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CHAPTER VI SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
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Head-hunting and associated Customs—“Mother-right” and Age-grade Systems—Property Rights—Sex Relations.
The social organization of the Formosan aborigines presents many points of interest, but the four which most forcibly impress the visitor or student of aboriginal1 customs, and which, taken together, constitute a somewhat unique system, are the following:
(a)
Head-hunting and the point of view of the tribes-people regarding this custom.
(b)
“Mother-right” more fully2 developed than is usual, even among primitive3 people, at the present time.
(c)
The Communal4 System—that of holding property in common—which exists among several of the tribes.
(d)
The Chastity and Strict Monogamy customary among these “Naturv?lker”; habits which strikingly impress one who goes among them after having spent some time in China or Japan, or in the Chinese and Japanese towns and villages in the “civilized5” part of the island.
[110]
One, or more, of these customs naturally exists among primitive peoples in various parts of the world; it is the combination of these, welded into a well-defined social organization, that makes the latter unique.
That “head-hunting” should be included under the head of “social organization” may seem perhaps a contradiction in terms—head-hunting not being exactly a social custom. I think, however, that anyone who has lived among a head-hunting tribe will realize how closely this custom is interwoven with the fabric6 of their whole social organization. It regulates the social and political standing7 of the men of the tribe; it is directly connected with marriage—no head, no wife; and is reflected in the games, the songs, and the dances of the people. Moreover head-hunting is regulated by a code as
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1
aboriginal
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| adj.(指动植物)土生的,原产地的,土著的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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communal
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| adj.公有的,公共的,公社的,公社制的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的,文雅的 | |
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fabric
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| n.织物,织品,布;构造,结构,组织 | |
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standing
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| n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的,死板的;刚硬的,僵硬的 | |
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culpable
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| adj.有罪的,该受谴责的 | |
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extolled
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| v.赞颂,赞扬,赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗;(双方的)斗争 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅,唯一地 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗,奖品,奖杯,战胜品,纪念品 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 );驳斥;拒绝 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复,报仇,复仇 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒,刺激,挑拨,挑衅的事物,激怒的原因 | |
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omen
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| n.征兆,预兆;vt.预示 | |
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tribal
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| adj.部族的,种族的 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地 | |
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tattooed
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| v.刺青,文身( tattoo的过去式和过去分词 );连续有节奏地敲击;作连续有节奏的敲击 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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attains
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| (通常经过努力)实现( attain的第三人称单数 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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maturity
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| n.成熟;完成;(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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warriors
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| 武士,勇士,战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士,武士,斗士 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的,称赞的,有利的,良好的,顺利的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期,缓办,(使)延迟vt.把…放在次要地位;[语]把…放在后面(或句尾)vi.(疟疾等)延缓发作(或复发) | |
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auspicious
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| adj.吉利的;幸运的,吉兆的 | |
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abstain
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| v.自制,戒绝,弃权,避免 | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临,预告,宣布,欢迎 | |
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lamentation
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| n.悲叹,哀悼 | |
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slain
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| 杀死,宰杀,杀戮( slay的过去分词 ); (slay的过去分词) | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的,得胜的 | |
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millet
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| n.小米,谷子 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换,以货易货,实物交易 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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differentiate
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| vi.(between)区分;vt.区别;使不同 | |
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differentiates
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| 区分,区别,辨别( differentiate的第三人称单数 ); 区别对待; 表明…间的差别,构成…间差别的特征 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏,尊敬,尊严;Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称;v.尊敬,敬畏,崇敬 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域,范围;领地,势力范围 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前,以前 | |
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cape
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| n.海角,岬;披肩,短披风 | |
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skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 ); 脑袋; 脑子; 脑瓜 | |
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doorway
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| n.门口,(喻)入门;门路,途径 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者,侵略者,侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的,嫌疑的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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credence
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| n.信用,祭器台,供桌,凭证 | |
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festive
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| adj.欢宴的,节日的 | |
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impale
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| v.用尖物刺某人、某物 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次,每年 | |
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slay
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| v.杀死,宰杀,杀戮 | |
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evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 ); 避开; 回避; 想不出 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收,充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的;凶恶的,残暴的;n.未开化的人 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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disseminated
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| 散布,传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地;好问地;奇特地 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复,复归,回到 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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apportioned
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| vt.分摊,分配(apportion的过去式与过去分词形式) | |
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previously
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| adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的,有胆量的 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的,刚毅的 | |
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conserving
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| v.保护,保藏,保存( conserve的现在分词 ) | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致,细微,微妙,精良;美味,佳肴 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重,顺从;敬意 | |
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omens
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| n.前兆,预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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ascendancy
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| n.统治权,支配力量 | |
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anthropologist
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| n.人类学家,人类学者 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 ); 牧群; 人群; 群众 | |
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draught
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| n.拉,牵引,拖;一网(饮,吸,阵);顿服药量,通风;v.起草,设计 | |
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staples
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| n.(某国的)主要产品( staple的名词复数 );钉书钉;U 形钉;主要部份v.用钉书钉钉住( staple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gathering
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| n.集会,聚会,聚集 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地,无疑地 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实 | |
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remonstrance
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| n抗议,抱怨 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚,忠实;精确 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的,使人感伤的 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上,体格上,身体上,按自然规律 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的,陈年的 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦,摩擦力 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的,难接近的 | |
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Vogue
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| n.时髦,时尚;adj.流行的 | |
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marital
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| adj.婚姻的,夫妻的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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