The Meaning of Truth
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Preface

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THE pivotal part of my book named Pragmatism is its account of the relation called ‘truth’ which may obtain between an idea (opinion, belief, statement, or what not) and its object. ‘Truth,’ I there say, ‘is a property of certain of our ideas. It means their agreement, as falsity means their disagreement, with reality. Pragmatists and intellectualists both accept this definition as a matter of course.

‘Where our ideas [do] not copy definitely their object, what does agreement with that object mean? . . . Pragmatism asks its usual question. “Grant an idea or belief to be true,” it says, “what concrete difference will its being true make in any one’s actual life? What experiences [may] be different from those which would obtain if the belief were false? How will the truth be realized? What, in short, is the truth’s cash-value in experiential terms?” The moment pragmatism asks this question, it sees the answer: TRUE IDEAS ARE THOSE THAT WE CAN ASSIMILATE, VALIDATE1, CORROBORATE2, AND VERIFY. FALSE IDEAS ARE THOSE THAT WE CANNOT. That is the practical difference it makes to us to have true ideas; that therefore is the meaning of truth, for it is all that truth is known as.

‘The truth of an idea is not a stagnant3 property inherent in it. Truth HAPPENS to an idea. It BECOMES true, is MADE true by events. Its verity4 IS in fact an event, a process, the process namely of its verifying itself, its veriFICATION. Its validity is the process of its validATION5. 1

‘To agree in the widest sense with a reality can only mean to be guided either straight up to it or into its surroundings, or to be put into such working touch with it as to handle either it or something connected with it better than if we disagreed. Better either intellectually or practically . . . . Any idea that helps us to deal, whether practically or intellectually, with either the reality or its belongings6, that doesn’t entangle
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1 validate Jiewm     
vt.（法律）使有效，使生效
参考例句：
  • You need an official signature to validate the order.你要有正式的签字，这张汇票才能生效。
  • In order to validate the agreement,both parties sign it.为使协议有效，双方在上面签了字。
2 corroborate RoVzf     
v.支持，证实，确定
参考例句：
  • He looked at me anxiously,as if he hoped I'd corroborate this.他神色不安地看着我，仿佛他希望我证实地的话。
  • It appeared that what he said went to corroborate my account.看来他所说的和我叙述的相符。
3 stagnant iGgzj     
adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的
参考例句：
  • Due to low investment,industrial output has remained stagnant.由于投资少，工业生产一直停滞不前。
  • Their national economy is stagnant.他们的国家经济停滞不前。
4 verity GL3zp     
n.真实性
参考例句：
  • Human's mission lies in exploring verity bravely.人的天职在勇于探索真理。
  • How to guarantee the verity of the financial information disclosed by listed companies? 如何保证上市公司财务信息披露真实性?
5 validation a617908b172c473cb8e8cda059e55bf0     
n.确认
参考例句：
  • If the countdown timer ever hits zero, do your validation processing. 处理这种情况的方法是在输入的同时使用递减计时器，每次击键重新计时。如果递减计时器变为零，就开始验证。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • Although the validation control is a very widespread idiom, most such controls can be improved. 虽然确认控件是非常广泛的习惯用法，但还有很多有待改进的地方。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
6 belongings oy6zMv     
n.私人物品，私人财物
参考例句：
  • I put a few personal belongings in a bag.我把几件私人物品装进包中。
  • Your personal belongings are not dutiable.个人物品不用纳税。
7 entangle DjnzO     
vt.缠住，套住；卷入，连累
参考例句：
  • How did Alice manage to entangle her hair so badly in the brambles?爱丽丝是怎么把头发死死地缠在荆棘上的？
  • Don't entangle the fishing lines.不要让钓鱼线缠在一起。
8 frustrations 7d9e374b9e145ebadbaa8704f2c615e5     
挫折( frustration的名词复数 )； 失败； 挫败； 失意
参考例句：
  • The temptation would grow to take out our frustrations on Saigon. 由于我们遭到挫折而要同西贡算帐的引诱力会增加。
  • Aspirations will be raised, but so will frustrations. 人们会产生种种憧憬，但是种种挫折也会随之而来。
9 sufficiently 0htzMB     
adv.足够地，充分地
参考例句：
  • It turned out he had not insured the house sufficiently.原来他没有给房屋投足保险。
  • The new policy was sufficiently elastic to accommodate both views.新政策充分灵活地适用两种观点。
10 briefly 9Styo     
adv.简单地，简短地
参考例句：
  • I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
  • He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。
11 expedient 1hYzh     
adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计
参考例句：
  • The government found it expedient to relax censorship a little.政府发现略微放宽审查是可取的。
  • Every kind of expedient was devised by our friends.我们的朋友想出了各种各样的应急办法。
12 expediently b17228de2cc03817a544bd959ea63632     
adv.方便地，得当地，便利地
参考例句：
  • Machine technician can use this language to show the assembly project expediently. 这种语言能够使机床技术人员用直观、便捷的方法来演示虚拟机床的装配方案。 来自互联网
  • Non-grade speed adjustment by frequency converters, working steadily, use and maintenance expediently. 该机使用变频调速，生产连续性强，分散混合效果好，使用，维护简单方便。 来自互联网
13 scouted c2ccb9e441a3696747e3f1fa2d26d0d7     
寻找，侦察( scout的过去式和过去分词 )； 物色（优秀运动员、演员、音乐家等）
参考例句：
  • They scouted around for a shop that was open late. 他们四处寻找，看看还有没有夜间营业的商店。
  • They scouted around for a beauty parlour. 他们四处寻找美容院。
14 simplicity Vryyv     
n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯
参考例句：
  • She dressed with elegant simplicity.她穿着朴素高雅。
  • The beauty of this plan is its simplicity.简明扼要是这个计划的一大特点。
15 definitive YxSxF     
adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的
参考例句：
  • This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.这本书是世界美食的权威指南。
  • No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.至于为什么该这样，还没有人给出明确的答复。
16 accusations 3e7158a2ffc2cb3d02e77822c38c959b     
n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名
参考例句：
  • There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
  • He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。
17 spoke XryyC     
n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说
参考例句：
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
18 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前；向外，往外
参考例句：
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
19 trampled 8c4f546db10d3d9e64a5bba8494912e6     
踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯
参考例句：
  • He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让暴民踩着。
  • People were trampled underfoot in the rush for the exit. 有人在拼命涌向出口时被踩在脚下。
20 Christian KVByl     
adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒
参考例句：
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
21 secular GZmxM     
n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的
参考例句：
  • We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
  • Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。
22 sane 9YZxB     
adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的
参考例句：
  • He was sane at the time of the murder.在凶杀案发生时他的神志是清醒的。
  • He is a very sane person.他是一个很有头脑的人。
23 ascetic bvrzE     
adj.禁欲的；严肃的
参考例句：
  • The hermit followed an ascetic life-style.这个隐士过的是苦行生活。
  • This is achieved by strict celibacy and ascetic practices.这要通过严厉的独身生活和禁欲修行而达到。
24 philosophic ANExi     
adj.哲学的，贤明的
参考例句：
  • It was a most philosophic and jesuitical motorman.这是个十分善辩且狡猾的司机。
  • The Irish are a philosophic as well as a practical race.爱尔兰人是既重实际又善于思想的民族。
25 justification x32xQ     
n.正当的理由；辩解的理由
参考例句：
  • There's no justification for dividing the company into smaller units. 没有理由把公司划分成小单位。
  • In the young there is a justification for this feeling. 在年轻人中有这种感觉是有理由的。
26 systematically 7qhwn     
adv.有系统地
参考例句：
  • This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
  • The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。
27 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地；表面上，似乎
参考例句：
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
28 cosmos pn2yT     
n.宇宙；秩序，和谐
参考例句：
  • Our world is but a small part of the cosmos.我们的世界仅仅是宇宙的一小部分而已。
  • Is there any other intelligent life elsewhere in the cosmos?在宇宙的其他星球上还存在别的有智慧的生物吗？
29 subjective mtOwP     
a.主观(上)的，个人的
参考例句：
  • The way they interpreted their past was highly subjective. 他们解释其过去的方式太主观。
  • A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. 文学评论家的看法不应太主观。
30 warfare XhVwZ     
n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突
参考例句：
  • He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
  • Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。
31 embodied 12aaccf12ed540b26a8c02d23d463865     
v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含
参考例句：
  • a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth 代表黑人青年希望的政治家
  • The heroic deeds of him embodied the glorious tradition of the troops. 他的英雄事迹体现了军队的光荣传统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
32 wrangling 44be8b4ea358d359f180418e23dfd220     
v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的现在分词 )
参考例句：
  • The two sides have spent most of their time wrangling over procedural problems. 双方大部分时间都在围绕程序问题争论不休。 来自辞典例句
  • The children were wrangling (with each other) over the new toy. 孩子为新玩具（互相）争吵。 来自辞典例句
33 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义；主义；学说
参考例句：
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
34 radical hA8zu     
n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的
参考例句：
  • The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
  • She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。
35 postulate oiwy2     
n.假定，基本条件；vt.要求，假定
参考例句：
  • Let's postulate that she is a cook.我们假定她是一位厨师。
  • Freud postulated that we all have a death instinct as well as a life instinct.弗洛伊德曾假定我们所有人都有生存本能和死亡本能。
36 drawn MuXzIi     
v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的
参考例句：
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
37 apprehended a58714d8af72af24c9ef953885c38a66     
逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解
参考例句：
  • She apprehended the complicated law very quickly. 她很快理解了复杂的法律。
  • The police apprehended the criminal. 警察逮捕了罪犯。
38 extraneous el5yq     
adj.体外的；外来的；外部的
参考例句：
  • I can choose to ignore these extraneous thoughts.我可以选择无视这些外来的想法。
  • Reductant from an extraneous source is introduced.外来的还原剂被引进来。
39 concatenated 8d14beeb1c5dc11476561374ed3e54ab     
v.把 （一系列事件、事情等）联系起来( concatenate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
  • The brakeman concatenated two freight cars. 制动员把两节货车连结到一起。 来自辞典例句
  • On (K, N) Threshold Communication Secret Key Sharing Systems Using Concatenated Code. 级连码(K,N)门限通信密钥分散保管系统。 来自互联网
40 unifying 18f99ec3e0286dcc4f6f318a4d8aa539     
使联合( unify的现在分词 )； 使相同； 使一致； 统一
参考例句：
  • In addition, there were certain religious bonds of a unifying kind. 此外，他们还有某种具有一种统一性质的宗教上的结合。
  • There is a unifying theme, and that is the theme of information flow within biological systems. 我们可以用一个总的命题，把生物学系统内的信息流来作为这一研究主题。
41 peculiar cinyo     
adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的
参考例句：
  • He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
  • He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。
42 contention oZ5yd     
n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张
参考例句：
  • The pay increase is the key point of contention. 加薪是争论的焦点。
  • The real bone of contention,as you know,is money.你知道，争论的真正焦点是钱的问题。
43 obdurate N5Dz0     
adj.固执的，顽固的
参考例句：
  • He is obdurate in his convictions.他执着于自己所坚信的事。
  • He remained obdurate,refusing to alter his decision.他依然固执己见，拒不改变决定。
44 contentions 8e5be9e0da735e6c66757d2c55b30896     
n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点
参考例句：
  • Direct tests on individual particles do not support these contentions. 对单个粒子所作的直接试验并不支持这些论点。 来自辞典例句
  • His contentions cannot be laughed out of court. 对他的争辩不能一笑置之。 来自辞典例句
45 persistently MlzztP     
ad.坚持地；固执地
参考例句：
  • He persistently asserted his right to a share in the heritage. 他始终声称他有分享那笔遗产的权利。
  • She persistently asserted her opinions. 她果断地说出了自己的意见。
46 incessantly AqLzav     
ad.不停地
参考例句：
  • The machines roar incessantly during the hours of daylight. 机器在白天隆隆地响个不停。
  • It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks. 雨不间断地下了整整两个星期。
47 slanderous oi0zFp     
adj.诽谤的，中伤的
参考例句：
  • A man of moral integrity does not fear any slanderous attack.人正不怕影子斜。
  • No one believes your slanderous talk anyway!不管你怎么说，也没有人听信你这谗言！
48 prevailing E1ozF     
adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的
参考例句：
  • She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
  • This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。
49 accomplished UzwztZ     
adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的
参考例句：
  • Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
  • Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。
50 adversaries 5e3df56a80cf841a3387bd9fd1360a22     
n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 这会迫使潜在的敌人在挑战面前退缩。 来自辞典例句
  • Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就连敌人也会因有可以预料的，始终一致的美国而感到舒服得多。 来自辞典例句
51 concession LXryY     
n.让步，妥协；特许(权)
参考例句：
  • We can not make heavy concession to the matter.我们在这个问题上不能过于让步。
  • That is a great concession.这是很大的让步。
52 cognitive Uqwz0     
adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的
参考例句：
  • As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
  • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
53 transformation SnFwO     
n.变化；改造；转变
参考例句：
  • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
  • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
54 pounce 4uAyU     
n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意
参考例句：
  • Why do you pounce on every single thing I say?干吗我说的每句话你都要找麻烦？
  • We saw the tiger about to pounce on the goat.我们看见老虎要向那只山羊扑过去。
55 discourse 2lGz0     
n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述
参考例句：
  • We'll discourse on the subject tonight.我们今晚要谈论这个问题。
  • He fell into discourse with the customers who were drinking at the counter.他和站在柜台旁的酒客谈了起来。
56 panorama D4wzE     
n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置]
参考例句：
  • A vast panorama of the valley lay before us.山谷的广阔全景展现在我们面前。
  • A flourishing and prosperous panorama spread out before our eyes.一派欣欣向荣的景象展现在我们的眼前。
57 panoramas 26c4047356dd0648269c7562f6d86f8a     
全景画( panorama的名词复数 )； 全景照片； 一连串景象或事
参考例句：
  • Meeting room that free your imagination by opening to grand panoramas. 面对城市全景的会客厅任你的想象驰聘。
  • The grand panoramas of NORWAY prove irresistible to adventurers. 挪威的壮丽景色有着让人无法抵制的魅力。
58 postulates a2e60978b0d3ff36cce5760c726afc83     
v.假定，假设( postulate的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
  • They proclaimed to be eternal postulates of reason and justice. 他们宣称这些原则是理性和正义的永恒的要求。 来自辞典例句
  • The school building programme postulates an increase in educational investment. 修建校舍的计画是在增加教育经费的前提下拟定的。 来自辞典例句
59 explicitly JtZz2H     
ad.明确地，显然地
参考例句：
  • The plan does not explicitly endorse the private ownership of land. 该计划没有明确地支持土地私有制。
  • SARA amended section 113 to provide explicitly for a right to contribution. 《最高基金修正与再授权法案》修正了第123条，清楚地规定了分配权。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
60 essentially nntxw     
adv.本质上，实质上，基本上
参考例句：
  • Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
  • She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。
61 validated c9e825f4641cd3bec0ba01a0c2d67755     
v.证实( validate的过去式和过去分词 )；确证；使生效；使有法律效力
参考例句：
  • Time validated our suspicion. 时间证实了我们的怀疑。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The decade of history since 1927 had richly validated their thesis. 1927年以来的十年的历史，充分证明了他们的论点。 来自辞典例句
62 complexity KO9z3     
n.复杂(性)，复杂的事物
参考例句：
  • Only now did he understand the full complexity of the problem.直到现在他才明白这一问题的全部复杂性。
  • The complexity of the road map puzzled me.错综复杂的公路图把我搞糊涂了。
63 judgments 2a483d435ecb48acb69a6f4c4dd1a836     
判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判
参考例句：
  • A peculiar austerity marked his judgments of modern life. 他对现代生活的批评带着一种特殊的苛刻。
  • He is swift with his judgments. 他判断迅速。
64 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦
参考例句：
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。
65 anticipation iMTyh     
n.预期，预料，期望
参考例句：
  • We waited at the station in anticipation of her arrival.我们在车站等着，期待她的到来。
  • The animals grew restless as if in anticipation of an earthquake.各种动物都变得焦躁不安，像是感到了地震即将发生。

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