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Part 3 Chapter 19
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WHY IS IT DONE?

It had cleared up and was starlight. Except in a few places the mud was frozen hard when Nekhludoff returned to his inn and knocked at one of its dark windows. The broad-shouldered labourer came barefooted to open the door for him and let him in. Through a door on the right, leading to the back premises1, came the loud snoring of the carters, who slept there, and the sound of many horses chewing oats came from the yard. The front room, where a red lamp was burning in front of the icons2, smelt3 of wormwood and perspiration4, and some one with mighty5 lungs was snoring behind a partition. Nekhludoff undressed, put his leather travelling pillow on the oilcloth sofa, spread out his rug and lay down, thinking over all he had seen and heard that day; the boy sleeping on the liquid that oozed6 from the stinking7 tub, with his head on the convict's leg, seemed more dreadful than all else.

Unexpected and important as his conversation with Simonson and Katusha that evening had been, he did not dwell on it; his situation in relation to that subject was so complicated and indefinite that he drove the thought from his mind. But the picture of those unfortunate beings, inhaling8 the noisome9 air, and lying in the liquid oozing10 out of the stinking tub, especially that of the boy, with his innocent face asleep on the leg of a criminal, came all the more vividly11 to his mind, and he could not get it out of his head.

To know that somewhere far away there are men who torture other men by inflicting12 all sorts of humiliations and inhuman13 degradation14 and sufferings on them, or for three months incessantly15 to look on while men were inflicting these humiliations and sufferings on other men is a very different thing. And Nekhludoff felt it. More than once during these three months he asked himself, "Am I mad because I see what others do not, or are they mad that do these things that I see?"

Yet they (and there were many of them) did what seemed so astonishing and terrible to him with such quiet assurance that what they were doing was necessary and was important and useful work that it was hard to believe they were mad; nor could he, conscious of the clearness of his thoughts, believe he was mad; and all this kept him continually in a state of perplexity.

This is how the things he saw during these three months impressed Nekhludoff: From among the people who were free, those were chosen, by means of trials and the administration, who were the most nervous, the most hot tempered, the most excitable, the most gifted, and the strongest, but the least careful and cunning. These people, not a wit more dangerous than many of those who remained free, were first locked in prisons, transported to Siberia, where they were provided for and kept months and years in perfect idleness, and away from nature, their families, and useful work--that is, away from the conditions necessary for a natural and moral life. This firstly. Secondly16, these people were subjected to all sorts of unnecessary indignity17 in these different Places--chains, shaved heads, shameful18 clothing--that is, they were deprived of the chief motives19 that induce the weak to live good lives, the regard for public opinion, the sense of shame and the consciousness of human dignity. Thirdly, they were continually exposed to dangers, such as the epidemics20 so frequent in places of confinement21, exhaustion22, flogging, not to mention accidents, such as sunstrokes, drowning or conflagrations23, when the instinct of self-preservation makes even the kindest, most moral men commit cruel actions, and excuse such actions when committed by others.

Fourthly, these people were forced to associate with others who were particularly depraved by life, and especially by these very institutions--rakes, murderers and villains--who act on those who are not yet corrupted24 by the measures inflicted25 on them as leaven26 acts on dough27.

And, fifthly, the fact that all sorts of violence, cruelty, inhumanity, are not only tolerated, but even permitted by the government, when it suits its purposes, was impressed on them most forcibly by the inhuman treatment they were subjected to; by the sufferings inflicted on children, women and old men; by floggings with rods and whips; by rewards offered for bringing a fugitive28 back, dead or alive; by the separation of husbands and wives, and the uniting them with the wives and husbands of others for sexual intercourse29; by shooting or hanging them. To those who were deprived of their freedom, who were in want and misery30, acts of violence were evidently still more permissible31. All these institutions seemed purposely invented for the production of depravity and vice32, condensed to such a degree that no other conditions could produce it, and for the spreading of this condensed depravity and vice broadcast among the whole population.

"Just as if a problem had been set to find the best, the surest means of depraving the greatest number of persons," thought Nekhludoff, while investigating the deeds that were being done in the prisons and halting stations. Every year hundreds of thousands were brought to the highest pitch of depravity, and when completely depraved they were set free to carry the depravity they had caught in prison among the people. In the prisons of Tamen, Ekaterinburg, Tomsk and at the halting stations Nekhludoff saw how successfully the object society seemed to have set itself was attained33.

Ordinary, simple men with a conception of the demands of the social and Christian34 Russian peasant morality lost this conception, and found a new one, founded chiefly on the idea that any outrage35 or violence was justifiable36 if it seemed profitable. After living in a prison those people became conscious with the whole of their being that, judging by what was happening to themselves, all the moral laws, the respect and the sympathy for others which church and the moral teachers preach, was really set aside, and that, therefore, they, too, need not keep the laws. Nekhludoff noticed the effects of prison life on all the convicts he knew--on Fedoroff, on Makar, and even on Taras, who, after two months among the convicts, struck Nekhludoff by the want of morality in his arguments. Nekhludoff found out during his journey how tramps, escaping into the marshes37, persuade a comrade to escape with them, and then kill him and feed on his flesh. (He saw a living man who was accused of this and acknowledged the fact.) And the most terrible part was that this was not a solitary38, but a recurring39 case.

Only by a special cultivation40 of vice, such as was perpetrated in these establishments, could a Russian be brought to the state of this tramp, who excelled Nietzsche's newest teaching, and held that everything was possible and nothing forbidden, and who spread this teaching first among the convicts and then among the people in general.

The only explanation of all that was being done was the wish to put a stop to crime by fear, by correction, by lawful41 vengeance42 as it was written in the books. But in reality nothing in the least resembling any of these results came to pass. Instead of vice being put a stop to, it only spread further; instead of being frightened, the criminals were encouraged (many a tramp returned to prison of his own free will). Instead of being corrected, every kind of vice was systematically43 instilled44, while the desire for vengeance did not weaken by the measures of the government, but was bred in the people who had none of it.

"Then why is it done?" Nekhludoff asked himself, but could find no answer. And what seemed most surprising was that all this was not being done accidentally, not by mistake, not once, but that it had continued for centuries, with this difference only, that at first the people's nostrils45 used to be torn and their ears cut off; then they were branded, and now they were manacled and transported by steam instead of on the old carts. The arguments brought forward by those in government service, who said that the things which aroused his indignation were simply due to the imperfect arrangements of the places of confinement, and that they could all be put to rights if prisons of a modern type were built, did not satisfy Nekhludoff, because he knew that what revolted him was not the consequence of a better or worse arrangement of the prisons. He had read of model prisons with electric bells, of executions by electricity, recommended by Tard; but this refined kind of violence revolted him even more.

But what revolted Nekhludoff most was that there were men in the law courts and in the ministry46 who received large salaries, taken from the people, for referring to books written by men like themselves and with like motives, and sorting actions that violated laws made by themselves according to different statutes47; and, in obedience48 to these statutes, sending those guilty of such actions to places where they were completely at the mercy of cruel, hardened inspectors49, jailers, convoy50 soldiers, where millions of them perished body and soul.

Now that he had a closer knowledge of prisons, Nekhludoff found out that all those vices51 which developed among the prisoners--drunkenness, gambling52, cruelty, and all these terrible crimes, even cannibalism53--were not casual, or due to degeneration or to the existence of monstrosities of the criminal type, as science, going hand in hand with the government, explained it, but an unavoidable consequence of the incomprehensible delusion54 that men may punish one another. Nekhludoff saw that cannibalism did not commence in the marshes, but in the ministry. He saw that his brother-in-law, for example, and, in fact, all the lawyers and officials, from the usher55 to the minister, do not care in the least for justice or the good of the people about whom they spoke56, but only for the roubles they were paid for doing the things that were the source whence all this degradation and suffering flowed. This was quite evident.

"Can it be, then, that all this is done simply through misapprehension? Could it not be managed that all these officials should have their salaries secured to them, and a premium57 paid them, besides, so that they should leave off, doing all that they were doing now?" Nekhludoff thought, and in spite of the fleas58, that seemed to spring up round him like water from a fountain whenever he moved, he fell fast asleep.

户外星光灿烂。聂赫留朵夫沿着上了冻、只有少数几处还有泥泞的道路回到客店,敲敲没有灯光的窗子,肩膀宽阔的茶房光着脚出来给他开门,放他进门廊。从门廊右首的披屋里发出马车夫响亮的鼾声;前面院子里传来许多马匹咀嚼燕麦的声音。左边有一道门,通向一间干净的正房。在这个干净的正房里弥漫着苦艾和汗酸的味儿,隔板后面,不知谁的强壮肺部发出均匀的鼾声,神像前面点着一盏红玻璃罩的神灯。聂赫留朵夫脱去衣服,把方格毛毯铺在漆布面子的沙发上,放好皮枕头,躺下来,头脑里重温着这一天的见闻。在聂赫留朵夫今天看到的各种景象中,最可怕的是那个头枕着男犯大腿、躺在便桶里渗出的粪汁中的男孩。

今晚他同西蒙松和卡秋莎的谈话虽然很意外,而且关系重大,但他不再考虑这件事。他同这件事的关系太复杂了,前途很难逆料,因此索性不去想它。然而他越来越生动地想起那些不幸的人,他们在恶浊的空气里喘息,在便桶渗出的粪汁中睡觉,特别是那个睡在男犯腿上的天真孩子的影子一直萦回在他的脑海里。

知道远处有人在折磨另一些人,使他们受到各种腐蚀、非人的屈辱和苦难,这是一回事。在三个月中连续不断地目睹一些人腐蚀和折磨另一些人,那可完全是另一回事。聂赫留朵夫现在就有这样的体会。他在这三个月中不断地问自己:“到底是我疯了,所以才看到人家看不到的事,还是做出我所看到那些事的人疯了?”不过,既然做出那些惊人和可怕的事的人(他们的人数是那么多)都心安理得,满心相信他们的行为不仅必要,而且十分有益,那就不能说他们是疯子;但他也无法自认为疯子,因为觉得自己头脑清楚。就因为这个缘故,他一直感到困惑不解。

这三个月的见闻,使聂赫留朵夫得出这样的印象:一些人利用法院和行政机关,从自由人中间抓走一批最神经质、最激烈、最容易冲动、最有才气和最坚强的人。这批人不象人家那么狡猾和小心,对社会却不比享有自由的人更有罪,更危险。首先,这批人被关在牢里,被迫流放,服苦役,成年累月无所事事,衣食无虞,但脱离自然,脱离家庭,脱离劳动,也就是脱离人类的自然生活和精神生活。这是一。第二,他们在那里遭到种种莫须有的屈辱,例如戴上镣铐,剃阴阳头,穿上可耻的囚服,也就是被剥夺了过良好生活的主要动力:舆论影响、羞耻心和自尊心。第三,他们经常有丧命的危险,因为监禁地疫病流行,再加劳累过度,横遭毒打,至于中暑、水淹、火灾,那就更不用说了。处身在这样的环境里,就连品德最高尚、心地最善良的人,也会出于自卫的本能干出惨无人道的事来,并且会原谅别人干那样的事。第四,他们被迫同那些生活极端腐化(尤其是处身在这样的环境里)的淫棍、凶手和歹徒朝夕相处,于是极端腐化分子对还没有完全腐化的人,就象酵母对面团一样,起了发酵作用。最后,第五,凡是身受这种影响的人,无不通过各种最有力的方式——通过人家强加到他们头上的惨无人道的行为,例如虐待儿童、妇女、老人,殴打,用树条或皮鞭抽打,奖励凡是活捉或击毙逃犯的人,拆散夫妻,促使有夫之妇和有妇之夫与人私通,枪毙,绞刑等方式——使人懂得一个道理:各种暴行、酷行、兽行,只要对政府有利,不仅不会遭到禁止,反会得到政府的许可,而这类暴行加在丧失自由、贫困不幸的人身上,那就更是合法的了。

所有这些办法仿佛都是精心设计出来的,以便制造在其他条件下不可能产生的极端腐化和罪恶,并且把它最大规模地传布到全民中去。“简直象规定任务似的,要用最有成效的方式尽量多腐蚀一些人,”聂赫留朵夫分析监狱和流放途中的见闻,想年年都有成千上万的人被极度腐蚀,等他们腐化透了,又被释放出狱,以便把他们在监狱里沾染的恶习传布到全民中间去。

在秋明、叶卡捷琳堡和托木斯克等地的监狱里,在流放旅站上,聂赫留朵夫看到这个由社会本身提出的目标正在顺利地达到。本来具有俄国社会道德、农民道德、基督教道德的普通人,如今都放弃那些道德,而接受了监狱里所流行的道德,主要认为一切对人的凌辱、暴行和残杀,只要有利可图,都是可以容许的。凡是在监狱里待过的人,通过切身体会都深深懂得,教会和道德大师所宣扬的尊重人和怜悯人的道德,在实际生活中都已被废弃,因此无需遵循。聂赫留朵夫在他所认识的犯人身上都看到了这一点,不论是费多罗夫,玛卡尔,还是塔拉斯。塔拉斯在流放途中同犯人们一起待了两个月,他那道德沦丧的观点使聂赫留朵夫大为吃惊。聂赫留朵夫一路上听人说,有些流浪汉往原始森林逃跑,还怂恿同伴跟他们一起跑,然后把他们杀死,吃他们的肉。他亲眼看见一个人被控犯了这种罪,而且自己直认不讳。最骇人听闻的是,这类吃人事件并非绝无仅有,而是一再发生。

只有经监狱和流放地特殊培养而产生的恶习,才能使一个俄罗斯人堕落成为无法无天的流浪汉,他们的思想甚至超过尼采的最新学说,对什么事都没有顾虑,真是百无禁忌,并且把这种理论传布给犯人,然后再扩散到全体人民中去。

目前这一切行为,照书本里的解释,完全是为了制止罪行,实施警戒,改造罪犯,依法惩办。但在实际生活中,根本不存在上述这四种作用。这样做不仅不能制止罪行,反而传布罪行。这样做不仅不能实施警戒,反而鼓励犯罪,许多人就象流浪汉那样自愿投狱。这样做不仅不能改造罪犯,反而把各种恶习系统地传染给别人。政府的处分不仅不能减少报复,反而在人民中间培养这种情绪。

“那他们究竟为什么要这样做呢?”聂赫留朵夫问自己,但是找不到答案。

最使他感到惊奇的是,这一切并非意外,也不是由于误会,不是偶尔一遭,而是几百年来司空见惯的现象,差别只在于以前是对犯人削鼻子割耳朵,后来在犯人身上打烙印,拴在铁杆子上,现在则用脚镣手铐,运送犯人不用大车而用轮船火车。

政府官员对聂赫留朵夫说,那些使他气愤的事都是由于监禁和流放地设备不完善造成的,一旦新式监狱建成,情况就会得到纠正。这种解释不能使他满意,因为使他气愤的并非监禁地完善不完善的问题。他读过塔尔德著作,那里谈到改良监狱装有电铃,使用电刑,而那种经过改良的暴行却使他更加气愤。

使聂赫留朵夫气愤的,主要是法院和政府机关里坐着一批官僚,他们领取从人民头上搜刮来的高薪,查阅由同一类官僚出于同一类动机所写成的法典,把凡是违反他们所制定的法律的行为纳入各种法律条文,然后根据这些条文把人送到他们看不见的地方,而那些人在残酷粗暴的典狱长、看守和法警的肆意虐待下,成千上万地在精神上和肉体上死亡。

聂赫留朵夫进一步了解了监狱和旅站的情况后,看出犯人中间蔓延的恶习:酗酒、赌博、暴行和其他骇人听闻的罪行,包括人吃人在内,都不是偶然现象,也不象那些头脑僵化的学者为了袒护政府而硬说他们是退化、犯罪型或者畸形发展,而是人可以惩罚人这种谬论造成的必然后果。聂赫留朵夫看出,人吃人这种事不是起源于原始森林,而是起源于政府各部、各委和各局,只不过最后在原始森林里结束罢了。他看出,象他姐夫那样的人,以及所有的法官和其他文官,从民事执行吏到部长,他们根本不关心平时挂在嘴上的正义和人民福利,他们人人追求的无非是卢布,那种由于他们出力造成腐化和苦难因而赏给他们的卢布。这是显而易见的。

“难道这一切都是由于误会吗?怎样才能使那些官僚不再干他们现在所干的事?情愿照样发给他们薪金,甚至外加奖金……”聂赫留朵夫想。他在这样思考中听到鸡啼第二遍,尽管他的身体一动,跳蚤就象喷泉一样纷纷落到身上,他还是沉酣地睡着了。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 premises 6l1zWN     
n.建筑物,房屋
参考例句:
  • According to the rules,no alcohol can be consumed on the premises.按照规定,场内不准饮酒。
  • All repairs are done on the premises and not put out.全部修缮都在家里进行,不用送到外面去做。
2 icons bd21190449b7e88db48fa0f580a8f666     
n.偶像( icon的名词复数 );(计算机屏幕上表示命令、程序的)符号,图像
参考例句:
  • Distinguish important text items in lists with graphic icons. 用图标来区分重要的文本项。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • Daemonic icons should only be employed persistently if they provide continuous, useful status information. 只有会连续地提供有用状态信息的情况下,后台应用程序才应该一直使用图标。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
3 smelt tiuzKF     
v.熔解,熔炼;n.银白鱼,胡瓜鱼
参考例句:
  • Tin is a comparatively easy metal to smelt.锡是比较容易熔化的金属。
  • Darby was looking for a way to improve iron when he hit upon the idea of smelting it with coke instead of charcoal.达比一直在寻找改善铁质的方法,他猛然想到可以不用木炭熔炼,而改用焦炭。
4 perspiration c3UzD     
n.汗水;出汗
参考例句:
  • It is so hot that my clothes are wet with perspiration.天太热了,我的衣服被汗水湿透了。
  • The perspiration was running down my back.汗从我背上淌下来。
5 mighty YDWxl     
adj.强有力的;巨大的
参考例句:
  • A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
  • The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。
6 oozed d11de42af8e0bb132bd10042ebefdf99     
v.(浓液等)慢慢地冒出,渗出( ooze的过去式和过去分词 );使(液体)缓缓流出;(浓液)渗出,慢慢流出
参考例句:
  • Blood oozed out of the wound. 血从伤口慢慢流出来。
  • Mud oozed from underground. 泥浆从地下冒出来。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
7 stinking ce4f5ad2ff6d2f33a3bab4b80daa5baa     
adj.臭的,烂醉的,讨厌的v.散发出恶臭( stink的现在分词 );发臭味;名声臭;糟透
参考例句:
  • I was pushed into a filthy, stinking room. 我被推进一间又脏又臭的屋子里。
  • Those lousy, stinking ships. It was them that destroyed us. 是的!就是那些该死的蠢猪似的臭飞船!是它们毁了我们。 来自英汉非文学 - 科幻
8 inhaling 20098cce0f51e7ae5171c97d7853194a     
v.吸入( inhale的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was treated for the effects of inhaling smoke. 他因吸入烟尘而接受治疗。 来自辞典例句
  • The long-term effects of inhaling contaminated air is unknown. 长期吸入被污染空气的影响还无从知晓。 来自互联网
9 noisome nHPxy     
adj.有害的,可厌的
参考例句:
  • The air is infected with noisome gases.空气受到了有害气体的污染。
  • I destroy all noisome and rank weeds ,I keep down all pestilent vapours.我摧毁了一切丛生的毒草,控制一切有害的烟雾。
10 oozing 6ce96f251112b92ca8ca9547a3476c06     
v.(浓液等)慢慢地冒出,渗出( ooze的现在分词 );使(液体)缓缓流出;(浓液)渗出,慢慢流出
参考例句:
  • Blood was oozing out of the wound on his leg. 血正从他腿上的伤口渗出来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The wound had not healed properly and was oozing pus. 伤口未真正痊瘉,还在流脓。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 vividly tebzrE     
adv.清楚地,鲜明地,生动地
参考例句:
  • The speaker pictured the suffering of the poor vividly.演讲者很生动地描述了穷人的生活。
  • The characters in the book are vividly presented.这本书里的人物写得栩栩如生。
12 inflicting 1c8a133a3354bfc620e3c8d51b3126ae     
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was charged with maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm. 他被控蓄意严重伤害他人身体。
  • It's impossible to do research without inflicting some pain on animals. 搞研究不让动物遭点罪是不可能的。
13 inhuman F7NxW     
adj.残忍的,不人道的,无人性的
参考例句:
  • We must unite the workers in fighting against inhuman conditions.我们必须使工人们团结起来反对那些难以忍受的工作条件。
  • It was inhuman to refuse him permission to see his wife.不容许他去看自己的妻子是太不近人情了。
14 degradation QxKxL     
n.降级;低落;退化;陵削;降解;衰变
参考例句:
  • There are serious problems of land degradation in some arid zones.在一些干旱地带存在严重的土地退化问题。
  • Gambling is always coupled with degradation.赌博总是与堕落相联系。
15 incessantly AqLzav     
ad.不停地
参考例句:
  • The machines roar incessantly during the hours of daylight. 机器在白天隆隆地响个不停。
  • It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks. 雨不间断地下了整整两个星期。
16 secondly cjazXx     
adv.第二,其次
参考例句:
  • Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二,动脑筋提出自己的见解。
  • Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次,需要确定所作用的载荷。
17 indignity 6bkzp     
n.侮辱,伤害尊严,轻蔑
参考例句:
  • For more than a year we have suffered the indignity.在一年多的时间里,我们丢尽了丑。
  • She was subjected to indignity and humiliation.她受到侮辱和羞辱。
18 shameful DzzwR     
adj.可耻的,不道德的
参考例句:
  • It is very shameful of him to show off.他向人炫耀自己,真不害臊。
  • We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers.我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。
19 motives 6c25d038886898b20441190abe240957     
n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
  • His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。
20 epidemics 4taziV     
n.流行病
参考例句:
  • Reliance upon natural epidemics may be both time-consuming and misleading. 依靠天然的流行既浪费时间,又会引入歧途。
  • The antibiotic epidemics usually start stop when the summer rainy season begins. 传染病通常会在夏天的雨季停止传播。
21 confinement qpOze     
n.幽禁,拘留,监禁;分娩;限制,局限
参考例句:
  • He spent eleven years in solitary confinement.他度过了11年的单独监禁。
  • The date for my wife's confinement was approaching closer and closer.妻子分娩的日子越来越近了。
22 exhaustion OPezL     
n.耗尽枯竭,疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽,详尽无遗的论述
参考例句:
  • She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
  • His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了,显然是太累了。
23 conflagrations dd09fdd1e3cfab407b2c2616509f8376     
n.大火(灾)( conflagration的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Friction makes sparks and sparks start great creative conflagrations. 摩擦产生星星之火,星星之火点燃伟大创意的燎原巨焰。 来自互联网
24 corrupted 88ed91fad91b8b69b62ce17ae542ff45     
(使)败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 ); (使)腐化; 引起(计算机文件等的)错误; 破坏
参考例句:
  • The body corrupted quite quickly. 尸体很快腐烂了。
  • The text was corrupted by careless copyists. 原文因抄写员粗心而有讹误。
25 inflicted cd6137b3bb7ad543500a72a112c6680f     
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
  • Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。
26 leaven m9lz0     
v.使发酵;n.酵母;影响
参考例句:
  • These men have been the leaven in the lump of the race.如果说这个种族是块面团,这些人便是发酵剂。
  • The leaven of reform was working.改革的影响力在起作用。
27 dough hkbzg     
n.生面团;钱,现款
参考例句:
  • She formed the dough into squares.她把生面团捏成四方块。
  • The baker is kneading dough.那位面包师在揉面。
28 fugitive bhHxh     
adj.逃亡的,易逝的;n.逃犯,逃亡者
参考例句:
  • The police were able to deduce where the fugitive was hiding.警方成功地推断出那逃亡者躲藏的地方。
  • The fugitive is believed to be headed for the border.逃犯被认为在向国境线逃窜。
29 intercourse NbMzU     
n.性交;交流,交往,交际
参考例句:
  • The magazine becomes a cultural medium of intercourse between the two peoples.该杂志成为两民族间文化交流的媒介。
  • There was close intercourse between them.他们过往很密。
30 misery G10yi     
n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦
参考例句:
  • Business depression usually causes misery among the working class.商业不景气常使工薪阶层受苦。
  • He has rescued me from the mire of misery.他把我从苦海里救了出来。
31 permissible sAIy1     
adj.可允许的,许可的
参考例句:
  • Is smoking permissible in the theatre?在剧院里允许吸烟吗?
  • Delay is not permissible,even for a single day.不得延误,即使一日亦不可。
32 vice NU0zQ     
n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的
参考例句:
  • He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
  • They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。
33 attained 1f2c1bee274e81555decf78fe9b16b2f     
(通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况)
参考例句:
  • She has attained the degree of Master of Arts. 她已获得文学硕士学位。
  • Lu Hsun attained a high position in the republic of letters. 鲁迅在文坛上获得崇高的地位。
34 Christian KVByl     
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
参考例句:
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
35 outrage hvOyI     
n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒;vt.凌辱,激怒
参考例句:
  • When he heard the news he reacted with a sense of outrage.他得悉此事时义愤填膺。
  • We should never forget the outrage committed by the Japanese invaders.我们永远都不应该忘记日本侵略者犯下的暴行。
36 justifiable a3ExP     
adj.有理由的,无可非议的
参考例句:
  • What he has done is hardly justifiable.他的所作所为说不过去。
  • Justifiable defense is the act being exempted from crimes.正当防卫不属于犯罪行为。
37 marshes 9fb6b97bc2685c7033fce33dc84acded     
n.沼泽,湿地( marsh的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。
  • We had to cross the marshes. 我们不得不穿过那片沼泽地。 来自《简明英汉词典》
38 solitary 7FUyx     
adj.孤独的,独立的,荒凉的;n.隐士
参考例句:
  • I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
  • The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际,显得十分壮美。
39 recurring 8kLzK8     
adj.往复的,再次发生的
参考例句:
  • This kind of problem is recurring often. 这类问题经常发生。
  • For our own country, it has been a time for recurring trial. 就我们国家而言,它经过了一个反复考验的时期。
40 cultivation cnfzl     
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
参考例句:
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
41 lawful ipKzCt     
adj.法律许可的,守法的,合法的
参考例句:
  • It is not lawful to park in front of a hydrant.在消火栓前停车是不合法的。
  • We don't recognised him to be the lawful heir.我们不承认他为合法继承人。
42 vengeance wL6zs     
n.报复,报仇,复仇
参考例句:
  • He swore vengeance against the men who murdered his father.他发誓要向那些杀害他父亲的人报仇。
  • For years he brooded vengeance.多年来他一直在盘算报仇。
43 systematically 7qhwn     
adv.有系统地
参考例句:
  • This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
  • The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。
44 instilled instilled     
v.逐渐使某人获得(某种可取的品质),逐步灌输( instill的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Nature has instilled in our minds an insatiable desire to see truth. 自然给我们心灵注入了永无休止的发现真理的欲望。 来自辞典例句
  • I instilled the need for kindness into my children. 我不断向孩子们灌输仁慈的必要。 来自辞典例句
45 nostrils 23a65b62ec4d8a35d85125cdb1b4410e     
鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Her nostrils flared with anger. 她气得两个鼻孔都鼓了起来。
  • The horse dilated its nostrils. 马张大鼻孔。
46 ministry kD5x2     
n.(政府的)部;牧师
参考例句:
  • They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
  • We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。
47 statutes 2e67695e587bd14afa1655b870b4c16e     
成文法( statute的名词复数 ); 法令; 法规; 章程
参考例句:
  • The numerous existing statutes are complicated and poorly coordinated. 目前繁多的法令既十分复杂又缺乏快调。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
  • Each agency is also restricted by the particular statutes governing its activities. 各个机构的行为也受具体法令限制。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
48 obedience 8vryb     
n.服从,顺从
参考例句:
  • Society has a right to expect obedience of the law.社会有权要求人人遵守法律。
  • Soldiers act in obedience to the orders of their superior officers.士兵们遵照上级军官的命令行动。
49 inspectors e7f2779d4a90787cc7432cd5c8b51897     
n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 );(英国公共汽车或火车上的)查票员;(警察)巡官;检阅官
参考例句:
  • They got into the school in the guise of inspectors. 他们假装成视察员进了学校。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Inspectors checked that there was adequate ventilation. 检查员已检查过,通风良好。 来自《简明英汉词典》
50 convoy do6zu     
vt.护送,护卫,护航;n.护送;护送队
参考例句:
  • The convoy was snowed up on the main road.护送队被大雪困在干路上了。
  • Warships will accompany the convoy across the Atlantic.战舰将护送该船队过大西洋。
51 vices 01aad211a45c120dcd263c6f3d60ce79     
缺陷( vice的名词复数 ); 恶习; 不道德行为; 台钳
参考例句:
  • In spite of his vices, he was loved by all. 尽管他有缺点,还是受到大家的爱戴。
  • He vituperated from the pulpit the vices of the court. 他在教堂的讲坛上责骂宫廷的罪恶。
52 gambling ch4xH     
n.赌博;投机
参考例句:
  • They have won a lot of money through gambling.他们赌博赢了很多钱。
  • The men have been gambling away all night.那些人赌了整整一夜。
53 cannibalism ZTGye     
n.同类相食;吃人肉
参考例句:
  • The war is just like the cannibalism of animals.战争就如同动物之间的互相残。
  • They were forced to practise cannibalism in order to survive.他们被迫人吃人以求活下去。
54 delusion x9uyf     
n.谬见,欺骗,幻觉,迷惑
参考例句:
  • He is under the delusion that he is Napoleon.他患了妄想症,认为自己是拿破仑。
  • I was under the delusion that he intended to marry me.我误认为他要娶我。
55 usher sK2zJ     
n.带位员,招待员;vt.引导,护送;vi.做招待,担任引座员
参考例句:
  • The usher seated us in the front row.引座员让我们在前排就座。
  • They were quickly ushered away.他们被迅速领开。
56 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
57 premium EPSxX     
n.加付款;赠品;adj.高级的;售价高的
参考例句:
  • You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
  • Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后,清水便因稀而贵了。
58 fleas dac6b8c15c1e78d1bf73d8963e2e82d0     
n.跳蚤( flea的名词复数 );爱财如命;没好气地(拒绝某人的要求)
参考例句:
  • The dog has fleas. 这条狗有跳蚤。
  • Nothing must be done hastily but killing of fleas. 除非要捉跳蚤,做事不可匆忙。 来自《简明英汉词典》


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