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XXVII. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT
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In the Mohammedan dominions1 of Turkey missionary2 institutions have graduated men who have in many instances occupied government positions on account of their superior capabilities3, in spite of the fact that Christian4 officials are greatly handicapped by Moslem5 prejudices. In the case of the Bulgarian graduates of Robert College, it was said in 1902, by a missionary of the American Board then residing at Sofia, that “since the beginning of the national administration of Bulgaria, in 1878, there has been no government ministry6 without one at least, and often two or three, Robert College members. The present Secretary of the Cabinet, whose ability has preserved his position for him during ten years, and under eight successive ministries7, is one of these men.” The judge of the supreme8 court, besides the mayor of Sofia, and many others in diplomatic, judicial9, or clerical posts, are all Robert College men. The Syrian Protestant College at Beirut has graduated men who, as government appointees, occupy positions of responsibility, and exert no little influence in the administration of political and judicial affairs in Syria, especially in the Mount Lebanon government. Its medical graduates, moreover, are to be found in the military and civil service in almost all sections of Asiatic Turkey, and notably10 under the Egyptian administration.
—James S. Dennis
in “Christian Missions and Social Progress.”
Many causes have combined, many factors are present, many influences have turned the hearts of men through that empire [Turkey]; but if we ask ourselves what the governing and final factor is which has brought about the first of the world’s bloodless revolutions, which has seen a people divided and dissevered by
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dominions
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统治权( dominion的名词复数 ); 领土; 疆土; 版图 | |
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missionary
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adj.教会的,传教(士)的;n.传教士 | |
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3
capabilities
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n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力 | |
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Christian
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adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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Moslem
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n.回教徒,穆罕默德信徒;adj.回教徒的,回教的 | |
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ministry
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n.(政府的)部;牧师 | |
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ministries
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(政府的)部( ministry的名词复数 ); 神职; 牧师职位; 神职任期 | |
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supreme
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adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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judicial
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adj.司法的,法庭的,审判的,明断的,公正的 | |
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notably
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adv.值得注意地,显著地,尤其地,特别地 | |
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creed
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n.信条;信念,纲领 | |
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missionaries
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n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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administrative
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adj.行政的,管理的 | |
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disorders
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n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 );凌乱;骚乱;(身心、机能)失调 | |
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atrocities
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n.邪恶,暴行( atrocity的名词复数 );滔天大罪 | |
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chronic
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adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的 | |
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inspector
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n.检查员,监察员,视察员 | |
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inspectors
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n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 );(英国公共汽车或火车上的)查票员;(警察)巡官;检阅官 | |
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provincial
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adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人 | |
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untoward
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adj.不利的,不幸的,困难重重的 | |
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thwart
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v.阻挠,妨碍,反对;adj.横(断的) | |
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discordant
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adj.不调和的 | |
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distress
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n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛 | |
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anarchy
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n.无政府状态;社会秩序混乱,无秩序 | |
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mandates
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托管(mandate的第三人称单数形式) | |
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deficit
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n.亏空,亏损;赤字,逆差 | |
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wane
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n.衰微,亏缺,变弱;v.变小,亏缺,呈下弦 | |
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plunder
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vt.劫掠财物,掠夺;n.劫掠物,赃物;劫掠 | |
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brigandage
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n.抢劫;盗窃;土匪;强盗 | |
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revival
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n.复兴,复苏,(精力、活力等的)重振 | |
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morbidly
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adv.病态地 | |
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corruption
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n.腐败,堕落,贪污 | |
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cumbersome
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adj.笨重的,不便携带的 | |
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espionage
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n.间谍行为,谍报活动 | |
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sleepless
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adj.不睡眠的,睡不著的,不休息的 | |
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undoubtedly
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adv.确实地,无疑地 | |
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justify
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vt.证明…正当(或有理),为…辩护 | |
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corps
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n.(通信等兵种的)部队;(同类作的)一组 | |
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adversely
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ad.有害地 | |
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influential
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adj.有影响的,有权势的 | |
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banished
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v.放逐,驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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minor
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adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修 | |
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banishment
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n.放逐,驱逐 | |
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diligent
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adj.勤勉的,勤奋的 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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instructors
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指导者,教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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perilous
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adj.危险的,冒险的 | |
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writhing
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(因极度痛苦而)扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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injustice
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n.非正义,不公正,不公平,侵犯(别人的)权利 | |
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defense
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n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩 | |
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inevitable
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adj.不可避免的,必然发生的 | |
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precipitate
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adj.突如其来的;vt.使突然发生;n.沉淀物 | |
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hardy
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adj.勇敢的,果断的,吃苦的;耐寒的 | |
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opportune
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adj.合适的,适当的 | |
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traitors
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卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 ); 叛徒; 背叛者; 背信弃义的人 | |
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hesitation
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n.犹豫,踌躇 | |
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enjoining
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v.命令( enjoin的现在分词 ) | |
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previously
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adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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promotions
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促进( promotion的名词复数 ); 提升; 推广; 宣传 | |
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spoke
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n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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chamber
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n.房间,寝室;会议厅;议院;会所 | |
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compulsory
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n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的 | |
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martial
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adj.战争的,军事的,尚武的,威武的 | |
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adjourned
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(使)休会, (使)休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thoroughly
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adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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fidelity
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n.忠诚,忠实;精确 | |
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carnival
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n.嘉年华会,狂欢,狂欢节,巡回表演 | |
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censors
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删剪(书籍、电影等中被认为犯忌、违反道德或政治上危险的内容)( censor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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persistently
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ad.坚持地;固执地 | |
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rumored
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adj.传说的,谣传的v.传闻( rumor的过去式和过去分词 );[古]名誉;咕哝;[古]喧嚷 | |
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abdication
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n.辞职;退位 | |
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imprisoned
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下狱,监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vessel
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n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管 | |
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faculty
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n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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exultation
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n.狂喜,得意 | |
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demonstration
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n.表明,示范,论证,示威 | |
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impelled
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v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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appreciation
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n.评价;欣赏;感谢;领会,理解;价格上涨 | |
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salutes
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n.致敬,欢迎,敬礼( salute的名词复数 )v.欢迎,致敬( salute的第三人称单数 );赞扬,赞颂 | |
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Christians
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n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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hatred
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n.憎恶,憎恨,仇恨 | |
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exhorted
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v.劝告,劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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drawn
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v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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mosques
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清真寺; 伊斯兰教寺院,清真寺; 清真寺,伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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slain
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杀死,宰杀,杀戮( slay的过去分词 ); (slay的过去分词) | |
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massacre
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n.残杀,大屠杀;v.残杀,集体屠杀 | |
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enacted
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制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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unanimity
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n.全体一致,一致同意 | |
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breach
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n.违反,不履行;破裂;vt.冲破,攻破 | |
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marvel
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vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异;n.令人惊异的事 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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jealousies
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n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 );妒羡 | |
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unreasonable
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adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的 | |
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loyalty
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n.忠诚,忠心 | |
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boundless
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adj.无限的;无边无际的;巨大的 | |
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decadent
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adj.颓废的,衰落的,堕落的 | |
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accomplished
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adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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labors
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v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 );苦干;详细分析;(指引擎)缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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patriotic
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adj.爱国的,有爱国心的 | |
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interfere
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v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰 | |
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plunge
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v.跳入,(使)投入,(使)陷入;猛冲 | |
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realization
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n.实现;认识到,深刻了解 | |
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mutual
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adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的 | |
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well-being
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n.安康,安乐,幸福 | |
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