this world is a matter of no consequence," returned my companion, bitterly. "The question is, what can you make people believe that you have done. Never mind," he continued, more brightly, after a pause. "I would not have missed the investigation5 for anything. There has been no better case within my recollection. Simple as it was, there were several most instructive points about it."
"Simple!" I ejaculated.
"Well, really, it can hardly be described as otherwise," said Sherlock Holmes, smiling at my surprise. "The proof of its intrinsic simplicity6 is, that without any help save a few very ordinary deductions7 I was able to lay my hand upon the criminal within three days."
"That is true," said I.
"I have already explained to you that what is out of the common is usually a guide rather than a hindrance8. In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backwards9. That is a very useful accomplishment10, and a very easy one, but people do not practise it much. In the every-day affairs of life it is more useful to reason forwards, and so the other comes to be neglected. There are fifty who can reason synthetically11 for one who can reason analytically12."
"I confess," said I, "that I do not quite follow you."
"I hardly expected that you would. Let me see if I can make it clearer. Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you what the result would be. They can put those events together in their minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass. There are few people, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve from their own inner consciousness what the steps were which led up to that result. This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backwards, or analytically."
"I understand," said I.
"Now this was a case in which you were given the result and had to find everything else for yourself. Now let me endeavour to show you the different steps in my reasoning. To begin at the beginning. I approached the house, as you know, on foot, and with my mind entirely13 free from all impressions. I naturally began by examining the roadway, and there, as I have already explained to you, I saw clearly the marks of a cab, which, I ascertained14 by inquiry15, must have been there during the night. I satisfied myself that it was a cab and not a private carriage by the narrow gauge16 of the wheels. The ordinary London growler is considerably17 less wide than a gentleman's brougham.
"This was the first point gained. I then walked slowly down the garden path, which happened to be composed of a clay soil, peculiarly suitable for taking impressions. No doubt it appeared to you to be a mere18 trampled19 line of slush, but to my trained eyes every mark upon its surface had a meaning. There is no branch of detective science which is so important and so much neglected as the art of tracing footsteps. Happily, I have always laid great stress upon it, and much practice has made it second nature to me. I saw the heavy footmarks of the constables20, but I saw also the track of the two men who had first passed through the garden. It was easy to tell that they had been before the others, because in places their marks had been entirely obliterated21 by the others coming upon the top of them. In this way my second link was formed, which told me that the nocturnal visitors were two in number, one remarkable22 for his height (as I calculated from the length of his stride), and the other fashionably dressed, to judge from the small and elegant impression left by his boots.
"On entering the house this last inference was confirmed. My well-booted man lay before me. The tall one, then, had done the murder, if murder there was. There was no wound upon the dead man's person, but the agitated23 expression upon his face assured me that he had foreseen his fate before it came upon him. Men who die from heart disease, or any sudden natural cause, never by any chance exhibit agitation24 upon their features. Having sniffed25 the dead man's lips I detected a slightly sour smell, and I came to the conclusion that he had had poison forced upon him. Again, I argued that it had been forced upon him from the hatred26 and fear expressed upon his face. By the method of exclusion27, I had arrived at this result, for no other hypothesis would meet the facts. Do not imagine that it was a very unheard of idea. The forcible administration of poison is by no means a new thing in criminal annals. The cases of Dolsky in Odessa, and of Leturier in Montpellier, will occur at once to any toxicologist.
"And now came the great question as to the reason why. Robbery had not been the object of the murder, for nothing was taken. Was it politics, then, or was it a woman? That was the question which confronted me. I was inclined from the first to the latter supposition. Political assassins are only too glad to do their work and to fly. This murder had, on the contrary, been done most deliberately28, and the perpetrator had left his tracks all over the room, showing that he had been there all the time. It must have been a private wrong, and not a political one, which called for such a methodical revenge. When the inscription29 was discovered upon the wall I was more inclined than ever to my opinion. The thing was too evidently a blind. When the ring was found, however, it settled the question. Clearly the murderer had used it to remind his victim of some dead or absent woman. It was at this point that I asked Gregson whether he had enquired30 in his telegram to Cleveland as to any particular point in Mr. Drebber's former career. He answered, you remember, in the negative.
"I then proceeded to make a careful examination of the room, which confirmed me in my opinion as to the murderer's height, and furnished me with the additional details as to the Trichinopoly cigar and the length of his nails. I had already come to the conclusion, since there were no signs of a struggle, that the blood which covered the floor had burst from the murderer's nose in his excitement. I could perceive that the track of blood coincided with the track of his feet. It is seldom that any man, unless he is very full-blooded, breaks out in this way through emotion, so I hazarded the opinion that the criminal was probably a robust31 and ruddy-faced man. Events proved that I had judged correctly.
"Having left the house, I proceeded to do what Gregson had neglected. I telegraphed to the head of the police at Cleveland, limiting my enquiry to the circumstances connected with the marriage of Enoch Drebber. The answer was conclusive32. It told me that Drebber had already applied33 for the protection of the law against an old rival in love, named Jefferson Hope, and that this same Hope was at present in Europe. I knew now that I held the clue to the mystery in my hand, and all that remained was to secure the murderer.
"I had already determined34 in my own mind that the man who had walked into the house with Drebber, was none other than the man who had driven the cab. The marks in the road showed me that the horse had wandered on in a way which would have been impossible had there been anyone in charge of it. Where, then, could the driver be, unless he were inside the house? Again, it is absurd to suppose that any sane35 man would carry out a deliberate crime under the very eyes, as it were, of a third person, who was sure to betray him. Lastly, supposing one man wished to dog another through London, what better means could he adopt than to turn cabdriver. All these considerations led me to the irresistible36 conclusion that Jefferson Hope was to be found among the jarveys of the Metropolis37.
"If he had been one there was no reason to believe that he had ceased to be. On the contrary, from his point of view, any sudden chance would be likely to draw attention to himself. He would, probably, for a time at least, continue to perform his duties. There was no reason to suppose that he was going under an assumed name. Why should he change his name in a country where no one knew his original one? I therefore organized my Street Arab detective corps38, and sent them systematically39 to every cab proprietor40 in London until they ferreted out the man that I wanted. How well they succeeded, and how quickly I took advantage of it, are still fresh in your recollection. The murder of Stangerson was an incident which was entirely unexpected, but which could hardly in any case have been prevented. Through it, as you know, I came into possession of the pills, the existence of which I had already surmised41. You see the whole thing is a chain of logical sequences without a break or flaw."
"It is wonderful!" I cried. "Your merits should be publicly recognized. You should publish an account of the case. If you won't, I will for you."
"You may do what you like, Doctor," he answered. "See here!" he continued, handing a paper over to me, "look at this!"
It was the _Echo_ for the day, and the paragraph to which he pointed42 was devoted43 to the case in question.
"The public," it said, "have lost a sensational44 treat through the sudden death of the man Hope, who was suspected of the murder of Mr. Enoch Drebber and of Mr. Joseph Stangerson. The details of the case will probably be never known now, though we are informed upon good authority that the crime was the result of an old standing45 and romantic feud46, in which love and Mormonism bore a part. It seems that both the victims belonged, in their younger days, to the Latter Day Saints, and Hope, the deceased prisoner, hails also from Salt Lake City. If the case has had no other effect, it, at least, brings out in the most striking manner the efficiency of our detective police force, and will serve as a lesson to all foreigners that they will do wisely to settle their feuds47 at home, and not to carry them on to British soil. It is an open secret that the credit of this smart capture belongs entirely to the well-known Scotland Yard officials, Messrs. Lestrade and Gregson. The man was apprehended48, it appears, in the rooms of a certain Mr. Sherlock Holmes, who has himself, as an amateur, shown some talent in the detective line, and who, with such instructors49, may hope in time to attain50 to some degree of their skill. It is expected that a testimonial of some sort will be presented to the two officers as a fitting recognition of their services."
"Didn't I tell you so when we started?" cried Sherlock Holmes with a laugh. "That's the result of all our Study in Scarlet51: to get them a testimonial!"
"Never mind," I answered, "I have all the facts in my journal, and the public shall know them. In the meantime you must make yourself contented52 by the consciousness of success, like the Roman miser53 --
"`Populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo Ipse domi simul ac nummos contemplar in arca.'"
* Heber C. Kemball, in one of his sermons, alludes54 to his hundred wives under this endearing epithet55.
我们事先都接到了通知，要我们在本周星期四出庭。可是，到了星期四那天，再也用不着我们去作证了。一位更高级的法官已经受理了这个察件，杰弗逊·侯波已被传唤到另一个法庭上去，对他进行一次极为公正的审判了。原来，就在他被捕的当天晚上，他的动脉血瘤就迸裂了。第二天早晨，发现他躺在监狱中的地板上死了。他的脸上流露着平静的笑容，好象在他临死的时候，他回顾过去的年华并未虚度，报仇大业已经如愿以偿了。
第二天傍晚，当我们闲谈着这件事情的时候，福尔摩斯说道：“葛莱森和雷斯垂德知道这个人死了，他们一定要起得发疯。这样一来，他们自吹自擂的本钱不就完蛋了吗？”
我回答说：“我看不出，他们两个人在捉拿凶手这件事上，究竟干了多少工作。”
我的伙伴尖酸地说道：“在这个世界上，你到底做了些什么，这倒不关紧要。要紧的是，你如何能够使人相信你做了些什么。"停了一会，他又轻松地说：“没关系。不管怎样，我也不会放过这件案子的。在我的记忆中，再没有比这件案子更为精采的了。它虽然简单，但是其中有几点却是值得深以为训的。”
“简单！"我情不自禁地叫了起来。
“是的，的确是简单。除此以外，很难用别的字眼来形容它。"歇洛克·福尔摩斯说。他看到我满脸惊讶的神色，不觉微笑了起来。“你想，没有任何人的帮助，只是经过一番寻常的推理，我居然在三天之内捉到了这个罪犯，这就证明案子实质上是非常简单的了。”
我说：“这倒是实在的。”
“我已经对你说过，凡是异乎寻常的事物，一般都不是什么阻碍，反而是一种线索。在解决这类问题时，最主要的事情就是能够用推理的方法，一层层地回溯推理。这是一种很有用的本领，而且也是很容易的，不过，人们在实践中却不常应用它。在日常生活中，向前推理的方法用处大些，因此人们也就往往容易忽略回溯推理这一层。如果说有五十个人能够从事务的各个方面加以综合推理的话，那么，能够用分析的方法推理的，不过是个把人而已。”
我说：“说老实话，我还不大明白你的意思。”
“我也很难指望你能够弄得清楚。让我试试看我是否能够把它说得更明确一些。大多数人都是这样的：如果你把一系列的事实对他们说明以后，他们就能把可能的结果告诉你，他们能够把这一系列事实在他们的脑子里联系起来，通过思考，就能得出个什么结果来了。但是，有少数的人，如果你把结果告诉了他们，他们就能通过他们内在的意识，推断出所以产生出这种结果的各个步骤是什么。这就是在我说到'回溯推理'或者'分析的方法'时，我所指的那种能力。”
我说：“我明白了。”
“现在这件案子就是一个例子，你只知道结果，其他一切必须全起你自己去发现了。好，现在让我把我在这个案件中进行推理的各个不同步骤尽量向你说明一下吧。我从头说起。正如你所知道的一样，我是步行到那座屋子去的。当时，我的思想中丝毫没有先入为主的成见。我自然要先从检查街道着手，就象我已经向你解释过的一样，我在街道上清清楚楚地看到了一辆马车车轮的痕迹。经过研究以后，我确定这个痕迹必定是夜间留下的。由于车轮之间距离较窄，因此我断定这是一辆出租的四轮马车，而不是自用马车，因为伦敦市上通常所有出租的四轮马车都要比自用马车狭窄一些。
“这就是我观察所得的第一点。接着，我就慢慢地走上了花园中的小路。碰巧，这条小路是一条粘土路，它特别容易留下迹印。毫无疑问，在你看起来，这条小路只不过是一条被人践踏得一塌胡涂的烂泥路而已。可是，在我这双久经锻炼的眼睛看来，小路上每个痕迹都是有它的意义的。侦探学所有各个部门中，再没有比足迹学这一门艺术更重要而又最易被人忽略的了。幸而我对于这门科学一向是十分重视的；经过多次实践以后，它已成为我的第二天性了。我看到了警察们的沉重的靴印，但是我也看到最初经过花园的那两个人的足迹。他们的足迹，比其他人的在先，这一点是很容易说明的；因为从一些地方可以看出，他们的足印被后来人的足印践踏，已经完全消失了。这样我的第二个环节就构成了。这个环节告诉我，夜间来客一共有两个，一个非常高大，这是我从他的步伐长度上推算出来的；另一个则是衣着入时，这是从他留下的小巧精致的靴印上判断出来的。
“走进屋子以后，这个推断立刻就得到了证实。那位穿着漂亮靴子的先生就躺在我的面前。如果这是一件谋杀案子的话，那么那个大高个子就是凶手。死者身上没有伤痕，但是从他脸上显露出来紧张、激动的表情，却使我深信在他临死之前，他已料到他的命运如何了。假如是由于心脏病，或者其他突然发生的自然死亡的人，在任何情况下，他们的面容上也决不会现出那种紧张激动的表情的。我嗅了一下死者的嘴唇，嗅出有点酸味，因此我就得出这样的结论：他是被迫服毒而死的。此外，从他脸上那种忿恨和害怕的神情看来，我才说他是被迫的。我就是利用这种淘汰一切不合理的假设的办法，终于得到了这个结论，因为其他任何假设都不能和这些事实吻合。你不要以为这是闻所未闻的妙论。强迫服毒在犯罪年鉴中的记载，绝不是一件新闻，任何毒物学家都会立刻想到敖德萨的多尔斯基一案和茂姆培利耶的雷吐里耶一案的。
“现在要谈谈'为什么'这个大问题了。谋杀的目的并不是为了抢劫，因为死者身上一点东西也没有短少。那么，这是一件政治性案件呢，还是一件情杀案呢？这就是我当时面临着的问题了。我的想法比较是起重后一个。因为在政治暗杀中，凶手一经得手，势必立即逃走。可是这件谋杀案恰恰相反，干得非常从容不起，而且凶手还在屋子里到处留下了他的足迹。这就说明，他自始至终一直是在现场的。因此，这就一定是一件仇杀案，而不是什么政治性的，只有仇杀案才需要采取这样处心积虑的报复手段的。当墙上的血字被发现后，我对我自己的这个见解也就更加深信不疑了。这是故布疑阵，一望便知。等到发现指环以后，问题就算确定了。很明显，凶手曾经利用这只指环使被害者回忆起某个已死的、或者是不在场的女人。关于这一点，我曾经问过葛莱森，在他拍往克利夫兰的电报中，是否问到锥伯过去的经历中有过任何突出的问题没有。你还可以记得，他当时回答说他没有问题。
“以后，我就开始把这间屋子进行了一番仔细的检查。检查结果，使我肯定认为凶手是个高个子，并且还发现了其他一些细节：例如印度雪茄烟，凶手的长指甲等等。因为屋中并没有揪打的迹象，因此当时又得出了这样的一个结论：地板上的血迹是凶手在他激动的时候流的鼻血。我发觉，凡是有血迹的地方，就有他的足迹。除非是个血液旺盛的人，一般很少有人会在感情激动时这样大量流血的。所以，我就大胆地认为，这个罪犯可能是个身强力壮的赤面人。后来事实果然证明了，我的判断是正确的。
“离开屋子以后，我就去做葛莱森疏忽未做的事了。我给克利夫兰警察局长拍了一个电报，仅仅询问有关伊瑙克·锥伯的婚姻问题，回电很明确。电报中说，锥伯曾经指控过一个叫做杰弗逊·侯波的旧日情敌，并且请求过法律保护，这个侯波目前正在欧洲。我当时就知道了，我已经掌握了这个秘密案件的线索了。剩下要做的就只是稳稳地捉住凶手了。
“我当时心中早已断定：和锥伯一同走进那个屋中去的不是别人，正是那个赶马车的。
“因为我从街道上的一些痕迹看出，拉车的马曾经随便行动过，如果有人驾御，是不可能有这种情况的。赶车的人要是不在这个屋中，那么，他又能到哪里去呢？还有一点，如果认为任何神经健全的人，会这样在一个肯定会泄露他的秘密的第三者的面前进行一桩蓄谋已久的罪行，这也太荒谬可笑了。最后一点，如果一个人要想在伦敦城中到处跟踪着另外一个人，除了做一个马车夫外，难道还有其他更好的办法吗？考虑了这些问题以后，我就得出这样一个必然的结论来：杰弗逊·侯波这个人，必须到首都的出租马车车夫当中去寻找。
“如果他曾是马车夫，就没有理由使人相信他会就此不干了。恰恰相反，从他那方面着想，突然改变工作反而更可能引仆人们对他的注意。他至少要在一段时间内，继续搞他的这个行业。如果认为他现在用的是一个化名，这也是没有道理的；在一个没有人知道他的真名实姓的国家里，他为什么要改名换姓呢？于是，我就把一些街头流浪儿组成了我的一支侦查连队，有步骤地派遣他们到伦敦城每家马车厂去打听，一直到他们找到了我所要找的这个人为止。他们干的有多么漂亮，我使用这支队伍又是多么迅速方便，这些你都还记得很清楚吧。至于谋杀斯坦节逊这一层，确实是一件完全没有意料到的事件。但是，这些意外事件，无论在什么情况下，都是很难避免的。你已经知道，在这个事件里，我找到了两枚药丸。我早就推想到一定会有这种东西存在的。你看，这件案子整个就是一条在逻辑上前后相连、毫无间断的链条。”
“真是妙极了！"我不禁叫了起来，“你的这些本领应当公布出来，让大家都知道一下。你应当发表这个案件。如果你不愿意的话，我来替你发表。”
“你愿意怎样办，就怎么办吧，医生，"他回答说，“你且看看这个！"他一面说着，一面递给我一张报纸，“看看这个！”
这是今天的一份《回声报》，他指的那一段正是报道我们所说的这个案件的。
报上这样说：由于侯波这个人突然死去，社会人士因而失去了一件耸人听闻的谈论资料。侯波是谋杀伊瑙克·锥伯先生和约瑟夫·斯坦节逊先生的嫌疑犯。虽然我们从有关当局获悉，这是一件由来已久的桃色纠纷犯罪案件，其中牵涉到爱情和摩门教等问题。但是这个案件的内幕实情，现在可能永远不会揭晓了。据悉，两个被害者年轻时曾经都是摩门教徒。已死的在押犯侯波，也是来自盐湖城的。如果说这个案件并无其他作用的话，至少它可以极为突出地说明我方警探破案之神速，并且足以使一切外国人等引以为戒；他们还是在他们本国之内解决他们的纠纷为妙，最好不要把这些纷争带到不列颠的国土上来。破案神速之功完全归于苏格兰场知名官员雷斯垂德和葛莱森两位先生，这已经是一件公开的秘密。据悉，凶手是在一位歇洛克·福尔摩斯先生的家中被捕的。歇洛克·福尔摩斯作为一个私家侦探，在探案方面也表现了一定的才能，他在这样的两位导师教诲之下，想来必能获得一定的成就。一般估计，这两位官员将荣膺某种奖赏，作为对于他们劳绩的表扬云云。
歇洛克·福尔摩斯大笑着说：“我开头不是这样对你说过吗？这就是咱们对血字研究的全部结果：给他们挣来了褒奖！”
我回答说：“不要紧，全部事实经过都记在我的笔记本里，社会上一定会知道真情实况的。这个案子既已破了，你也就该感到心满意足了，就象罗马守财奴所说的那样：
笑骂由你，我自为之；
家藏万贯，唯我独赏。”
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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deductions
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| 扣除( deduction的名词复数 )； 结论； 扣除的量； 推演 | |
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hindrance
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| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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synthetically
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| adv. 综合地，合成地 | |
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analytically
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| adv.有分析地，解析地 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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gauge
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| v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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constables
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| n.警察( constable的名词复数 ) | |
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obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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sniffed
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| v.以鼻吸气，嗅，闻( sniff的过去式和过去分词 )；抽鼻子（尤指哭泣、患感冒等时出声地用鼻子吸气）；抱怨，不以为然地说 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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enquired
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| 打听( enquire的过去式和过去分词 )； 询问； 问问题； 查问 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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surmised
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| v.臆测，推断( surmise的过去式和过去分词 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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miser
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| n.守财奴，吝啬鬼 (adj.miserly) | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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epithet
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| n.（用于褒贬人物等的）表述形容词，修饰语 | |
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