The mixed train on which Edison was employed as newsboy did the way-freight work and shunting at the Mount Clemens station, about half an hour being usually spent in the work. One August morning, in 1862, while the shunting was in progress, and a laden13 box-car had been pushed out of a siding, Edison, who was loitering about the platform, saw the little son of the station agent, Mr. J. U. Mackenzie, playing with the gravel14 on the main track along which the car without a brakeman was rapidly approaching. Edison dropped his papers and his glazed15 cap, and made a dash for the child, whom he picked up and lifted to safety without a second to spare, as the wheel of the car struck his heel; and both were cut about the face and hands by the gravel ballast on which they fell. The two boys were picked up by the train-hands and carried to the platform, and the grateful father at once offered to teach the rescuer, whom he knew and liked, the art of train telegraphy and to make an operator of him. It is needless to say that the proposal was eagerly accepted.
Edison found time for his new studies by letting one of his friends look after the newsboy work on the train for part of the trip, reserving to himself the run between Port Huron and Mount Clemens. That he was already well qualified16 as a beginner is evident from the fact that he had mastered the Morse code of the telegraphic alphabet, and was able to take to the station a neat little set of instruments he had just finished with his own hands at a gun-shop in Detroit. This was probably a unique achievement in itself among railway operators of that day or of later times. The drill of the student involved chiefly the acquisition of the special signals employed in railway work, including the numerals and abbreviations applied to save time. Some of these have passed into the slang of the day, "73" being well known as a telegrapher's expression of compliments or good wishes, while "23" is an accident or death message, and has been given broader popular significance as a general synonym17 for "hoodoo." All of this came easily to Edison, who had, moreover, as his Herald18 showed, an unusual familiarity with train movement along that portion of the Grand Trunk road.
Three or four months were spent pleasantly and profitably by the youth in this course of study, and Edison took to it enthusiastically, giving it no less than eighteen hours a day. He then put up a little telegraph line from the station to the village, a distance of about a mile, and opened an office in a drug store; but the business was naturally very small. The telegraph operator at Port Huron knowing of his proficiency19, and wanting to get into the United States Military Telegraph Corps20, where the pay in those days of the Civil War was high, succeeded in convincing his brother-in-law, Mr. M. Walker, that young Edison could fill the position. Edison was, of course, well acquainted with the operators along the road and at the southern terminal, and took up his new duties very easily. The office was located in a jewelry21 store, where newspapers and periodicals were also sold. Edison was to be found at the office both day and night, sleeping there. "I became quite valuable to Mr. Walker. After working all day I worked at the office nights as well, for the reason that 'press report' came over one of the wires until 3 A.M., and I would cut in and copy it as well as I could, to become more rapidly proficient22. The goal of the rural telegraph operator was to be able to take press. Mr. Walker tried to get my father to apprentice23 me at $20 per month, but they could not agree. I then applied for a job on the Grand Trunk Railroad as a railway operator, and was given a place, nights, at Stratford Junction24, Canada." Apparently25 his friend Mackenzie helped him in the matter. The position carried a salary of $25 per month. No serious objections were raised by his family, for the distance from Port Huron was not great, and Stratford was near Bayfield, the old home from which the Edisons had come, so that there were doubtless friends or even relatives in the vicinity. This was in 1863.
Mr. Walker was an observant man, who has since that time installed a number of waterworks systems and obtained several patents of his own. He describes the boy of sixteen as engrossed26 intensely in his experiments and scientific reading, and somewhat indifferent, for this reason, to his duties as operator. This office was not particularly busy, taking from $50 to $75 a month, but even the messages taken in would remain unsent on the hook while Edison was in the cellar below trying to solve some chemical problem. The manager would see him studying sometimes an article in such a paper as the Scientific American, and then disappearing to buy a few sundries for experiments. Returning from the drug store with his chemicals, he would not be seen again until required by his duties, or until he had found out for himself, if possible, in this offhand27 manner, whether what he had read was correct or not. When he had completed his experiment all interest in it was lost, and the jars and wires would be left to any fate that might befall them. In like manner Edison would make free use of the watchmaker's tools that lay on the little table in the front window, and would take the wire pliers there without much thought as to their value as distinguished28 from a lineman's tools. The one idea was to do quickly what he wanted to do; and the same swift, almost headlong trial of anything that comes to hand, while the fervor29 of a new experiment is felt, has been noted at all stages of the inventor's career. One is reminded of Palissy's recklessness, when in his efforts to make the enamel30 melt on his pottery31 he used the very furniture of his home for firewood.
Mr. Edison remarks the fact that there was very little difference between the telegraph of that time and of to-day, except the general use of the old Morse register with the dots and dashes recorded by indenting32 paper strips that could be read and checked later at leisure if necessary. He says: "The telegraph men couldn't explain how it worked, and I was always trying to get them to do so. I think they couldn't. I remember the best explanation I got was from an old Scotch33 line repairer employed by the Montreal Telegraph Company, which operated the railroad wires. He said that if you had a dog like a dachshund, long enough to reach from Edinburgh to London, if you pulled his tail in Edinburgh he would bark in London. I could understand that, but I never could get it through me what went through the dog or over the wire." To-day Mr. Edison is just as unable to solve the inner mystery of electrical transmission. Nor is he alone. At the banquet given to celebrate his jubilee34 in 1896 as professor at Glasgow University, Lord Kelvin, the greatest physicist35 of our time, admitted with tears in his eyes and the note of tragedy in his voice, that when it came to explaining the nature of electricity, he knew just as little as when he had begun as a student, and felt almost as though his life had been wasted while he tried to grapple with the great mystery of physics.
Another episode of this period is curious in its revelation of the tenacity36 with which Edison has always held to some of his oldest possessions with a sense of personal attachment37. "While working at Stratford Junction," he says, "I was told by one of the freight conductors that in the freight-house at Goodrich there were several boxes of old broken-up batteries. I went there and found over eighty cells of the well-known Grove38 nitric-acid battery. The operator there, who was also agent, when asked by me if I could have the electrodes of each cell, made of sheet platinum39, gave his permission readily, thinking they were of tin. I removed them all, amounting to several ounces. Platinum even in those days was very expensive, costing several dollars an ounce, and I owned only three small strips. I was overjoyed at this acquisition, and those very strips and the reworked scrap40 are used to this day in my laboratory over forty years later."
It was at Stratford that Edison's inventiveness was first displayed. The hours of work of a night operator are usually from 7 P.M. to 7 A.M., and to insure attention while on duty it is often provided that the operator every hour, from 9 P.M. until relieved by the day operator, shall send in the signal "6" to the train dispatcher's office. Edison revelled41 in the opportunity for study and experiment given him by his long hours of freedom in the daytime, but needed sleep, just as any healthy youth does. Confronted by the necessity of sending in this watchman's signal as evidence that he was awake and on duty, he constructed a small wheel with notches42 on the rim7, and attached it to the clock in such a manner that the night-watchman could start it when the line was quiet, and at each hour the wheel revolved43 and sent in accurately44 the dots required for "sixing." The invention was a success, the device being, indeed, similar to that of the modern district messenger box; but it was soon noticed that, in spite of the regularity45 of the report, "Sf" could not be raised even if a train message were sent immediately after. Detection and a reprimand came in due course, but were not taken very seriously.
A serious occurrence that might have resulted in accident drove him soon after from Canada, although the youth could hardly be held to blame for it. Edison says: "This night job just suited me, as I could have the whole day to myself. I had the faculty46 of sleeping in a chair any time for a few minutes at a time. I taught the night-yardman my call, so I could get half an hour's sleep now and then between trains, and in case the station was called the watchman would awaken47 me. One night I got an order to hold a freight train, and I replied that I would. I rushed out to find the signalman, but before I could find him and get the signal set, the train ran past. I ran to the telegraph office, and reported that I could not hold her. The reply was: 'Hell!' The train dispatcher, on the strength of my message that I would hold the train, had permitted another to leave the last station in the opposite direction. There was a lower station near the junction where the day operator slept. I started for it on foot. The night was dark, and I fell into a culvert and was knocked senseless." Owing to the vigilance of the two engineers on the locomotives, who saw each other approaching on the straight single track, nothing more dreadful happened than a summons to the thoughtless operator to appear before the general manager at Toronto. On reaching the manager's office, his trial for neglect of duty was fortunately interrupted by the call of two Englishmen; and while their conversation proceeded, Edison slipped quietly out of the room, hurried to the Grand Trunk freight depot48, found a conductor he knew taking out a freight train for Sarnia, and was not happy until the ferry-boat from Sarnia had landed him once more on the Michigan shore. The Grand Trunk still owes Mr. Edison the wages due him at the time he thus withdrew from its service, but the claim has never been pressed.
The same winter of 1863-64, while at Port Huron, Edison had a further opportunity of displaying his ingenuity49. An ice-jam had broken the light telegraph cable laid in the bed of the river across to Sarnia, and thus communication was interrupted. The river is three-quarters of a mile wide, and could not be crossed on foot; nor could the cable be repaired. Edison at once suggested using the steam whistle of the locomotive, and by manipulating the valve conversed50 the short and long outbursts of shrill51 sound into the Morse code. An operator on the Sarnia shore was quick enough to catch the significance of the strange whistling, and messages were thus sent in wireless52 fashion across the ice-floes in the river. It is said that such signals were also interchanged by military telegraphers during the war, and possibly Edison may have heard of the practice; but be that as it may, he certainly showed ingenuity and resource in applying such a method to meet the necessity. It is interesting to note that at this point the Grand Trunk now has its St. Clair tunnel, through which the trains are hauled under the river-bed by electric locomotives.
Edison had now begun unconsciously the roaming and drifting that took him during the next five years all over the Middle States, and that might well have wrecked53 the career of any one less persistent54 and industrious55. It was a period of his life corresponding to the Wanderjahre of the German artisan, and was an easy way of gratifying a taste for travel without the risk of privation. To-day there is little temptation to the telegrapher to go to distant parts of the country on the chance that he may secure a livelihood56 at the key. The ranks are well filled everywhere, and of late years the telegraph as an art or industry has shown relatively57 slight expansion, owing chiefly to the development of telephony. Hence, if vacancies58 occur, there are plenty of operators available, and salaries have remained so low as to lead to one or two formidable and costly59 strikes that unfortunately took no account of the economic conditions of demand and supply. But in the days of the Civil War there was a great dearth60 of skilful61 manipulators of the key. About fifteen hundred of the best operators in the country were at the front on the Federal side alone, and several hundred more had enlisted62. This created a serious scarcity63, and a nomadic64 operator going to any telegraphic centre would be sure to find a place open waiting for him. At the close of the war a majority of those who had been with the two opposed armies remained at the key under more peaceful surroundings, but the rapid development of the commercial and railroad systems fostered a new demand, and then for a time it seemed almost impossible to train new operators fast enough. In a few years, however, the telephone sprang into vigorous existence, dating from 1876, drawing off some of the most adventurous65 spirits from the telegraph field; and the deterrent66 influence of the telephone on the telegraph had made itself felt by 1890. The expiration67 of the leading Bell telephone patents, five years later, accentuated68 even more sharply the check that had been put on telegraphy, as hundreds and thousands of "independent" telephone companies were then organized, throwing a vast network of toll69 lines over Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and other States, and affording cheap, instantaneous means of communication without any necessity for the intervention70 of an operator.
It will be seen that the times have changed radically71 since Edison became a telegrapher, and that in this respect a chapter of electrical history has been definitely closed. There was a day when the art offered a distinct career to all of its practitioners72, and young men of ambition and good family were eager to begin even as messenger boys, and were ready to undergo a severe ordeal73 of apprenticeship74 with the belief that they could ultimately attain75 positions of responsibility and profit. At the same time operators have always been shrewd enough to regard the telegraph as a stepping-stone to other careers in life. A bright fellow entering the telegraph service to-day finds the experience he may gain therein valuable, but he soon realizes that there are not enough good-paying official positions to "go around," so as to give each worthy76 man a chance after he has mastered the essentials of the art. He feels, therefore, that to remain at the key involves either stagnation77 or deterioration78, and that after, say, twenty-five years of practice he will have lost ground as compared with friends who started out in other occupations. The craft of an operator, learned without much difficulty, is very attractive to a youth, but a position at the key is no place for a man of mature years. His services, with rare exceptions, grow less valuable as he advances in age and nervous strain breaks him down. On the contrary, men engaged in other professions find, as a rule, that they improve and advance with experience, and that age brings larger rewards and opportunities.
The list of well-known Americans who have been graduates of the key is indeed an extraordinary one, and there is no department of our national life in which they have not distinguished themselves. The contrast, in this respect, between them and their European colleagues is highly significant. In Europe the telegraph systems are all under government management, the operators have strictly79 limited spheres of promotion80, and at the best the transition from one kind of employment to another is not made so easily as in the New World. But in the United States we have seen Rufus Bullock become Governor of Georgia, and Ezra Cornell Governor of New York. Marshall Jewell was Postmaster-General of President Grant's Cabinet, and Daniel Lamont was Secretary of State in President Cleveland's. Gen. T. T. Eckert, past-President of the Western union Telegraph Company, was Assistant Secretary of War under President Lincoln; and Robert J. Wynne, afterward81 a consul-general, served as Assistant Postmaster General. A very large proportion of the presidents and leading officials of the great railroad systems are old telegraphers, including Messrs. W. C. Brown, President of the New York Central Railroad, and Marvin Hughitt, President of the Chicago & North western Railroad. In industrial and financial life there have been Theodore N. Vail, President of the Bell telephone system; L. C. Weir82, late President of the Adams Express; A. B. Chandler, President of the Postal83 Telegraph and Cable Company; Sir W. Van Home, identified with Canadian development; Robert C. Clowry, President of the Western union Telegraph Company; D. H. Bates, Manager of the Baltimore & Ohio telegraph for Robert Garrett; and Andrew Carnegie, the greatest ironmaster the world has ever known, as well as its greatest philanthropist. In journalism84 there have been leaders like Edward Rosewater, founder85 of the Omaha Bee; W. J. Elverson, of the Philadelphia Press; and Frank A. Munsey, publisher of half a dozen big magazines. George Kennan has achieved fame in literature, and Guy Carleton and Harry86 de Souchet have been successful as dramatists. These are but typical of hundreds of men who could be named who have risen from work at the key to become recognized leaders in differing spheres of activity.
But roving has never been favorable to the formation of steady habits. The young men who thus floated about the country from one telegraph office to another were often brilliant operators, noted for speed in sending and receiving, but they were undisciplined, were without the restraining influences of home life, and were so highly paid for their work that they could indulge freely in dissipation if inclined that way. Subjected to nervous tension for hours together at the key, many of them unfortunately took to drink, and having ended one engagement in a city by a debauch87 that closed the doors of the office to them, would drift away to the nearest town, and there securing work, would repeat the performance. At one time, indeed, these men were so numerous and so much in evidence as to constitute a type that the public was disposed to accept as representative of the telegraphic fraternity; but as the conditions creating him ceased to exist, the "tramp operator" also passed into history. It was, however, among such characters that Edison was very largely thrown in these early days of aimless drifting, to learn something perhaps of their nonchalant philosophy of life, sharing bed and board with them under all kinds of adverse88 conditions, but always maintaining a stoic89 abstemiousness90, and never feeling other than a keen regret at the waste of so much genuine ability and kindliness91 on the part of those knights92 errant of the key whose inevitable93 fate might so easily have been his own.
Such a class or group of men can always be presented by an individual type, and this is assuredly best embodied94 in Milton F. Adams, one of Edison's earliest and closest friends, to whom reference will be made in later chapters, and whose life has been so full of adventurous episodes that he might well be regarded as the modern Gil Blas. That career is certainly well worth the telling as "another story," to use the Kipling phrase. Of him Edison says: "Adams was one of a class of operators never satisfied to work at any place for any great length of time. He had the 'wanderlust.' After enjoying hospitality in Boston in 1868-69, on the floor of my hall-bedroom, which was a paradise for the entomologist, while the boarding-house itself was run on the banting system of flesh reduction, he came to me one day and said: 'Good-bye, Edison; I have got sixty cents, and I am going to San Francisco.' And he did go. How, I never knew personally. I learned afterward that he got a job there, and then within a week they had a telegraphers' strike. He got a big torch and sold patent medicine on the streets at night to support the strikers. Then he went to Peru as partner of a man who had a grizzly95 bear which they proposed entering against a bull in the bull-ring in that city. The grizzly was killed in five minutes, and so the scheme died. Then Adams crossed the Andes, and started a market-report bureau in Buenos Ayres. This didn't pay, so he started a restaurant in Pernambuco, Brazil. There he did very well, but something went wrong (as it always does to a nomad), so he went to the Transvaal, and ran a panorama96 called 'Paradise Lost' in the Kaffir kraals. This didn't pay, and he became the editor of a newspaper; then went to England to raise money for a railroad in Cape97 Colony. Next I heard of him in New York, having just arrived from Bogota, United States of Colombia, with a power of attorney and $2000 from a native of that republic, who had applied for a patent for tightening98 a belt to prevent it from slipping on a pulley—a device which he thought a new and great invention, but which was in use ever since machinery99 was invented. I gave Adams, then, a position as salesman for electrical apparatus. This he soon got tired of, and I lost sight of him." Adams, in speaking of this episode, says that when he asked for transportation expenses to St. Louis, Edison pulled out of his pocket a ferry ticket to Hoboken, and said to his associates: "I'll give him that, and he'll get there all right." This was in the early days of electric lighting100; but down to the present moment the peregrinations of this versatile101 genius of the key have never ceased in one hemisphere or the other, so that as Mr. Adams himself remarked to the authors in April, 1908: "The life has been somewhat variegated102, but never dull."
The fact remains103 also that throughout this period Edison, while himself a very Ishmael, never ceased to study, explore, experiment. Referring to this beginning of his career, he mentions a curious fact that throws light on his ceaseless application. "After I became a telegraph operator," he says, "I practiced for a long time to become a rapid reader of print, and got so expert I could sense the meaning of a whole line at once. This faculty, I believe, should be taught in schools, as it appears to be easily acquired. Then one can read two or three books in a day, whereas if each word at a time only is sensed, reading is laborious104."
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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insulators
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| 绝缘、隔热或隔音等的物质或装置( insulator的名词复数 ) | |
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insulation
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| n.隔离；绝缘；隔热 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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rim
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| n.(圆物的)边，轮缘；边界 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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rudiments
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| n.基础知识，入门 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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synonym
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| n.同义词，换喻词 | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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jewelry
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| n.（jewllery）（总称）珠宝 | |
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proficient
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| adj.熟练的，精通的；n.能手，专家 | |
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apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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offhand
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| adj.临时，无准备的；随便，马虎的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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enamel
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| n.珐琅，搪瓷，瓷釉；(牙齿的)珐琅质 | |
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pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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indenting
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| n.成穴的v.切割…使呈锯齿状( indent的现在分词 )；缩进排版 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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jubilee
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| n.周年纪念；欢乐 | |
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physicist
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| n.物理学家，研究物理学的人 | |
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tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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platinum
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| n.白金 | |
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scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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revelled
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| v.作乐( revel的过去式和过去分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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notches
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| n.（边缘或表面上的）V型痕迹( notch的名词复数 )；刻痕；水平；等级 | |
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revolved
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的过去式和过去分词 )；细想 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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vacancies
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| n.空房间( vacancy的名词复数 )；空虚；空白；空缺 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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dearth
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| n.缺乏，粮食不足，饥谨 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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nomadic
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| adj.流浪的；游牧的 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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deterrent
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| n.阻碍物，制止物；adj.威慑的，遏制的 | |
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expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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practitioners
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| n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师） | |
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ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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apprenticeship
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| n.学徒身份；学徒期 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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stagnation
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| n. 停滞 | |
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deterioration
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| n.退化；恶化；变坏 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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weir
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| n.堰堤，拦河坝 | |
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postal
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| adj.邮政的，邮局的 | |
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journalism
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| n.新闻工作，报业 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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stoic
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| n.坚忍克己之人，禁欲主义者 | |
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abstemiousness
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| n.适中，有节制 | |
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kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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grizzly
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| adj.略为灰色的，呈灰色的；n.灰色大熊 | |
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panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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tightening
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| 上紧，固定，紧密 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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100
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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101
versatile
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| adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的 | |
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102
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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103
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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